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Background: Undetected temporal bone fractures (TBFs) can lead to complications such as hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis, otorrhea, or otorhinorrhea, and can be the cause of life-threatening bacterial meningitis and can easily be missed., Methods: We prospectively studied patients with head trauma between January 2000 and January 2001. All patients were examined by the attending trauma physician and then underwent cranial helical computed tomographic (CT) scan independent of clinical findings and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score to determine the proportion of TBFs that would have been missed if diagnosis had been based only on clinical evaluation., Results: Three-hundred fifty consecutive patients with head trauma were studied during the 12-month period (GCS score: range, 3-15; median, 13). In 34 (9.7%) of these patients, 38 TBF (30 unilateral and 4 bilateral) were diagnosed by CT scan. However, clinical signs of TBF were present in only 22 of the 34 patients (65%). All missed TBFs were unilateral. Of the patients with missed TBFs, 8 of 20 (40%) had GCS scores of 14 to 15, 1 of 8 (12.5%) had a GCS score of 9 to 13, and 3 of 6 (50%) had GCS scores < 9. Four of 34 (12%) patients developed clinical complications., Conclusion: TBFs are common injuries in patients with head trauma. More than one third of these fractures may be missed by clinical diagnosis alone. Although the clinical importance of the missed TBF is debatable, 12% of our patients developed complications. Therefore, to rule out these lesions, routine cranial helical CT scan should be recommended in all patients presenting with head trauma, independent of clinical findings and GCS score.