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U radu se analiziraju, na temelju korpusa iz književnog registra, odnosno romana H. Jamesa, nekonvencionalne metafore koje nastaju procesima ekstenzije, elaboracije i kombiniranja osnovnih metafora iz područja materijaliziranja apstraktnih entiteta, kao što su metafore SPOZNAJA JE PERCEPCIJA i OSJEĆAJI SU TEKUĆINE. U uvodu se razmatra odnos između metafore i drugih figura kao što su metonimija, sinegdoha, ironija, oksimoron, itd. U analizi nekonvencionalnih metafora posebna pažnja posvećuje se izražavanju vrijednosnih sudova, odnosno pozitivnog i negativnog aksiološkog dinamizma koji je ugrađen u slikovnim shemama, odnosno u inovativnim metaforama koje se temelje na tim shemama., The paper deals with a group of innovative metaphors which can be categorized as Materializing the Abstract, wherein mental processes such as cognition, affection, etc. are represented by concepts from the more accessible physical world. One group includes metaphors which imply the transition from one type of process to another, such as from mental to material while the other group includes metaphorical projections which are retained within the same process framework, i.e. within the domain of mental processes, so that the transition takes place from thinking (cognition) to sensing (perception). The introductory section deals with the relationship between metaphors and other tropes, i.e. figures of thought and speech, such as metonymy, irony, synecdoche, oxymoron, etc. In the analysis of metaphors special attention is paid to the expression of value judgements, i.e. axiological dynamism embodied in images schemata and in innovative metaphors based on these schemata.

У статті ознаки соціальної природи власного імені як лінвосоціального знака особистості розглядаються у термінах категорій когнітивної семантики. Англійські антропоніми досліджуються як мовні одиниці, що репрезентують певний пакет знань про деякі риси етнічної самобутності англійської нації. Features of social nature of personal name as a personality's linguo-social sign are treated in terms of categories of cognitive semantics. English anthroponyms are analysed with respect to their ability to represent certain knowledge pattern that discloses ethnical peculiarities of the English nation.

Las principales tendencias de investigación en el ámbito de la evaluación de la recuperación de información (RI) se resumen en dos: la aproximación tradicional o algorítmica -cuyos referentes principales son el proyecto Cranfield y la más reciente conferencia Trec- frente al modelo cognitivo -centrado en las estructuras cognitivas del individuo-. Estas corrientes de investigación, no obstante, se complementan, por lo que una aproximación integradora debería presentar una nueva propuesta metodológica válida que contase con un sustento teórico sincrético, pero no ecléctico., Research on the evaluation of information retrieval (IR) can be classified into two main streams: a) the traditional or algorithmic approach, whose main referents are the Cranfield project and, more recently, the Trec conference, and b) the cognitive model, which focuses on the cognitive structures of individual users. These tendencies, however, are complementary. Thus, both of them should be integrated in a new syncretistic, but not eclectic, theoretical model.

Las principales tendencias de investigación en el ámbito de la evaluación de la recuperación de información (RI) se resumen en dos: la aproximación tradicional o algorítmica -cuyos referentes principales son el proyecto Cranfield y la más reciente conferencia Trec- frente al modelo cognitivo -centrado en las estructuras cognitivas del individuo-. Estas corrientes de investigación, no obstante, se complementan, por lo que una aproximación integradora debería presentar una nueva propuesta metodológica válida que contase con un sustento teórico sincrético, pero no ecléctico. Research on the evaluation of information retrieval (IR) can be classified into two main streams: a) the traditional or algorithmic approach, whose main referents are the Cranfield project and, more recently, the Trec conference, and b) the cognitive model, which focuses on the cognitive structures of individual users. These tendencies, however, are complementary. Thus, both of them should be integrated in a new syncretistic, but not eclectic, theoretical model.

There are at least two ways in which emotions can be conceptualized. The first, and most widespread, one is the cognitive approach which implies the presence of internal processes or psychological mechanisms. The cognitive approach says that emotions are the result of evolutionary processes. The second approach is behaviorological. It states that emotions are learned and are nothing more than behaviorological and physiological events. Both approaches, even if different, have an extremely important effect on our world because they may help make societal decisions and therefore manage our environment in a better way. As we will see, though, authorities do not always look at the research before making critical judgements. My goal in this paper is twofold: First it is to review several lines of research on how certain emotions -namely guilt and shame- "evolved":. Second, it is to show that, unfortunately, the general public and city officials often make decisive judgements without referring to the research that has been done on the subject. After introducing the main theories of emotions and describing the behaviorological perspective, I will comment on the hasty and unwise decisions that are being make nationwide to reduce the rate of recidivism of criminals. But before I present the applied part, and in order for the reader to understand better the different theories of emotions, let me introduce you to some lines of research.

The search for an adequate concept of information has been a constant theme in the theoretical studies carried out within the lnformation Science field. The proposals made can be grouped in two large sets: those that consider information as something physical and objective and those that see it as something cognitive and subjective. Some of the most outstanding examples from both trends are examined. Spécial attention is paid to the proposals from the second group due to their relevance. La búsqueda de un concepto adecuado de información ha sido una constante en los estudios teóricos llevados a cabo en el seno de la Documentación. El análisis de las propuestas realizadas permite distinguir dos grandes grupos: las que ven la información como algo fisico, objetivo, y las que la consideran como algo cognitivo, subjetivo. Se analizan algunos de los ejemplos más representativos de ambas tendencias, aunque haciendo un especial hincapié en las propuestas del segundo grupo, por considerarlas más relevantes.

This article presents a study designed to relate the way decision makers think about organizing to emerging changes in organizations. The complexity and content of the organizing frameworks of key actors in three cases of introduction of computer aided design were analyzed. This resulted in a typology describing actors as analysts, facilitators, or organizers. A correspondence was found between the way these actors thought about organization and the emerging organizations observed in three cases. The study is used to develop a cognitive actor's approach to organizational change.

In recent decades in linguistics are increasingly used terms “cognitive”, “cognitive science” Some researchers writing about the emergence of a new, “cognitiv” paradigm in linguistics. Maslova in her book named “Cognitive Linguistics” defines cognitivism as “the direction of science, which is the object of study of the human mind, thinking and those mental processes and conditions that are associated with them”. By interpretation of Demyankova and Kubryakova, cognitive linguistics studies language as a cognitive mechanism that plays a role in encoding and transforming information. Its recognition in Russia, according to Kubryakova, cognitive researches are required primarily to the fact that they refer to “the themes, which always excited domestic linguistics: language and thought, the main function of language, the role of man in the language and the role of language for the people”. Reflections about the participation of language in knowledge of the world can be found in the works of thinkers of different times and peoples from antiquity to the present day. One of the subject of the research of cognitive linguistics is culture forming function of language. As part of the research on linguoculturing and ethnolinguistics studying features of assimilation, processing and storage of information in people's minds, and means of mental representation of knowledge through language. Thoughts about the role of language in the formation of the “spirit of the people” go back to the ideas of the German philosopher-idealist Gerder. Following to Gerder on the interaction between language and national spirit wrote Humboldt. In the Russian linguistics of XIX century. Humboldt's ideas was developed by Potebnya, who showed the role of language in the process of formation and development of human knowledge about the world.

ResumenEl fenómeno usuarios de la información ha sido estudiado desde una perspectiva práctica. Básicamente se ha considerado como un asunto colateral al paradigma de la organización y no como lo que realmente es, un fenómeno interdisciplinario que puede estar basado en un enfoque cognitivo. El objetivo del presente documento es establecer como tendencia teórica tal enfoque para explicar todo lo concerniente al fenómeno usuarios de la información, aludiendo al proceso de pensamiento de un sujeto/usuario. Para cubrir este objetivo se tratan tres temas principales: las ciencias cognitivas, dando especial énfasis a la psicología cognitiva; el proceso de pensamiento denominado categorización, el cual permite generar las necesidades y los comportamientos de los sujetos ante la información; y los autores que han seguido el enfoque cognitivo para estudiar el tema usuarios. Finalmente se incluyen algunas conclusiones que pueden guiar futuros trabajos sobre el tema.AbstractThe information user as a phenomenon has been studied from a practical standpoint, frequently considered a collateral issue in the organization paradigm; though it is in fact an interdisciplinary phenomenon, which can be examined using a cognitive approach. The objective of this paper is to advance the cognitive approach, entailing users’ thought processes, as a theoretical basis for explaining the phenomenon of information users. To this end, three main topic areas are discussed: 1) cognitive sciences, with special regard to cognitive psychology, which is the basis of this approach; 2) the thought process procedure we call categorization, which underpins a subject’s information needs and behaviors, and 3) the body of cognitive approach research focusing on users. Avenues for further research are offered in the conclusions.

The author underlines some major aspects of Bierwisch's approach and of the dicussion it gives rise to., L'auteur présente les travaux de M. Bierwisch et la discussion à leur sujet en soulignant les axes principaux autour desquels ils s'articulent., Poitou Jacques. En guise d'introduction aux recherches de M. Bierwisch et M. Reis sur le sémantique et le conceptuel. In: Documentation et recherche en linguistique allemande contemporain - Vincennes, n°33, 1985. Linguistique et opérations mentales. pp. 1-4.

L’article traite de l’état actuel des recherches traductologiques en Russie dans une perspective historique. Il est apparu comme une réaction à une représentation qui reste ancrée dans l’esprit scientifique en Russie sur le statut secondaire des recherches traductologiques souvent réduites à une branche appliquée de la linguistique. La discipline n’aurait pas d’existence propre, car elle serait diluée dans un continuum pluridisciplinaire, surtout parce qu’elle ne pourrait établir de paradigmes scientifiques spécifiques. Nous examinerons la validité de cette opinion, nous tournant, pour cela, vers l’histoire de la pensée scientifique sur l’activité traduisante, puis en analysant l’état actuel de la discipline nommée aujourd’hui « science de la traduction » en Russie. L’article a deux objectifs interreliés : d’une part, prouver l’existence de paradigmes traductologiques en Russie et, d’autre part, caractériser l’état actuel des recherches en traductologie en Russie selon une perspective historique tout en démontrant leurs liens avec le contexte international des recherches dans ce domaine., The present article is devoted to analyzing the present state of the Russian science of translation and its historical perspective. The rationale behind this article is the fact that in Russian academic community there is a persisting viewpoint that research in translation studies is an auxiliary and applied area of linguistics and that science of translation does not exist at all because it is diluted in pluridisciplinary continuum and, which is essential, does not have scientific paradigms. We will attempt to understand whether this opinion is true, and in order to do it we will examine history of scientific knowledge about translation activity and analyze the present state of the discipline that is known at present as “science of translation” in Russia. Thus, the article addresses two intertwined tasks: to prove that Russian theory of translation has scientific paradigms and to characterize research in translation studies in Russia in historical perspective and demonstrate its close interrelation with science of translation in the world.

The paper suggests that the diverse livelihoods could properly be taken into account to endeavour the effort for more sustainable, flexible and adaptive small-scale fisheries. Diversification contributes to increase income and well-being, thereby providing an adaptive model that is consistent with the concepts of empowerment and social inclusion. Strategies embedded in the regional/local situation could provide results in order to involve individuals, and groups of actors and stakeholders in a decision making process based on an operational approach. The study described in this article is aimed at encouraging and strengthening the diversification activities of small-scale fisheries in the Ionian coastal area of Sicily. The cognitive maps and the AHP method have been used to work with groups of actors, experts and stakeholders active in the local coastal area through a structured and personalized process aimed at creating a shared visions of strategic actions directed to the policy makers. Il presente articolo suggerisce che la diversificazione dei mezzi di sostentamento potrebbe opportunamente essere considerata al fine di rendere la pesca su piccola scala piu sostenibile, flessibile e adattativa. La diversificazione contribuisce anche ad aumentare il reddito e il benessere, fornendo in tal modo un modello adattativo coerente con i concetti di empowerment e di inclusione sociale. Strategie integrate localmente sono in grado di coinvolgere individui e gruppi di attori e stakeholder in un processo decisionale basato su un approccio operativo. Lo studio descritto in questo articolo e volto a favorire e rafforzare la diversificazione delle attivita della piccola pesca nella zona costiera ionica della Sicilia. Le mappe cognitive e il metodo AHP sono stati utilizzati nell’analisi delle percezioni di gruppi di attori, esperti e stakeholder attivi nella zona costiera in esame attraverso un processo di valutazione strutturato e personalizzato che mira a creare una visione condivisa delle azioni strategiche rivolte ai responsabili politici.

International audience; Boolean systems still constitute most of the installed base of online public access catalogues(OPACs) in the French universities even if many studies have shown that Boolean operatorsare not frequently used by ‘non-librarian' users (by contrast with professional librarians).The first study examined the use of Boolean operators by French university students; In thesecond study, elaborated to evaluate the impact of information search expertise on this use,Boolean operators are explicitly presented and participants were explicitly invited to usethem. We assumed that university students would not frequently use the operators insearching, and that even if they were explicitly invited to make use of them. Results obtainedwith the first study based on transaction logs analyses confirmed that French universitystudents did not frequently use Boolean operators. The impact of information search expertise,analysed in the second study, compared three levels of expertise: Novice (universitystudents), intermediate (future professional librarians), and expert (professional librarians).Results showed that, even if the three groups were invited to use Boolean operators, this useincreased significantly with the level of information search expertise. University students, ifthey manage procedural functions of connectives in natural language, do not always managethe whole set of procedural functions carried by such connectives when used in the documentarylanguage. So, the relevance of presenting explicit Boolean operators in the OPACswhen users are ‘non-librarians' is questioned.