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The Nimbus-5 infrared temperature profile radiometer (ITPR) experiment was designed to measure up-welling infrared radiation in appropriate spectral intervals and with sufficient geographical resolution for sounding the atmosphere’s temperature distribution down to the earth’s surface even under partly cloudy sky conditions. A primary scientific goal of the experiment was the specification of the mesoscale features of surface and atmospheric temperature and water vapor that are associated with intense weather systems. In this paper the ITPR instrument is described and some initial spacecraft results are given that demonstrate the success of the experiment in achieving its scientific goals.

Language is the primary common denominator of human interaction. As such, it is also the source of many of our problems in human relations. Furthermore, through the subtleties and complexities of language, both verbal and nonverbal, it is frequently an impediment to ready and reasonable solutions to such problems. This is most unfortunate, especially in the school environment where effective communication is important for all concerned. Integration of the public schools, particularly in the South, has brought both social and pedagogical problems. One of the primary problems concerns the language of the teachers and students. Prior to integration, the white teacher, speaking one of the Southern dialects, taught only white students who spoke the same dialects. Black teachers, many of whom speak and most of whom understand the dialect called Black English, taught only black students, almost all of whom spoke Black English. With integration, the white teacher faced black students whose dialect was quite unfamiliar. The black teacher faced the same problem with the white students, although to a lesser degree. These dialect problems have received some attention in recent research. Crosby (1965) states that the most crucial factor determining whether or not children who speak a dialect which is socially unacceptable to certain groups can be motivated in any learning situation is the attitude of the teacher toward that dialect.

Twenty-eight families of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency (21 OH def.) were studied to evaluate specific HLA antigen association with the disease, & to further investigate the HLA linkage to 21 OH def. gene. The association of 21 OH def. & the HLA A3 antigen was established (p

A calibrated Fourier transform spectrometer, known as the High-Resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS), has been flown on the NASA U-2 research aircraft to measure the infrared emission spectrum of the earth. The primary use - atmospheric temperature and humidity sounding - requires high radiometric precision and accuracy (of the order of 0.1 and 1 C, respectively). To meet these requirements, the HIS instruments, the HIS instrument performs inflight radiometric calibration, using observations of hot and cold blackbody reference sources as the basis for two-point calibrations at each wavenumber. Initially, laboratory tests revealed a calibration problem with brightness temperature errors as large as 15 C between 600 and 900/cm. The symptom of the problem, which occurred in one of the three spectral bands of HIS, was a source-dependent phase response. Minor changes to the calibration equations completely eliminated the anomalous errors. The new analysis properly accounts for the situation in which the phase response for radiance from the instrument itself differs from that for radiance from an external source. The mechanism responsible for the dual phase response of the HIS instrument is identified as emission from the interferometer beam splitter.

During the past two decades, passive infrared and microwave radiometers have been used to provide vertical temperature and moisture profiles from meteorological satellites. The infrared instruments have evolved from the medium spectral and low spatial resolution interferometer and grating spectrometer flown on the Nimbus III satellite in 1969 to the high spatial and low spectral resolution filter radiometers currently flying on the operational polar orbiting (NOAA) and geostationary (GOES) satellites. The microwave radiometers utilized have been of the conventional Dicke design. The evolution of the infrared sounding instruments has been driven by the need for high spatial resolution to probe the clear air interstices of the earth's broken cloud cover. Microwave sounders, which penetrate clouds, were initially much larger and heavier and consumed more power than infrared radiometers when compared to infrared sounders on a per channel per unit field-of-view basis. Advances in microwave radiometer technology have permitted the number of spectral channels to be increased, the field-of-view reduced, and the signal-to-noise ratio to be improved without a corresponding increase in the weight, volume, and power requirements.

Layer moisture and temperature are important variables for forecasting local weather phenomena. The purpose of ths paper is to present a method to rapidly compute layer average relative humidities and geopotential thicknesses from satellite measurements of atmospheric water vapor and oxygen radiation emission to space. Both polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite data are considered. Analyses show that the relative humidity and geopotential thickness patterns from satellite data are consistent with radiosonde data. The relative humidity calculation is insensitive to the assumed temperature profile condition. It is shown that time variations of the atmospheric moisture can be monitored from a GOES-4 VAS sequential image. Also an attempt is made to derive the atmospheric stability index, total-totals, by use of satellite derived relative humidities and geopotential thicknesses. The results show good correspondence between the derived stability patterns and subsequent convective weather.

This paper describes the Nimbus-6 earth radiation budget experiment including its prelaunch calibration and in-flight performance. A preliminary assessment of the data shows the ERB measurement of the solar constant to be 1392 W/m(2) which is 1.6% higher than the expected value of 1370 W/m(2). Both values are traceable to the cavity radiometer scale. There is a disagreement between the fixed wide-angle and scanning narrow-angle measurements of planetary outgoing longwave radiation flux. Since the scanning channels are calibrated in-flight and show good agreement with previous observations of the Nimbus-3 satellite, the discrepancy is believed to be due to erroneous wide-angle flux estimates. The erroneous estimates may be caused by the misinterpretation of the transfer function for the wide-angle-earth-flux sensing thermopile detectors when viewing the earth which, unlike the prelaunch calibration source, does not fill the field of view of the detector and is not an isotropic radiation source. A field of view factor for the wide-angle channels is determined using an in-flight calibration procedure using the night-time scanning channel longwave radiation flux measurements as the absolute standard. The planetary global albedoes, longwave radiation fluxes, and net radiation are about 30%, 240 W/m(2), and -4 W/m(2) for the months of July and August 1975, which is in good agreement with previous Nimbus-3 estimates.

The importance of an historical understanding of family life is widely recognized by specialists in the field. Also appreciated, but perhaps less widely so, is the importance of tracing the history of family scholarship. An assessment of trends in family research and theory building over the several decades in which they have been practiced can contribute to the sociology of science and can help in setting priorities for future research (Christensen, 1964; Hill, 1980; Howard, 1981). One type of scholarly effort available for scrutiny is the textbook. While textbooks ordinarily do not represent an outlet for new knowledge, they do give an indication of the state of a field's development. Kuhn (1970) has argued that textbooks serve as a primary tool for the socialization of new professionals and that they embody the existing paradigm in a field during periods of "normal" scientific activity.' Hence, a content analysis of textbooks in the family field covering a reasonably long span of time should help identify patterns of theoretical and substantive development. An understanding of these trends can also assist educa

This Chlapter will not (a) discuss the history of the Black studies movement and its implications; (b) discuss the relationship between Afro-American studies in colleges and its spill over to the secondary schools; (c) attempt a detailed description of any one curriculum development activity in Afro-American studies or Black studies in secondary schools, or (d) attempt to qualitatively or quandtatively compare materials developed in the secondary schools.

One of the most hazardous types of bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract is that occurring from esophageal or gastric varices. Such varices usually arise following an obstruction to the return of portal blood to the systemic venous system. There are two common types of portal obstruction: that occurring in the liver—the so-called intrahepatic type—and that seen in splenomegaly (Banti's syndrome), in which the portal vein is obstructed. The latter is referred to as the extrahepatic type. In addition Linton has described portal hypertension occurring secondary to a combination of the above two lesions. We would like to suggest that the lesion presented by the patient in this report represents an additional situation in which portal hypertension may develop, i. e., secondary to an arteriovenous fistula between the hepatic artery and portal vein. This case is the second to be recorded in the literature. The first was reported by Strickler, Lufkin

An iterative solution is developed for the temperature and absorbing gas profiles of an atmosphere from spectral and angular measurements of atmospheric radiance. This iterative solution is novel in that there is no limiting assumption made about the analytical form of the profile imposed by the number of radiance observations available. The solution is demonstrated through the determination of temperature and water vapor profiles of the earth's atmosphere from Nimbus III and Nimbus IV Satellite InfraRed Spectrometer (SIRS) observations. The solutions are compared with conventional rawinsonde and rocket-sonde observations. The results indicate that this solution can be used effectively to specify the general meteorological characteristics of an atmosphere from satellite or ground-based radiometric observations.

PARALYSIS of both medial rectus muscles on attempted conjugate lateral gaze without other evidence of third nerve paralysis is an entity known as internuclear ophthalmoplegia. It is relatively common and almost invariably due to multiple sclerosis. Paralysis of one medial rectus muscle on attempted conjugate lateral gaze is much less common. It is the purpose of this communication to present eight cases of the unilateral syndrome and to describe the anatomic lesions in one. The latter is the first case of unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in which a pathologic study has been carried out. In only a single case of the bilateral syndrome has postmortem examination been made. 1 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is presumed to result from a lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus with consequent interruption of the impulses from a center in the medulla on one side to the medial rectus nucleus on the opposite side. The syndrome has been

The international experiment EAQUATE (European AQUA Thermodynamic Experiment) was held in September 2004 in Italy and in the United Kingdom. The Italian phase, performed in the period 6-10 September 2004, was mainly devoted to assessment and validation of performances of new IR hyperspectral sensors and benefits from data and results of measurements of AQUA and in particular of AIRS. It is also connected with the preparatory actions of MetOp mission with particular attention to calibration and validation of IASI products (as water vapour and temperature profiles), characterization of semitransparent clouds and study of radiative balance, demonstrating the role of ground-based and airborne systems in validation operations. The Italian phase of the campaign was carried out within a cooperation between NASA Langley Research Center, University of Wisconsin, the Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), the Mediterranean Agency for Remote Sensing (MARS) and the Universities of Basilicata, Bologna and Napoli. It involved the participation of the Scaled Composites Proteus aircraft (with NAST thermal infrared interferometer and microwave radiometer, the Scanning HIS infrared interferometer, the FIRSC far-IR interferometer), an Earth Observing System-Direct Readout Station and several ground based instruments: four lidar systems, a microwave radiometer, two infrared spectrometers, and a ceilometer. Radiosonde launches for measurements of PTU and wind velocity and direction were also performed as ancillary observations. Four flights were successfully completed with two different AQUA overpasses. The aircraft flew over the Napoli, Potenza and Tito Scalo ground stations several times allowing the collection of coincident aircraft and in- situ observations.