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Post natal hypoglycemia is presently the major complication that occurs in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and this complication may be related to the hyperinsulinism state thought to be present in fetuses of diabetic women. Because of sudden and asymptomatic hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic risk persists in despite of present neonatal managment. We studied the somatostatin effect on transient hyperinsulinism of IDM in neonatal period. Five IDM were studied at this time. Synthetic cyclic somatostatin (provided by CLIN-MIDY Laboratories) was infused at the rate of 4 μg/kg/h, a glucose infusion (0.5 g/kg/h) was maintened throughout the study course. Plasma C Peptide (CPR) determined by radioimmunoassay (Mallinckrodt) may provide a mean of studying beta cell function in IDM because insulin antibodies cross the placenta. The cross reactivity with human proinsulin is about 10 %. Before somatostatin administration, plasma CPR was inapropriatly elevated for the blood glucose levels. Plasma CPR/glucose ratio was high. During somatostatin infusion plasma CPR dropped within the first hour and normal level was obtained before the fourth hour in three cases. Blood glucose was maintened over 5.5 mmol/1. Plasma CPR escaped from suppression just after somatostatin infusion although blood glucose moderatly rose. No side effect was observed. Our findings show that beta cells may be more sensitive than alpha cells to somatostatin suppression as previously suggested in nesidioblastosis. The parent gave informed consent and this study was approved by the ethical comittee.

Twenty-six out of a total of 49 patients who were treated for Wilms' tumor at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology between January 1960 and December 1975 have survived at least five years. The median follow-up time is 153 months (12 years, 9 months). One girl, who received pelvic irradiation, has not reached puberty at age 14, but the other 25 patients are currently in good health and have no major complaints or functional impairments at present. Twenty-one patients have, however, developed some complication at some time since treatment. Serious side-effects requiring hospitalization included one case of pericarditis and one of esophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension. Both these patients, however, had advanced tumors requiring aggressive treatment and their complications should be seen in perspective. There has also been one case of temporary low grade renal failure and one of transient hypertension. More common complications were 14 instances of scoliosis (only three have had any symptoms, however), five of osseous hypoplasia, three of soft tissue hypoplasia, three of liver damage and three of lung damage. There was one case of osteochondroma within a radiotherapy field. The factors pertaining to these complications and the anticancer therapy which preceded them are discussed in detail. We conclude that, whereas structural changes following modern radiotherapy for Wilms' tumor are very common, severe dysfunctions are infrequent. Even more extended periods of observation will he required before the total number of abnormalities is ascertained. However, the striking observation from this study is the lack of late functional effects.

Known mixtures of linoleic and oleic acids were brominated in n-pentane and n-heptane and the yields of insoluble tetrabromides determined under precise conditions. In general, the yields were somewhat higher in both hydrocarbons than in Mallinckrodt petroleum ether. Tetrabromides were obtained in detectable amounts in mixtures containing as little as 10% linoleic acid when pentane is used. Therefore it is recommended that this solvent be employed in applying the procedure in the analysis of fatty acid mixtures. The linoleic acid contents of the fatty acids of several oils were estimated from the tetrabromidepentane curve and the results found to agree favorably with those obtained by thiocyanometry.

The surface characteristics of Mallinckrodt PWRgrade and ceramic-grade U02 powders and Hanforddepleted UO/sub 2/ powder were investigated. The UO/sub 2/ powders were compacted at 15 tons/in/sup 3/. into pellets 0.600 in. in diameter and about 1 in. in height and then sintered for 8 hr at 1750 deg C. The percent change in density was used as a measure of sinterability. (W.D.M.)

It was observed in this laboratory that the infrared spectra of many compounds, transparent in the region from 2.8 to 3.0 microns in both carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide solutions, showed a weak absorption band in this region when their infrared spectra were run as chloroform solutions (Chloroform, Mallinckrodt, Anal. Reag., 0.75% of ethanol added as a preservative), employing the same grade of chloroform in the reference cell. This fact precluded the use of chloroform as an infrared solvent when it was desired to detect small amounts of —OH or > NH in the 2.9 micron region.

A new interpretation is offered for the data of Connolly, Acta Cryst. 12, 949 (1959), based on the quadratic form 10/sup 4/ sin/sup 2/ theta = q = 124.75(h/sup 2/ + k/sup 2/) + 2.5hk + 14.951/sup 2/, with h + k + 1 even. Positive features of the present interpretation are: the split lines stand out unambiguously as hkl,hk-barl doublets caused by pseudosymmetry; the number of molecules in the body-centered unit cell is Z = 16; the lattice is actually. face centered orthorhombic with a unit cell twice as large as the body-centered monoclinic unit cell; in the bodycentered description, the indices of all indexable lines follow the rather severe special restnictions of the spacegroup I4/sub 1//amd. (T.R.H.)

During 1981–1985, the first author and colleagues at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University in St. Louis collected a series of 29 PET‐scan studies of the brains of 16 normal young adult subjects using the PETT VI and intravenous oxygen‐15 to test each subject in multiple 40‐s scans, comparing rCBF topography during session‐initial and session‐final control scans, and under a variety of auditory stimulation conditions. Global hemispheric rCBF in all control scans are currently being measured in this library. Results will be presented for work to date, detailing between‐ and within‐subject comparisons, including patterns to within‐ and between‐session replications. These measurements will provide a baseline for the Coordinated Noninvasive Studies (CNS) Project, in which subjects first examined behaviorally for processing asymmetries (e.g., ear advantages), are then tested with PET to determine the degree of correlation between behavioral and physiological asymmetries. [Work support...

Significant aspiration may occur around correctly inflated high volume, low pressure endotracheal tube cuffs. The prevention of silent aspiration due to leaks around cuffs of endotracheal tubes was investigated during general anesthesia for hip replacement in 47 patients. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups, in which one of three endotracheal tubes of different designs were used for intubation. The following three tubes were used: the red rubber Rusch tube with low residual volume cuff, inflated to minimum occluding volume; the Mallinckrodt Hi-Lo tube with high residual volume cuff; the NL tube with high residual volume cuff and automatic cuff pressure regulation. The cuffs on the Mallinckrodt and the NL tubes were inflated to 29-31 cm H2O. One hour before termination of the surgical procedure, 1 ml methylene blue dye was injected into the trachea just above the cuff through a thin channel built into the tubes. At termination of the operation, the trachea below the cuff was inspected with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Aspiration was found in 12.5% with the Rusch tube, in 31.2% with the Mallinckrodt tube, and in 0% with the NL tube. Our results show that silent aspiration is still a problem with standard endotracheal tubes, but that it may be minimized by use of appropriate tubes, cuffs, and control of cuff inflation.

Spectacular Voyager spacecraft views of Jupiter and Saturn and Landsat visual assessments of the Earth have inspired a radiologist to take a new look at the human body.Michael W. Vannier, MD, assistant professor of radiology at Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical Center, St Louis, and formerly an engineer with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has worked with a team of image-analysis specialists to develop a way of transferring the technology involved in processing satellite pictures to the processing of anatomic images obtained through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scanning.At the recent Radiological Society of North America meeting in Chicago, Vannier explained how, once he appreciated the similarities between NMR and satellite images, he saw the opportunity for cross application of the technology. He began by enlisting the cooperation of Robert L. Butterfield, manager of technology integration at Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Fla, and Douglas

In an attempt to elucidate the pathophysiology of the hypocalcemia which occurs in fulminant meningococcaemia we found inapropriate immunoreactive hypercalcitoninemia (iCT) (Lancet 1983 ; 1 : 294). It appeared nescessary to determined if CT detected corresponds to CT 1-32 and what causes this hyper CT. Some pathologic situations were investigated. iCT was determined by radioimmunoassay (Mallinckrodt). Therefore to appreciate the iCT detected, radioimmunoassay curves were performed. Results with infants sera dilutions were not similar to those obtained with human synthetic CT used as standard or medullary carcinoma sera. These data lead to speculate : that iCT detected probably is not CT 1-32. This hyper CT "like" is correlated with shock syndrom especially from septic origin and despite the correlation with hypocalcemia is probably only one of shock syndrom biological signs.

To determine whether a safe endotracheal tube for Nd-YAG surgery could be found, an Nd-YAG laser operating at 50 W was directed at six different endotracheal tubes that had 5 L/min of oxygen flowing through them. A plain Rusch red rubber endotracheal tube, a Bivona Fome-cuff laser endotracheal tube, a stainless steel Mallinckrodt Laser-Flex endotracheal tube, and a Xomed Laser-shield endotracheal tube were all ignited and perforated by the laser within 12 s. The combustion of the Mallinckrodt endotracheal tube can be explained by the high energy density of the laser that, in rapidly heating the metal, was able to cause its combustion in 100% oxygen. Red rubber endotracheal tubes wrapped with 3M No. 425 or Venture copper foil tape were unaffected by 1 min of exposure to the laser beam. They are recommended for clinical use.

A t the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), an innovative stress management program has been implemented. Although stress management interventions of various types are found on college campuses (Carnahan, Tobin, & Uncapher, 1981; Kolko, 1980; Mallinckrodt, 1983; Romano, 1984), the RIT program relies exclusively on an experiential format. The program components were chosen as ones students could later pursue on their own or through campus courses, workshops, clubs, or activities. The program, which has been offered quarterly since 1982, began in response to expressed student needs. The program is co-sponsored by the Student Health Service and the College Counseling Service. The program leaders are a registered nurse, who is the health education coordinator at the Student Health Service, and a mental health counselor from the College Counseling Service. The goals of the program are (a) to help students understand the components of stress and how stress operates in their lives, and (b) to promote healthy methods of managing stress. The intent is to expose students to various stress management techniques with the understanding that individuals will ultimately choose different strategies based on their personalities and life-styles. The program is offered three times each academic year and there typically is a 10-person limit, although there have been as few as 4 students and as many as 13. Approximately 30 students participate each year. At the end of the program, students rate each component’s helpfulness in reducing their stress. Students are required to pay $10, which is refundable if they complete at least seven of the eight weekly 1-hour sessions. In 2 years, only five students have missed more than seven sessions. Each session is described below.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL magnetic resonance imaging (3-D MRI) of the heart is already receiving encouraging reviews from heart surgeons, says Michael Vannier, MD, an associate professor of radiology at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis. In fact, the demand for his group's 3-D images is becoming overwhelming, Vannier says. Vannier says his group is the only one of which he is aware that is doing the 3-D MRI cardiac imaging. He credits its development to a cardiothoracic surgery fellow, John Laschinger, MD, who wondered if Washington's Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology's 3-D imaging capabilities could be adapted to the heart. So far, the group has used 3-D MRI to evaluate congenital heart disease. The advantage of the 3-D system is that, even to an untrained eye, anomalies are apparent and the images can even be animated, Vannier says. Perhaps even more important, he says, is the fact that MRI is noninvasive.

Holding a light pen, an aeronautical engineer begins to draw over a diagram illuminated on a video screen at McDonnell Douglas Corporation in St Louis. Slowly, a revised picture begins to take shape. But what emerges is not a part for high-performance aircraft. Instead the engineer is using the equipment to simulate craniofacial surgery. By rearranging sections of bone on a computerized three-dimensional (3-D) image of a skull, he is giving a normal appearance to the cranium of a child with a severe congenital anomaly. The engineer at the video console is Jim Warren, a unit director at McDonnell Douglas. His unlikely involvement in reconstructive surgery is the outgrowth of a collaboration with Michael Vannier, MD, assistant professor of radiology, and Jeffrey L. Marsh, MD, professor of plastic and reconstructive surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis. Together, under the auspices of the university's Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology

The Mallinckrodt ETR is the basic screen in our thyroid function profile. TSH or T3 measurements are automatically performed if the ETR value falls in the high or low overlap areas which include the third SD of normals. The validity of the low area was checked by measuring TSH levels in sera from 202 consecutive patients passing through the Nuclear Medical Thyroid Unit and 110 cases from our routine department with ETR values falling in or below the overlap area. Experience would indicate that TSH values below 20 mu/1 in primary and 30 mu/1 in iatrogenic hypothyroidism do not require replacement unless clinically indicated. Our results show that ETR alone may be a good indicator of replacement for if the ETR is above 0.99 the TSH level is in the reference range. The upper overlap area is difficult to assess due to possible alteration in binding proteins. However in the above 202 patients there were 13 cases with borderline results, 6 had normal; 2 were borderline and 5 had elevated T3 concentrations.

The precise and accurate analysis ofiron binding capacity still poses a number of problems. A commercial kit (RESO-MAT, Mallinckrodt Australia Pty Ltd) for the determination of total and unsaturated iron binding capacities based on the use of Fe 59 as a transferrin saturant has heen evaluated and compared with a mechanized colorimetric method. The method was found to have acceptable precision and accuracy. The results obtained by the radiometric method compared well with those obtained using a colorimetric method. The radiometric test kit has a number of advantages over colorimetric methods in that haemolysis, lipaemia and icterus do not interfere, preparation of iron standards and calibration curves is not required, and minimal preparation and/or addition of reagents is necessary.

The presence of endotoxin in the malaria parasite has long been suspected but has not been directly demonstrated by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay or other assays. Tests for endotoxins have been done on plasma of infected individuals but not on the parasites themselves (Glew and Levin, 1975, Proc. Soc. Exp. Bio. Med. 148: 508-510). Recently, Tubbs (1980, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74: 121-123) detected endotoxin activity in the plasma of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and in patients infected with P. falciparum using the LAL assay, and suggested that the endotoxin was derived from either the parasites or the endogenous bacteria in the gut. By assaying intact plasmodia washed free of contaminating host cells and plasma, it is possible to determine whether the plasmodia are the source of the endotoxin. We obtained free P. berghei using ultrasonic energy and tested the plasmodia for endotoxin activity using the LAL assay. The results obtained are the subject of this report. Groups of mice and rats were infected by the intraperitoneal injection of approximately 106 P. berghei parasites, and later the blood was collected aseptically by cardiac puncture when parasitemia reached 40%. The blood was transferred to pyrogen-free, sterile, heparinized tubes and washed three times in sterile, pyrogen-free 0.9% NaCl. Blood from uninfected mice was treated in an identical manner and served as a control. The blood specimens were then sonicated as previously described (Prior and Kreier, 1972, Exp. Parasitol. 32: 239-243). The continuous-flow chamber and sonicator probe tip were rendered pyrogen-free by heating at 160 C overnight. All equipment and solutions were tested for endotoxin contamination with the LAL test before use. Following sonication the specimens were centrifuged to harvest the plasmodia, and then adjusted to 25% packedcell volume. The specimens were lysed by three cycles of freeze-thawing and assayed quantitatively for the presence of endotoxin using the microdilution LAL assay (Prior and Spagna, 1979, J. Clin. Microbiol. 10: 394395). The minimum sensitivity of the Limulus lysate utilized in the microdilution assay (courtesy of Mallinckrodt Inc., St. Louis, Missouri) was 0.06 ng/ml of LPS using the E. coli reference standard (lot EC-2, Bureau of Biologics, Food and Drug Administration). Aliquots of free parasite and control samples were seeded with known quantities of the E. coli endotoxin and assayed. Because certain heat-labile protein substances may give positive LAL test results, portions of the samples were heated at 100 C for 5 min and then tested for endotoxin activity. Parasites and control samples were also cultured on blood agar aerobically and anaerobically to detect any possible bacterial contamination. The results obtained in four experiments using the LAL assay on the lysed parasite suspensions and controls are shown in Table I. A reaction suggestive of endotoxin was ob

During cuffed intubation, damage to the trachea is least likely when the lateral wall pressure exerted by the cuff does not exceed the mean capillary perfusion pressure of the mucosa. A study was carried out of eight different types of endotracheal tubes. At the seal point the traditional red rubber tube and the armoured latex and Softway tubes exerted pressures above the mean systemic arterial pressure. Although the Portex and Mallinckrodt tubes exerted pressures close to the mean capillary perfusion pressure, much higher pressures resulted if they were overinflated. The Lanz tube, however, with its over-pressure safety balloon, maintained a lateral wall pressure below the mean capillary perfusion pressure even when inflated considerably beyond the seal point. Endotracheal cuffs are often overinflated in clinical practice. Since cuff-induced tracheal damage is most influenced by the lateral wall pressure, these results suggest that the use of Lanz-type tubes should be mandatory in intensive care units or when a cuffed tracheostomy tube is required and they should also be considered for use in more routine anaesthetic practice.

Sir, Over the past few years, several comparative studies of newer bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals have been published in this journal. Two reports (Vorne etal. 1983; Schroth et al. 1984) have stated that the lesion normal-bone ratios for 99mTc-dicarboxy-propane-diphosphonate (DPD) and 99~Tc-methylene-diphosphonate (MDP) are similar 3 h after injection, whereas at that time, DPD results in a better normal-bone soft-tissue ratio. In another study (Pauwels et al. 1983), it was concluded that neither DPD nor 99rnychydroxy-methylene-diphosphonate (HDP) offer clinical advantages over MDP at 3 h after their injection. However, none of these studies compared bone agents at shorter intervals after the injection of the radiotracer, therefore, we investigated the value of bone scintigraphy performed 2 h after injection. In our study, we made a cross-over comparison of HDP and MDP bone scintigrams obtained 2 h after injection. We studied ten patients, who had been referred to us for bone scanning to demonstrate skeletal metastases. Within I week, two whole-body scans were obtained for each patient 2 h after the injection of 555 MBq (15 mCi)99mTc MDP (Amersham, U.K.) and of 555 MBq (15 mCi) 99rnycHDP (Mallinckrodt, Petten, The Netherlands). The resulting scintigrams were randomized and scored blindly by three interpreters according to the following parameters: normal-bone uptake, soft-tissue activity, lesion normal-bone ratio and image quality or cosmetics. A fourpoint scale (1, poor; 2, fair; 3, good; 4, excellent) was used for semiquantitative scoring of these parameters. Upon detection of a lesion, the HDP and MDP scintigrams were compared. All bone lesions observed were detected on both the MDP and HDP scintigrams. Statistical analysis of the semiquantitative data revealed that HDP was superior to MDP with regard to normal-bone uptake (P < 0.0001) and image quality (P < 0.001). Moreover, all three interpreters preferred the HDP scan to the MDP scan with respect to the parameters soft-tissue activity and the lesion normal-bone ratio, but these differences were not statistically significant. These findings are in agreement with those of Van Duzee et al. (1984), who compared scans obtained 2 and 4 h after the injection of these radiopharmaceuticals. On the basis of our results, we believe that HDP and MDP are both excellent bone-seeking agents, but that HDP is a better tracer when bone scintigraphy is performed at shorter time intervals (i.e. 2 h) after injection.

Eighty-three individuals in a population of S. undulatus garmani were either parietalectomized (n = 41) or sham-operated (n = 42). Subsequently their daily activity, cloacal temperature, vegetation density preference and distance traveled were recorded. Six of the lizards from the field study were used in outdoor enclosure and light gradient experiments. The parietal eye in lizards has been shown to be a photoreceptor (Clausen and Mofshin, 1939; Eakin and Westfall, 1959; Eakin, 1960; Miller and Wolbarsht, 1962; Engbretson and Lent, 1974). Stebbins and Eakin (1958) found that parietalectomy (destruction of the parietal eye) and shielding of the parietal eye in Sceloporus occidentalis, S. virgatus, Uta stansburiana and Uma inornata increased exposure to light, presence on the surface, and locomotor activity, and caused a decrease in the inclination to retreat when approached. Parietalectomy in Xantusia vigilis resulted in increased locomotor activity (Glaser, 1958; LaPointe, 1966). In S. virgatus and S. occidentalis it increased exposure time to high intensity light (Stebbins, 1963; Stebbins and Cohen, 1973). Stebbins and Eakin concluded that the parietal eye functioned as a register of solar radiation (Eakin, 1973) to help inhibit activity levels that are directly dependent on solar radiation. Not all studies have supported Stebbins and Eakin's conclusions. Francis and Brooks (1970) found that parietalectomy in S. occidentalis did not increase metabolic or ventilatory rates as expected. In parietalectomized Callisaurus draconoides, only males increased their exposure to sunlight (Packard and Packard, 1972), and parietalectomized Tropidurus albemarlensis showed no difference in locomotor activities or exposure times (Lowenstein and Stebbins, 1969). Removal of the parietal eye has also caused an increase in the activity of I Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.25 on Tue, 02 Aug 2016 04:40:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 72 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE reproductive organs in several lizards (Clausen and Poris, 1937; Stebbins, 1970; Stebbins and Cohen, 1973), and of the thyroid gland (Stebbins and Eakin, 1958; Eakin et al., 1959; Stebbins and Cohen, 1973). Licht and Pearson (197 1) did not find any difference in the testicular cycle of parietalectomized Anolis carolinensis when compared to controls. Several investigators have suggested that the parietal eye helps synchronize daily and seasonal cyclic activity by controlling the amount of exposure to light (e.g., Stebbins and Wolhoft, 1966). The parietal eye may play a direct role in thermal regulation. After parietalectomy S. occidentalis emerged earlier and retreated later than did controls (Stebbins and Eakin, 1958), and S. virgatus had lower body temperatures at the time of burial (Stebbins, 1963). Parietalectomized A. carolinensis had lower thermal tolerance (Kosh and Hutchison, 1972) and when placed in a thermal gradient chose higher body temperatures (Hutchison and Kosh, 1974). The present study tested the hypothesis proposed by Stebbins and Eakin (1958) regarding the role of the parietal eye as a register of solar radiation. The northern prairie lizard, S. u. garmani, was the subject of this study because much of its ecology is well known (Ballinger et al., 1981), yet no work on the parietal eye has been carried out on a population living so far north. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field study. Between 12 June and 20 August 1974 a population of S. u. garmani was studied in Lacreek National Wildlife Refuge, Bennett County, South Dakota. The 2 hectare study site was located within the Nebraska sandhills which make up the southwestern portion of the Refuge (Section 27 R37W T36N). Each lizard, when first caught, was placed in ice, the parietal scale removed, then either the parietal eye destroyed or the tissue posterior to the parietal eye scarred (sham-operated). The parietal scale was replaced and covered with Parlodion (Mallinckrodt Chemicals) in ethyl ether alcohol and the lizard released. The parietalectomized and sham-operated lizards were similar with respect to sex, SVL and group size. Each individual was given a distinct insignia following Tinkle (1967). When a lizard was captured ambient (AT), substrate (ST) and cloacal (CT) temperatures, SVL, and sex were recorded. A marker was placed at the site of capture. The position of the lizard with regard to vegetation density, and whether in the sun, shade or both, was noted. Eighty-three (41, 42) individuals were caught: 41 (20, 21) were parietalectomized (P-lizards) and 42 (21, 21) were sham-operated (S-lizards). Vegetation density was categorized as sparse, moderate and heavy, based on the sampling of 2 representative sites of each type. For each sample the This content downloaded from 157.55.39.25 on Tue, 02 Aug 2016 04:40:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 91, NUMBERS 3-4 73 Table 1. Vegetation density of the three types of areas categorized in the study site. Vegetation density (cm/m) Vegetation type Sparse Moderate Heavy Herbaceous 0.35 ? 0.16 1.93 ? 0.14 2.78 ? 0.28 Yucca 0.57 ? 0.28 1.09 ? 0.26 1.64 ? 0.4 basal length intercept of the herbaceous vegetation and yucca plants were measured along a 30 meter transect (Table 1). Outdoor enclosure and light gradient experiments. Two experiments were conducted using 6 lizards caught in August near the field site. The lizards were kept indoors between 25 August and 9 September at room temperature and were exposed to normal sun light. On 10 September the lizards were placed in a 212 cm long by 92 cm wide by 37 cm high outdoor enclosure. The bottom of the enclosure was covered with 0.5 cm of sand and 2 wooden shelters, 31 cm square, were placed at each end of the enclosure which was oriented along the north-south axis. The lizards were fed once daily with a variety of local insects and meal worms. Water was available at all times in a petri dish. Normal basking behavior was recorded hourly from 0700 to 1900 hours between 10 and 17 September. The following positions were distinguished: 1. in deep shade 2. only head exposed to direct sunlight 3. entire body in weak shade 4. entire body exposed to direct sunlight. On 18 September the lizards were either parietalectomized or sham-operated, and from 24 September to 31 October observations were continued. Each day CT, AT and ST were taken of one animal from each group every hour they were active. After this experiment, the lizards were kept in a cold temperature unit in simulated hibernation conditions (60C) from 15 November 1974 to 6 January 1975. In a second experiment AT was held constant while the lizards were exposed to a light gradient in order to determine the relative importance of light as sensory stimulus for the parietal eye. A copper trough, 139 cm long by 16 cm wide by 15 cm high was used as the experimental runway. The bottom was covered with 5 cm of sand and 2 feeding dishes were placed equally distant from a water dish in the center of the runway. A light gradient was established by placing 2 fluorescent bulbs close to the surface of the sand at one end of the runway and having it angle upward. The gradient ranged from 14 to 280 foot candles. The lizards were observed This content downloaded from 157.55.39.25 on Tue, 02 Aug 2016 04:40:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 74 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Computed tomography (CT) was initially designed for evaluation of the brain, but has clearly become an important diagnostic tool for evaluation of the body. The presence of CT has supplemented other imaging techniques and has changed the traditional radiological diagnostic studies of various diseases. Radiologists must now weigh the advantages and disadvantages of various imaging techniques and determine which examination will benefit the patient. The authors of Computed Body Tomography have attempted to present a comprehensive text, designed primarily for radiologists, on the application of CT to the body. Drawing on their own experiences, as well as those of their colleagues at the Mallinckrodt Institute, St Louis, the authors have detailed a method to study the various areas of the body. They concede that their approach is not absolute, but is intended to serve as a guide to the physician, while allowing integration of new information and techniques as they

Introduction Osmotic agents, chiefly urea and mannitol, currently are widely utilized to obtain rapid and profound, albeit transient, drops in the intraocular and intracranial pressure. Ideally such an agent should be effective both orally and intravenously, since the oral route in appropriate patients would avoid the hazards associated with the introduction of hypertonic solutions directly into the vascular system. Although Javid1utilized urea (and effectively so) via the gastric route, the emetic and purgative effect made him consider the intravenous route preferable. Since mannitol is not absorbed from the intestinal tract, it is not effective when given by mouth. The present investigation concerns the effect of orally administered glycerin (glycerol) on the intraocular tension in 16 glaucomatous eyes. Methods Glycerin (Mallinckrodt, C. P.) in various amounts diluted with orange juice to a total volume of 250 cc was given orally to uncontrolled glaucoma patients selected from the Eye Clinic

Author Institution: Department of Physics, Michigan State College; Mallinckrodt Chemical Laboratories, Harvard University; Mallinckrodt Chemical Laboratories, National Bureau of Standards

The belief prevails that U. S. P. anesthetic ether deteriorates very quickly and is unfit for anesthesia twenty-four hours after the container is opened. In 1934 a study was reported by the Golds 1 showing that this view is based on a misconception, that certain facts concerning deterioration of ether have been misapplied in practice. It is well known that when exposed to heat, sunlight, air and certain catalytic agents ether oxidizes with the formation of impurities. However, they showed that ether fails to develop any impurities detectable by very delicate tests when the sealed metal containers in which anesthetic ether is supplied by E. R. Squibb & Sons, Mallinckrodt Chemical Works and Merck & Co., Inc., 2 are opened repeatedly, stoppered with cork and kept at ordinary room temperature for weeks. The same was found to be true of U. S. P. ether (Mallinckrodt) supplied in large drums of

Intravenous cholecystography has not been generally utilized because of fear of severe constitutional reaction. Recently, it has been recognized that, with the refined technique used in preparing iodine solutions for intravenous cholecystography, this former objection is no longer valid. This paper reviews our experience with sodium acetrizoate (Urokon sodium) 70% (developed by the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works) as a cholecystographic agent. Sodium acetrizoate 70% is a sodium salt of 3-acetylamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid. It is among the least toxic materials in general use as an intravenous contrast medium. This compound has the following structural formula and contains 65.8% iodine per molecule, or 23.03 gm. of iodine per 50 cc. PREPARATION AND TECHNIQUE Preliminary catharsis, preferably with castor oil, should be carried out to clear the colon of gas and fecal content. The examination is begun with the patient fasting. One to two cubic centimeters of sodium acetrizoate 70% is injected intravenously, and, if

The utilization of opaque substances in the diagnosis of disorders of the breast has been the subject of several enthusiastic reports in the recent literature. Hicken and his co-workers 1 have reported 350 injections of the lactiferous ducts for diagnostic purposes with only two mishaps; namely, multiple abscesses of the breast following injections in the presence of acute mastitis. Their study led them to conclude that mammography is both efficient and safe. Hicken compares the use of colloidal thorium dioxide, lipoiodine-Ciba, hippuran (Mallinckrodt), diodrast (Winthrop), bismuth oxychloride (Mallinckrodt), 15 per cent sodium iodide, and air. He believes that colloidal thorium dioxide is the least irritating and most suitable because its fluidity permits the filling of the smallest lacteal ducts and acini and yet it is of sufficient density to cast satisfactory shadows. The technic recommended is as follows: The breast is thoroughly cleansed as for any surgical procedure. Gentle massage