Search

Effective graph analysis methods can reveal the intrinsic characteristics of graph data. However, graph is non-Euclidean data, which leads to high computation and space cost while applying traditional methods. Graph embedding is an efficient method for graph analysis. It converts original graph data into a low-dimensional space and retains key information to improve the performance of downstream tasks such as node classification, link prediction, and node clustering. Different from previous studies, this paper focuses on both static and dynamic graph embedding. Firstly, this paper proposes a universal taxonomy of static and dynamic methods, including matrix factorization based methods, random walk based methods, autoencoder based methods, graph neural networks (GNN) based methods and other embedding methods. Secondly, this paper analyzes the theoretical relevance of static and dynamic methods, and comprehensively summarizes the core strategy, downstream tasks and datasets. Finally, this paper proposes four potential research directions of graph embedding.

This paper focuses on the problem of asymptotic stabilization for a class of discrete-time multiple time-delayed uncertain linear systems with input constraints. Then, based on the predictive control principle of receding horizon optimization, a delayed state dependent quadratic function is considered for incorporating MPC problem formulation. By developing a memory state feedback controller, the information of the delayed plant states can be taken into full consideration. The MPC problem is formulated to minimize the upper bound of infinite horizon cost that satisfies the sufficient conditions. Then, based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii function, a delay-dependent sufficient condition in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) can be derived to design a robustMPC algorithm. Finally, the digital simulation results prove availability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present experiments aimed to study risk-based decisions between options of equivalent expected value in rats. • Stimulation of α2-adrenergic receptors by dexmedetomidine reduced risky choices. • Blocking α2-adrenergic receptors by atipamezole reduced risky choices. • Stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors by DOI increased risk-taking behavior in the risk-prefer group. Risk perception is an important factor that may mediate risk-based decision-making processes regulated by noradrenergic (NA) and serotonergic (5-HT) systems. Most risk-based decision-making models involve complex factors, such as risk perception or reward value, such that the final decision is the result of the interactions among these factors. However, the contribution of risk perception per se in risk decisions has remained unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we made some modifications to the classical probabilistic discounting task (PDT) to focus on the impact of risk perception and noradrenergic/serotonergic systems on decision-making behavior. Meanwhile, we conducted an elevated plus-maze (EPM) test to detect the correlation between anxiety and choice behavior. In the current study, rats had to choose between a "certain" lever that delivered a certain number of pellets and a "risky" lever that delivered eight pellets in a probabilistic manner (descending: 50%, 25%, 12.5% or ascending 12.5%, 25%, 50% of the time). The long-term rewarding values of the two levers were always identical in each block within each session. According to their baseline performances in choosing the risky lever, rats were divided into the risk-prefer group and risk-averse group. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between open arm time in EPM and risky choice for both descending order and ascending order, indicating that highly anxious rats more often preferred the safe option under risk. Pharmacological stimulation of α2-adrenergic receptors via dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg/kg) decreased the preference of probabilistic rewards in the risk-prefer group, while blocking α2 receptors by atipamezole (0.3 mg/kg) also reduced risky choices. The NA reuptake inhibitor, atomoxetine, increased the preference for risky choices in the risk-prefer group, the effect of which was attained via multiple superimposed doses. Administration of the 5-HT 2A receptor agonist, DOI (0.1 mg/kg), increased risk-taking behavior in the risk-prefer group. Taken together, these results suggest that NA may be more inclined to process negative information such as loss or uncertainty in the regulation of risk-related decision making, whereas 5-HT may function primarily to increase risk-taking behavior. Our findings may help to further elucidate how noradrenergic and serotonergic systems differentially affect individuals with different risk preferences in terms of regulating risk perception in risk-related decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the enantioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of chiral amino alcohols obtained through α -amino aliphatic ketone ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. It notes that the asymmetric hydrogenation serves as one of the most elegant approaches to chiral 1,2-amino alcohols. Experiment shows that the substrate with bulkier dialkylamino group gave lower diastereoselectivity which obstructed the hydrogen-bonding formation.

The article discusses the highly enantio selective insertion of carbenoids into oxygen-hydrogen bonds phenols, which is considered an effective approach to chiral α-aryloxycarboxylic esters. It is inferred that the enatioselectivity waned when the Cu/biazaferrocene catalyst was applied to phenol substrates. Moreover, the optically active α-arloxypropionates and the related acids were synthesized conveniently using the copper complexes of chiral spiro bisoxazolines as crystalysts.

Aim: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of Oddi sphincter preserved cholangioplasty with hepatico-subcutaneous stoma (OSPCHS) and risk factors for recurrence in hepatolithiasis., Methods: From March 1993 to December 2012, 202 consecutive patients with hepatolithiasis underwent OSPCHS at our department. The Oddi sphincter preserved procedure consisted of common hepatic duct exploration, stone extraction, hilar bile duct plasty, establishment of subcutaneous stoma to the bile duct. Patients with recurrent stones can undergo stone extraction and/or biliary drainage via the subcutaneous stoma which can be incised under local anesthesia. The long-term results were reviewed. Cox regression model was employed to analyze the risk factors for stone recurrence., Results: Ninety-seven (48.0%) OSPCHS patients underwent hepatic resection concomitantly. The rate of surgical complications was 10.4%. There was no perioperative death. The immediate stone clearance rate was 72.8%. Postoperative cholangioscopic lithotomy raised the clearance rate to 97.0%. With a median follow-up period of 78.5 mo (range: 2-233 mo), 24.8% of patients had recurrent stones, 2.5% had late development of cholangiocarcinoma, and the mortality rate was 5.4%. Removal of recurrent stones and/or drainage of inflammatory bile via subcutaneous stoma were conducted in 44 (21.8%) patients. The clearance rate of recurrent stones was 84.0% after subsequent choledochoscopic lithotripsy via subcutaneous stoma. Cox regression analysis showed that residual stone was an independent prognostic factor for stone recurrence., Conclusion: In selected patients with hepatolithiasis, OSPCHS achieves excellent long-term outcomes, and residual stone is an independent prognostic factor for stone recurrence.

Aim: To investigate the feasibility, efficacy and safety of laparoscopic hepaticoplasty using gallbladder as subcutaneous tunnel and sphincter-of-Oddi preservation for hepatolithiasis., Methods: From January 2010 to July 2013, six patients with hepatolithiasis were treated at our institution. All the patients underwent laparoscopic surgery. The procedures included common hepatic duct exploration, stone clearance by fiberoptic choledochoscopy, hilar bile duct hepaticoplasty with preservation of the sphincter of Oddi, anastomosis between the hilar bile duct and neck of the gallbladder, and establishment of a subcutaneous tunnel with the gallbladder. Two patients underwent left lateral hepatectomy simultaneously. Clinical data including operation time, intraoperative blood loss, operative morbidity, hospital mortality, stone clearance, and recurrence rate were analyzed., Results: All patients successfully completed laparoscopic surgery. The mean length of hospital stay was 4.5 ± 0.9 d (range: 3-6 d). The mean blood loss of the hepatectomy was 450 mL (range: 200-700 mL), and the blood loss of the other four was 137 ± 151 mL (range: 50-400 mL). The mean operative time was 318 ± 68 min (range: 236-450 min). The operative morbidity and hospital mortality were zero. The immediate stone clearance rate was 100%. All patients were followed up for an average of 17 mo (range: 7-36 mo). One of the six patients had abdominal mass with pain, and subcutaneous tunnel cholangiography showed severe gallbladder-biliary anastomotic stricture at 4 mo postoperatively. There was no stone recurrence and no cholangitis during follow-up., Conclusion: Laparoscopic hepaticoplasty using gallbladder with a subcutaneous tunnel and preserving the sphincter of Oddi is feasible, safe and effective for hepatholithiasis.

Aim: To investigate effects of morphine on acquisition process of rats a nd interactions of opioid and cholinergic systems by Morris water maze performance., Methods: Morris water maze was used to measure the latency of rats with drug s treatment to find the covert platform., Results: Chronic morphine administration (10 mg/kg) impaired the acquisition process of rats in Morris water maze task. Appreciable difference was identified with morphine 10 mg/k g group compared with morphine 3 mg/kg group. Co-administration of morphine (10 mg/kg) and scopolamine (3 mg/kg) aggravated acquisition impairment induced by morphine 1 0 mg/kg or scopolamine alone, though scopolamine itself induced no salient changes in acquisition capabilities of rats. In addition, physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) could appreciably attenuate morphine-induced acquisition impairment., Conclusion: Morphine 10 mg/kg evidently impaired acquisition process of rats. There was a close relationship between the acquisition capabilities of morphine-treated rats and the functions of cholinergic system.