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This study was performed on a CDC-6600 computer having 500K of Extended Core Storage (ECS), twenty Peripheral Processor Units (PPU's) and twenty-four I/O channels, as shown in Figure I-1. The CPU can load, store, and execute from the 131K of 1 microsecond storage which comprises CM. It can also access ECS, but this access is limited to transferring blocks of data between CM and ECS at the rate of ten 60-bit words per microsecond. The CPU cannot access peripheral devices in any manner whatever.The KRONOS operating system supports both batch and time-sharing users. As many user programs as will fit in CM may be loaded at any one time, with the CPU time-sliced among them. Swapping (called rollin and rollout under KRONOS) is performed to ECS with overflow to disk. A serious drawback of the CDC supplied system is that ECS rollouts are performed through a PPU and the Distributed Data Path (DDP), which is one hundred times slower than the CM/ECS direct transfer available to the CPU.

Cow embryos between day 6.5 and 9 were frozen in 1.5M DMSO in PBS at 2 degrees C/min from seeding to -25 degrees C before being plunged into liquid nitrogen directly or after 10 min at -25 degrees C. Cooling rate from 20 degrees C to -5 degrees C was 9 degrees C/min. Seeding was induced automatically at -5 degrees C by injection of liquid nitrogen vapour. Embryos were subsequently thawed by direct transfer to water at 20 degrees C (group I) or at 37 degrees C (group II). Survival was assessed by culture in vitro and by transfer. In group I, 35.7% were degenerated after thawing (compared to 35.4% in group II). Survival rate after culture in vitro for 24h was not significantly different (48.3% vs 42.8%) and hatching rate after 96h culture was quite similar (33.3% vs 34.4%). In group II, four pregnancies were obtained from 10 embryos transferred. Time at -25 degrees C did not improve the results. Automatic seeding did not impair survival. These results show that the quality of the embryo is the determinant factor for survival after freezing and that the plastic straw is the most suitable vessel for freezing, storage and transfer of embryos.

Daily streamflows of the Flambeau River at Park Falls were simulated for a 31-year period. Streamflow was simulated using a streamflow-routing model. These simulated daily flows at Park Falls were analyzed for summer (June 1-October 31) low-flow frequency. ' The resultant 7-day, 10-year summer low flow is 260 cubic feet per second (7-^ cubic meters per second). The standard error of estimate for this 10-year-frequency low flow is equivalent to the standard error of estimate for 16 years of gaging-station records. INTRODUCTION The purposes of this study were to simulate daily discharges of the Flambeau River at Park Falls, Wis., from October 1, 1929, to September 30, 196l, to determine low-flow-frequency relations of these simulated daily discharges and to determine the applicability of a streamflow-routing model to this type of study. The study was conducted in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Knowledge of low-flow frequency is needed by the Department to establish regulations for the discharge of municipal and industrial wastes to the river at Park Falls. The low-flow characteristic of primary interest is the annual minimum 7-day mean flow that occurs on the average of once in_10 years (Q-r JQ). Data-management programs and the streamflow-routing model used in the study were developed by J. 0. Shearman, U.S. Geological Survey Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center, Bay St. Louis, Miss. For use of readers who may prefer to use the International System of Units (Si) rather than English units, the conversion factors for the terms used in this report are listed below: Multiply English unit By To obtain SI unit miles (mi) _ 1.609 ' kilometers (km) _ square miles (mi ) 2.59 square kilometers (km ) cubic feet per second 2.832 X.10~ ' cubic meters per second (ft3/s) (m3/s) The Flambeau River basin is in northwest Wisconsin. The area included in this study was the part of the Flambeau River between Flambeau Flowage and the gaging station at Babbs Island near Winter, Wis. (fig. l). Flambeau Flowage was created in 1926 by a dam 18 mi (29 km) upstream from Park Falls. The dam is operated by the Chippewa and Flambeau,Improvement Company, primarily to increase generating potential of powerplants downstream. Regulation of flow by the dam strongly influences the flow at Park Falls. Unfortunately, there are no streamflow records for the Flambeau River at Park Falls. Transfer of low-flow characteristics to Park Falls from gaging stations upstream and downstream from Park Falls was not considered reliable because of streamflow regulation and insufficient data. Regulated flow data for 12 years (1927-38) were collected at the Flambeau River gaging station near Butternut (05358000); however, these data were not representative of typical low flows. Data from long-term gaging stations in the area indicated that 1927-38 was a period of below-normal low flows. A longer record is available from Flambeau River at Babbs Island near Winter (05358500), but the regulation of flows by the Flambeau Flowage and by several power dams between Park Falls and Winter casts doubt on the reliability of any direct transfer of low-flow characteristics from the Babbs Island gaging station to Park Falls. This study included determining the applicability of a streamflowrouting model for simulating adequate streamflow data, from which the necessary low-flow characteristics could be determined. Gaging stations used for modeling, with their drainage areas and periods of record, are listed in table 1.

Summary Medium chain fatty acids synthesized ‘de novo’ by lactating goat mammary gland fatty acid synthetase can be incorporated directly into triacylglycerols in the absence of a fatty acid activation system. The synthesis of medium chain fatty acids by goat mammary synthetase was dependent on the removal of the medium chain product from the enzyme complex. The removal of the product from the enzyme could be excecuted by the microsomal triacylglycerol synthesizing system.

Measurements of pH, PCO2, PO2 and total CO2 were recorded simultaneously in samples of chorioallantoic fluid, amnionic fluid and blood of the chorioallantoic artery from chicken embryos on days 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17 and 18 of incubation. During the incubation period studied, PCO2 levels similarly increased in the blood and extraembryonic fluids. The pH of the blood and amnionic fluid remained approximately constant while the chorioallantoic fluid became progressively acidic. Increases of amnionic fluid and blood HCO2 indicated that respiratory compensation processes regulate pH. In addition, the disappearance of chorioallantoic fluid HCO3− suggested that reabsorptive processes may conserve these ions and contribute them to the amnionic fluid by either a direct transfer through the amnioallantoic membrane or by way of the chorioallantoic vascular system.

The debate over the patenting of mammalian species was recently spearheaded by the ability to alter the genetic constituents of individual animals through the revolutionary technology of direct transfer of genes into the mammalian embryos immediately following fertilization. Genetic engineering of animals has resulted in phenotypic changes in these “transgenic” animals which can be used as prototypes for the improvement of agricultural livestock species, models for various human and animal diseases, and/or used as the ultimate in in vivo testing for the regulation of specific genetic elements through normal regulatory signals or environmental substances that act as mutagens or toxins. The opportunities that are envisioned have stimulated the commercial enterprises to identify a market for these valued animal systems. Securing proprietary rights for the protection of their investments may necessitate the patenting of these animals. This paper will describe how transgenic animals are produced and, through specific examples, outline some of the important areas in biology that are using transgenic laboratory animals.

Electric field effects on living cells have found considerable interest in cell biology, genetics, and biotechnology. In particular, electroporative gene uptake and electrofusion have become powerful new techniques based on the reversible electropermeabilization of cell membranes by high electric field pulses (Neumann and Rosenheck, 1972, 1973). Electropermeabilization constitutes a simple method for a controlled release of internal material from organelles and cells as well as, on the other hand, the introduction of foreign substances into cells. Of special interest for gene engineering is the direct transfer of DNA into recipient cells. Electric field pulse-mediated uptake of DNA into cells followed by the expression of the foreign gene was first demonstrated in 1982 (Wong and Neumann, 1982; Neumann et al., 1982). The operative term “electroporation” (electric pore formation) was introduced in order to describe the electric field effect. The general applicability of the electroporation method has since been confirmed by numerous reports on electroporative gene transfer. Successful applications of this new technique include bacteria and yeast as well as plant and mammalian cells. Thus, direct gene transfer by electroporation, in addition to cell electrofusion, is an impressive new possibility offered by electric techniques of cell manipulation. In this chapter we discuss the new technique and some of the main aspects important for a proper understanding and practical application of electroporative gene transfer. This new technique was developed between 1980 and 1982 in our laboratory.

Incubation of ferrihemoglobin as well as of hemoglobin isolated chains in ferri-form with hemopexin at pH 7.0 leads to the gradual transfer of heme to the hemopexin molecules until the equilibrium is attained. The reaction of ferrihemoglobin with hemopexin can be described as a four-stage process involving successive transfer of the four heme groups from hemoglobin tetramer to the four molecules of hemopexin. The heme binding sites of the hemoglobin molecule are nonequivalent and cooperative. The transfer of heme from the isolated hemoglobin chains in ferri-form occurs as the simple competitive reaction which can be characterized by a single equilibrium constant. The affinity constant value for the binding of heme to the single binding center of hemopexin molecule was estimated as 1.9 × 1014× M−1. The direct transfer of heme from hemoglobin to hemopexin may occur in vivo as a part of hemoglobin degradation process.

Forty rabbits divided in six groups and three brands of hot wire cautery with temperature ranging from 190 degrees C to 1035 degrees C were used in this experiment. A surgical procedure resembling a cosmetic blepharoplasty was performed on a total of 60 lower eyelids of the rabbits. The remaining eyelids were either shams or normal controls. Cautery application to orbital fat was carefully controlled, i.e., 10 or 20 seconds in single or double applications. Gross observation and microscopic examination of the biopsied specimens taken at 3 hours, 2 days, and 2 weeks after the procedures were performed. Evidence of thermal injury to the lacrimal gland and extraocular muscle damage was found. Although no evidence of thermal injury to the optic nerve was found, it was conceivable that either by a direct transfer of heat or by an indirect inflammatory and compressive effect the health of the optic nerve might be threatened. It is strongly recommended that hot wire cautery be used with extreme caution when working with orbital tissues.

Erythroblastic islands are distinct anatomical units allowing direct transfer of ferritin molecule into developing erythroblasts. A patient with Fanconi's anemia who developed acute erythroleukemia and hypotransferrinemia exhibited numerous erythroblastic islands in the bone marrow. This unusual finding in our patient is thought to be in response to an increased demand for iron caused by neoplastic erythropoietic proliferation in the absence of an adequate amount of transferrin.

This paper deals with the transfer of metabolites (M) from one enzyme site (E1), the site of synthesis, to another enzyme site (E2), the site of utilization. Some such metabolite transfers have already been demonstrated to proceed by the direct interaction of a pair of enzymes involved in sequential steps of a metabolic pathway (Weber and Bernhard, 1982; Srivastava and Bernhard, 1984, 1985, 1986a, b). In such transfers the common metabolite is not exposed to an intermediate “solvent” environment. This direct transfer process is in contrast to the usually implicit model of metabolite transfer via dissociation from E1 and subsequent arrival at E2 via random diffusion through the aqueous environment (Eq. 1).

Since 1970 it was realized that dielectric relaxation in many glasses and polymers followed the stretched exponential law. Since then this expression has enjoyed a wide applicability characterizing various types of relaxation (NMR, mechanical, optical correlation, and dielectric) in many complex random materials. Several theories have been proposed to explain this ubiquitious behavior including i) Direct transfer on a fractal; ii) Hierarchially constrained dynamics; iii) Fractal time defect diffusion. While the physics behind these models is radically different we have been able to cast all of these models into the same mathematical form. The underlying unifying concept is a hierarchy of relaxation times broad enough to induce the time t always to appear raised to a non-integer power. This unity holds even though the physical mechanisms may provide for parallel, serial, or some other combination of relaxation paths.

The marine atmosphere contains numerous trace gaseous species that can potentially interact with water droplets in clouds or during precipitation events. These gases, when dissolved in water droplets, modify the chemistry of the droplet phase and, then during precipitation, can be transferred to the oceans. This process is in addition to the direct transfer of the trace gases from the air to the ocean, described in this volume by Broecker and Liss.

The transmission electron microscope has been used to determine the size distributions of airborne chrysotile, and a range of man-made mineral fibres in the workplace. Personal samples and static samples have been collected on membrane filters and prepared for the transmission electron microscope using a direct transfer technique. Measurement of fibre length and diameter has been made directly from the screen using a novel light-spot technique linked to a microcomputer. Phase contrast optical microscopy has also been used on selected samples. Size distributions from bulk samples have also been obtained for comparison on two synthetic materials routinely used in industry. One particular class of man-made fibres has a diameter distribution similar to asbestos, and these fibres have been termed ‘superfine’. A fibre exposure limit based on the phase-contrast optical microscope is being introduced for this group in the United Kingdom. A comparison of the transmission electron microscope results with those from the optical microscope for a range of airborne samples taken in industry is presented.

The most common heat exchanger design problems are rating and sizing problems. In this article, basic design methods for two-fluid direct transfer type heat exchangers are reviewed. The effects of individual resistances on the overall heat transfer coefficient, temperature distribution in direct transfer type heat exchangers (recuperators), mean temperature difference, LMTD, e-NTU, P-NTUc and ψ-P methods are discussed and basic relations are introduced. Examples of elementary sizing and rating problems are given for a shell-and-tube type heat exchanger. Finally, pressure drop relations for single-phase flow applicable for certain type of heat exchangers are reviewed.

Rabbit liver microsomes catalyzed mannosyltransfer from GDP-mannose to oligosaccharide-lipids isolated from porcine liver. The transfer occurred in the presence of 10 mM EDTA, a condition under which the formation of dolichol-P-mannose and other chloroform soluble mannosyl-lipids was almost completely inhibited, indicating that the mannosyl-oligosaccharide linkage was formed by a direct transfer of mannose from the nucleotide sugar. Virtually all of the mannose incorporated into the oligosaccharides was released by α-mannosidase, demonstrating the formation of an α-mannosyl-linkage in the oligosaccharide-lipid product. An enzyme catalyzing the divalent cation independent transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose to exogenous oligosaccharide-lipids was solubilized from rabbit liver microsomes and purified over 10 fold.

The methodology and results of a test effort to determine whether there exist unexpected opportunities for the direct transfer of technologies from federal laboratories to industry are presented. Specifically, the latest results of six federal laboratories with potential application in the pulp and paper industry, particularly those results applicable to improving energy productivity, were evaluated, cataloged, and distributed to industry representatives to gauge their reaction. The principal methodological steps in this effort were the development of a taxonomy of the pulp and paper industry, identification of industry needs and laboratory capabilities, laboratory visits, review of technology findings with industry, and evaluation and compilation of industry responses.

Eight-cell mouse embryos were frozen by using erythritol as the cryoprotective agent. The samples were cooled slowly (1 degree C/min) to temperatures between -15 and -75 degrees C before direct transfer into liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The most effective concentration of erythritol for freezing of embryos was 0.6 M, and the optimal exposure time of embryos to 0.6 M erythritol at 0 degrees C prior to freezing appeared to be 60 min under the conditions used. The embryos in erythritol survived slow thawing (approximately 20 degrees C/min), only when cooled slowly to temperatures between -30 and -60 degrees C before transfer into liquid nitrogen, and survived rapid thawing (approximately 500 degrees C/min), only after transfer from -25 to -40 degrees C. The highest survival rates of slowly thawed embryos were obtained after transfer to -196 degrees C from -35 (63%) and -40 degrees C (64%), and the highest survival rates of rapidly thawed embryos were obtained after transfer from -30 degrees C (54%). Mouse embryos that survived freezing and thawing with erythritol as the cryoprotective agent were capable of developing to full-term fetuses.

Measurements of the chemical composition of cloud water are reported for samples collected from both aircraft and from a ground-based sampler in both clean and polluted air masses. Using the measured cloud liquid water content, the equivalent dry air composition is evaluated and the relative contributions of the strong acids HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 to the free acidity of the samples is deduced. The results indicate that anions in excess of those derived from sea salt can confer free acidity on cloud water even in maritime air masses not recently associated with pollutant sources. High concentrations observed on hilltop sites confirm the view that direct transfer from cloud can be significant compared with normal wet and dry deposition for such sites.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the feasibility of dilution of the cryoprotectant by a sucrose solution in the straw followed by direct transfer without any selection of the embryos. A comparison was made between the method described by Renard et al. (7) and a method slightly modified from that published by Leibo (8). The feasibility is proved by a mean pregnancy rate of 41.4%. Although the difference was not statistically significant, the method described by Renard et al. (7) led to a higher pregnancy rate (44.7%) than that of Leibo (8) (38.5%).

The METAL machine translation project incorporates two methods of structural transfer - direct transfer and transfer by grammar. In this paper I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches in general and with respect to the METAL project, and argue that, for many applications, a combination of the two is preferable to either alone.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the issues in the design of windowing systems. A window can be defined as an area on a computer display, usually rectangular and usually delimited by a border that contains a particular view of some data in the computer. Depending on the implementation, windows might represent different host computers, different operating system environments, different applications, different files in the same application domain, or different views of the same file. The adjective windowing has been used broadly to describe any system capable of displaying a window. In general, the term can be applied whether or not a system allows separate processes to run concurrently in separate windows or provides direct transfer of data between windows, although these distinctions can be critical in some contexts. Some authors have used windowing to describe systems in which all activity takes place within a single scrollable full-screen window. Other authors have included systems in which window configuration is controlled totally by the system, with no input from the user.

In facial burns both ears are often injured simultaneously. However, the concha of the auricle is often preserved, which facilitates the repair of the ear. Adhesion to the mastoid region is commonly seen and should be released by surgical intervention and skin grafting.

The vector analyzing power A(δ) of 3H↘e(3He,p)5Li(3/2−) has been measured for 35°≤lab≤145° at E3He=14 MeV. The comparison with microscopic calculations shows good agreement if additional 1=4 phases in the exit channel are included. The lack of antisymmetry of the analyzing power to δcm=90° shows that the reaction cannot proceed by a purely direct transfer mechanism.

It is shown that the transfer of formyl units in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway as catalyzed by glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) transformylase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase probably proceeds through a direct displacement mechanism involving only formyl donor (10-CHO-H4folate) and formyl acceptor (GAR or AICAR). The inability to observe enzyme-catalyzed solvent oxygen incorporation or uncoupling by hydroxylamine of 1:1 stoichiometry between formylated acceptor [formylglycinamide ribonucleotide or 5-(formylamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide] and deformylated donor implies the absence of an amidine intermediate and suggests that either a formylated enzyme-bound intermediate is not formed or such an intermediate is not accessible to hydroxylamine.

Isotope dilution provides a yield-independent method of measuring the contribution a legume makes to the nitrogen nutrition of a grass grown in mixture. The method has a major advantage over yield-dependent measurements because it is not necessary for the reference plant (grass growing in pure stand) to accumulate the same quantity of mineral nitrogen as the plant growing in mixture with the legume. The reference plant need only accumulate mineral and 15N-enriched nitrogen in the same proportions as the plant growing with the legume. Using isotope dilution, transfer of nitrogen from legumes to grasses has been measured under both controlled conditions and in the field environment. Direct transfer of nitrogen does not always occur, but in some cases contributes a significant portion of the nitrogen contained in the grass.

The aim of the investigation was to give an in vitro experimental account of the commonly used cotton swab as a sampler for quantitative determination of bacteria in operation wounds. The transfer of staphylococci with the swab from an inoculated to a non-inoculated agar culture plate was used as a model, and three different ways of swab handling were tested. A direct transfer of 19 per cent staphylococci from the inoculated to the non-inoculated plate was found. When the swab was rinsed in a small volume of saline and the rinsing fluid was plated. 39 per cent were transferred. When the swab was kept in a Stuart transport medium, as is the usual procedure in clinincal practice, only 4 per cent were transferred. Quantitative wound swab cultures depend on a thorough sampling of the wound and an efficient recovery of bacteria from the swab. It is concluded that the use of a Stuart transport medium would appear to hamper quantitative determination, and a rinsing procedure should be preferred.

In this paper we discuss some basic theoretical aspects of the magnetism of random dilute alloys, starting with the Anderson model. First, we determine how an impurity state is modified by the presence of the other impurities in its neighborhood. Even if we consider only one species of im-purity atoms, the electronic state at each impurity site is different depending upon the distribution of other impur-ities in its local environment. Second, we discuss a general relation between the occurrence of a local moment on an individual impurity and the ferromagnetic ordering of the total impurity spins. Finally, we discuss the magnetic interaction between the impurities. Especially in the case of direct transfer interaction, we show that the interaction between impurities can be either ferromagnetic or antiferro-magnetic depending upon the fractional occupation of the impurity states.

Bacteriological tests show that the fine woven material known as balloon cloth, used extensively in Britain for operating-gowns, can be penetrated by organisms from the surgeon's body. These observations were made possible by the unique circumstances of operating routinely in near-sterile air. It is suggested that the direct transfer of organisms from the surface of a surgeon's gown to the wound can take place even in the presence of sterile air in the operating-room. This route of infection could be avoided by the surgeon wearing a plastic apron beneath his gown or a sterile apron of fine woven cloth over it.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the need and opportunities of unbound technological solutions that play a vital role in the drive to narrow the gap between American aspirations and output. The resources of scientific and technical skill committed to national security are likely to find a receptive market should they become available for redeployment. To some extent, that market will call forth the direct transfer of knowledge and techniques now within the defense sector of the economy by conversion of existing productive units. New concentrations of R&D capability can also be expected to form to serve wholly new tasks and priorities of government, industry, and consumers. The bases for future demand are, thus, already being prepared. The chapter highlights some of the areas where technical resources now heavily invested in defense can serve urgent nondefense needs. Organizational, administrative, and financial barriers stand in the way of achieving the broad perspective on transportation as a whole that modernization requires. Nonetheless, numerous lines for research and development have already been envisioned. Further research and exploratory development is in process in hydrofoil and air-cushion vehicle transportation, under both private and Federal Maritime Administration sponsorship, although in many respects, work is less far advanced in the United States than in other countries.

Rabbits were fed 1 g of cholesterol per day for 92 days. At the end of this period all animals were transferred to Purina rabbit chow for 63 days at which time half of the animals were fed cholesterol again and half were continued on Purina chow. After either two or three weeks, flux of cholesterol into aorta was measured with C 14 -cholesterol. The flux of cholesterol into the aortas with similar degrees of atheromatosis varied directly with the plasma cholesterol concentrations. Rabbits were injected with serum containing C 14 -cholesterol in the free form only. Esterification of C 14 -cholesterol entering the aorta was minimal. Apparently esterified aortic cholesterol is derived by direct transfer from plasma. Influx and release of cholesterol were investigated in vitro under different conditions of incubation. Boiling of the aorta or the addition of cyanide and fluoride did not stop influx of cholesterol. The release of cholesterol from boiled aortic halves was, for free cholesterol 25% of the amount of the C 14 in control halves and, for esterified cholesterol, 3% of the control.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transphosphorylation by phosphatases. The group-specific acid and alkaline phosphatases catalyze a direct transfer of the phosphate group from suitable “donors” (substrates) to certain "acceptors" to form new phosphate esters. The method of assay of transphosphorylation activity described is that of Morton. A donor (substrate) chosen so that the liberated molecule may be readily estimated is used at a high concentration and at the optimal pH for transfer (and hydrolysis). The percentage transfer is independent of the donor concentration, but the optimal pH for hydrolysis is a function of donor concentration. Hence the pH used is markedly suboptimal for hydrolysis of the ester formed by phosphate transfer. A specific enzymic method is employed for estimation of the synthesized ester that should always be less than 10 –4 M concentration at the completion of the reaction. In this way the true initial rate of transphosphorylation is measured. The acceptor is used at the optimal concentration for transphosphorylation. The concomitant hydrolysis is measured by liberated inorganic P. The chapter also discusses the application of assay method to crude tissue preparations.

The existence of enzymes which catalyze the direct transfer of hydrogen between TPNH and DPN was adumbrated by Ball 2 in 1941. 11 years later, Kaplan, Colowick and their collaborators1, 2 discovered such an enzyme in Pseudomonas fluorescens which they designated pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase. Enzymes of this class have since been found in some animal3–9 and plant10 tissues, and in various micro-organisms1, 11. The pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenases of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 and of spinach10 are soluble enzymes, while the animal transhydrogenases appear to be confined to the mitochondria and microsomes4, 5, 8, 9. The highest levels of transhydrogenase in animal tissues are located in the mitochondria of heart, kidney and liver4, 8.

IT is well known that the application of long-chain fatty acid samples to gas chromatography needs their previous esterification to methyl esters. Speaking generally, there are two ways to obtain such esters: (1) The esterification of the fatty acids with diazomethane, or methanol–hydrochloric acid, after saponification of the lipids and removal of the non-saponifiable compounds. (2) The direct transfer of the fatty acids in ester combination from glycerol to methanol1.

Many laboratories, including ours, employ gastropod molluscs in the study of neural connectivity and the neuronal basis of specific behaviors. One of the primary reasons for selecting this group is that, by virtue of contrasting pigmentation, the cortically-arranged neuronal somata are easily seen and routinely identifiable. In this respect, gastropods differ from the arthropods and vertebrates, in which intracellular stain injection facilitates identification of individual neurons (see Chapters 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17). However, intracellular stain technology has valuable applications in addition to cell identification. In this chapter we will discuss the applications and methodology of intracellular stain injection in gastropod molluscs. These comments may be germane to other classes of animals, but, in our opinion, slight differences between animals can obviate direct transfer of methods.

Background Impaired orienting to social stimuli is one of the core early symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, in contrast to faces, name processing has rarely been studied in individuals with ASD. Here, we investigated brain activity and functional connectivity associated with recognition of names in the high-functioning ASD group and in the control group. Methods EEG was recorded in 15 young males with ASD and 15 matched one-to-one control individuals. EEG data were analyzed with the event-related potential (ERP), event-related desynchronization and event-related synchronization (ERD/S), as well as coherence and direct transfer function (DTF) methods. Four categories of names were presented visually: one’s own, close-other’s, famous, and unknown. Results Differences between the ASD and control groups were found for ERP, coherence, and DTF. In individuals with ASD, P300 (a positive ERP component) to own-name and to a close-other’s name were similar whereas in control participants, P300 to own-name was enhanced when compared to all other names. Analysis of coherence and DTF revealed disruption of fronto-posterior task-related connectivity in individuals with ASD within the beta range frequencies. Moreover, DTF indicated the directionality of those impaired connections—they were going from parieto-occipital to frontal regions. DTF also showed inter-group differences in short-range connectivity: weaker connections within the frontal region and stronger connections within the occipital region in the ASD group in comparison to the control group. Conclusions Our findings suggest a lack of the self-preference effect and impaired functioning of the attentional network during recognition of visually presented names in individuals with ASD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0102-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In order to furtherly clarify the mechanisms regulating the fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids the relationships between the fatty acid composition of major phospholipid fractions from plasma and platelets were investigated in 30 healthy male subjects. Strict correlations between all but two plasma and platelet fatty acids were observed for phosphatidylcholine (PC) (r = 0.51-0.95, at least P < 0.01), whereas only poor correlations were found for the other fractions. These results suggest that the direct transfer of PC molecules from plasma to platelet membrane is a pivotal mechanism for renovation of platelet PC fatty acids, while other mechanisms appear to play a major role for renovation of other phospholipid fractions of the platelet membrane.

This article describes a digital technique to transfer the location of digitized casts obtained directly from the patient to a virtual articulator (digital/virtual facebow transfer). The primary advantage of this technique is that it allows the dentist and the dental laboratory technician to work in a fully digital environment without having to mount stone casts on a physical articulator. This results in a significant time reduction and a higher degree of accuracy in the cast location.

This article describes the first full-scale realization of a double-layered, folded plate structure (DLFP), for a new hall for the Theâtre Vidy Lausanne. (Fig. 1). Enabled by a novel double-tenon connection technology, the shape of the components simultaneously serves as a joining aid for rapid and precise assembly, as well as for a direct transfer of the forces between the plates and in between the two layers of the construction. This is made possible by project-specific CAD plugins. These allow an algorithmic generation of the component geometries and the CNC ISO6983 G-code for the fully automatic 5-axis simultaneous machining.

Direct transfer pre-swirl systems have been investigated by means of 3D computational analysis. Different computational approaches have been utilized and results have been compared with measurements. Based on the validation studies, guidelines for modeling such systems have been proposed. The present results imply that sufficiently accurate predictions can be obtained by means of a quasi-steady analysis applying the “frozen rotor” approach for treating the interface between the stationary and rotating domains. The results indicate that the dimensionless pressure and temperature show a rather weak sensitivity to the relative position of the stator and rotor, using the frozen rotor approach, for the cases studied.

In this species differentiation study of Corynebacterium spp. (C. spp.), quarter foremilk samples from 48 farms were included. These were obtained from both clinically healthy cows and those with clinical mastitis. First, all samples were examined cyto-microbiologically and all catalase-positive rods were differentiated using the direct transfer method in MALDI-TOF MS. C. bovis, C. amycolatum, C. xerosis, and five other species were identified with proportions of 90.1%, 7.7%, and 0.8% for the named species, respectively, and 1.4% for the remaining unnamed species. In addition, somatic cell count (SCC) was determined by flow cytometry. Based on this, the isolates were classified into four udder health groups: “latent infection”, “subclinical mastitis”, “clinical mastitis” and “others”. Approximately 90% of isolates of C. bovis and C. amycolatum were from latently and subclinically infected quarters. Of the C. bovis isolates, 5.8% were obtained from milk samples from clinical mastitis, whereas C. amycolatum was not present in clinical mastitis. The distribution of groups in these two species differed significantly. The geometric mean SCC of all species combined was 76,000 SCC/mL, almost the same as the SCC of C. bovis. With 50,000 SCC/mL, the SCC of C. amycolatum was slightly below the SCC of C. bovis. Through the species-level detection and consideration of SCC performed here, it is apparent that individual species differ in terms of their pathogenicity. Overall, their classification as minor pathogens with an SCC increase is confirmed.

Abstract In mollusk aquaculture, a large number of Vibrio species are considered major pathogens. Conventional methods based on DNA amplification and sequencing used to accurately identify Vibrio species are unsuitable for monitoring programs because they are time-consuming and expensive. The aim of this study was, therefore, to develop the MALDI-TOF MS method in order to establish a rapid identification technique for a large panel of Vibrio species. We created the EnviBase containing 120 main spectra projections (MSP) of the Vibrio species that are potentially responsible for mollusk diseases, comprising 25 species: V. aestuarianus, V. cortegadensis, V. tapetis and species belonging to the Coralliilyticus, Harveyi, Mediterranei, and Orientalis clades. Each MSP was constructed by the merger of raw spectra obtained from three different media and generated by three collaborating laboratories to increase the diversity of the conditions and thus obtain a good technique robustness. Perfect discrimination was obtained with all of the MSP created for the Vibrio species and even for very closely related species as V. europaeus and V. bivalvicida. The new EnviBase library was validated through a blind test on 100 Vibrio strains performed by our three collaborators who used the direct transfer and protein extraction methods. The majority of the Vibrio strains were successfully identified with the newly created EnviBase by the three laboratories for both protocol methods. This study documents the first development of a freely accessible database exclusively devoted to Vibrio found in marine environments, taking into account the high diversity of this genus. Key points • Development of a MALDI-TOF MS database to quickly affiliate Vibrio species. • Increase of the reactivity when faced with Vibrio associated with mollusk diseases. • Validation of MALDI-TOF MS as routine diagnostic tool.

SUMMARY A case of kerion barbae is reported due to Trichophyton erinacei with probable direct transfer to the patient's wife.

A direct-transfer switched-capacitor (SC) integrator is one in which each input voltage sample is added directly to the output, instead of being ratioed through an input capacitor. The property of ensured unity-gain can be taken advantage of in a simplified, low-sensitivity first-order all-pass, and in a unity-gain buffer.

The photophysical properties of a trichromophoric molecule (D2-D1-A) containing an electron acceptor (A) and two electron donors (D1,D2) are investigated. Photoinduced electron transport from D2 to A occurs effectively via D1,. If D1, is rendered inoperative by its selective protonation, the system switches to a mode of electron transport which involves direct transfer between the remote D2 and A chromophores.

An age-sex register for use in general practice was obtained directly from the family practitioner committee computer by direct transfer of data to a microcomputer.