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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sustained-release (SR) oxycodone tablets in the treatment of moderate to severe painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Design.  This was a multicenter, randomized, open-labeled study., Setting: This study was completed in 12 hospitals in China., Patients: A total of 80 Chinese patients undergoing moderate to severe painful DPN., Interventions: An initial dose of 10mg is recommended to be taken orally every 12 hours. Dose titration was done appropriately according to pain intensity and adverse reactions., Outcome Measures:   Data record included days, dosage, analgesic efficacy, quality of sleep, adverse events, and combination therapy when patients were treated with SR oxycodone tablets. The continuous observation period was 6 weeks., Results: After medication for 1 week, pain was significantly (P<0.01) relieved from 6.8±1.4 to 2.8±1.6. Onset time was within 45 minutes in nearly 60% of the patients, and within 1 hour in nearly 95% of that ones. More than 90% of the patients achieved stable analgesic dose within 3 days. After using SR oxycodone tablets for 1 week, sleep quality was significantly (P<0.01) improved. In week 1, the average dose of SR oxycodone tablets was 16.63±7.79mg. The average daily dose of most patients was about 20mg after 2 weeks. In all the enrolled patients, 38 (47.5%) had adverse reactions. No serious adverse reactions took place., Conclusion: The results of this clinical observation further elaborated the efficacy and safety of SR oxycodone tablets in the treatment of moderate to severe painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in China., (Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Transition-metal oxides improve power conversion efficiencies in organic photovoltaics and are used as low-resistance contacts in organic light-emitting diodes and organic thin-film transistors. What makes metal oxides useful in these technologies is the fact that their chemical and electronic properties can be tuned to enable charge exchange with a wide variety of organic molecules. Although it is known that charge exchange relies on the alignment of donor and acceptor energy levels, the mechanism for level alignment remains under debate. Here, we conclusively establish the principle of energy alignment between oxides and molecules. We observe a universal energy-alignment trend for a set of transition-metal oxides--representing a broad diversity in electronic properties--with several organic semiconductors. The trend demonstrates that, despite the variance in their electronic properties, oxide energy alignment is governed by one driving force: electron-chemical-potential equilibration. Using a combination of simple thermodynamics, electrostatics and Fermi statistics we derive a mathematical relation that describes the alignment.

In the title compound, [Cu(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(58)H(52)N(2)P(4))](BF(4))(2), the dinuclear cation lies on an inversion centre. The Cu(I) atom is coordinated by two N atoms from a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand and two P atoms from an N,N,N',N'-tetra-kis-[(diphenyl-phos-phan-yl)meth-yl]benzene-1,4-diamine ligand in a distorted tetra-hedral geometry. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds link the ions into layers parallel to [[Formula: see text]01]. π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.668 (4) Å] are also observed. One F atom of the anion is disordered over two orientations with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.675 (13):0.325 (13).

Three new phytoecdysteroid compounds, named niuxixinsterone A (1), B (2) and C (3) with acetal functions in the side-chain were isolated from Achyranthes bidentata Bl. The structures were established as (20R,22R,24S)-20-O,22-O-(5'-hydroxymethyl)-furfurylidene-2β,3β,14α,25-tetrahydroxy-5β-ergost-7-en-6-one (1), (20R,22R)-20-O,22-O-(5'-hydroxymethyl)-furfurylidene-2β,3β,25-trihydroxy-14β-methyl-18-nor-5β-cholesta-7,12-dien-6-one (2) and (20R,22R,25R)-20-O,22-O-(5'-hydroxymethyl)-furfurylidene-2β, 3β,5β,14α,26-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (3) by means of spectroscopic evidence.

The ethyl acetate soluble fraction from the roots of Sanguisorba tenuifolia was found to have a hypoglucemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Two new triterpenoids, identified as 2-oxo-3β,19α-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid β-D-gluco-pyranosyl ester (1) and 2α,19α-dihydroxy-3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4) were isolated from this fraction, along with thirteen known triterpenoids. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. All these compounds demonstrated inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values in the 0.62-3.62 mM range.

A non-dispersed infrared (NDIR) methane gas sensors system based on infrared absorption spectrum theory was designed according to single light beam and double wavelengths technology. In the system, an infrared LED IRL715 serving as the light power, a absorptive gas cell with the function of dust-proof and damp-proof and a pyroelectric detector LIM-262 are composed of optical probe. Signal condition uses active filter circuit and differential amplifier, and binomial expression fits the relation curve between methane concentration and voltage, which realizes accurate detection of gas concentration. Experiment approved that the sensor system with good consistency and applicability can detect the range of 5% methane reliably and have 0.5% of the sensitivity, possessing the conditions for industrial applications initially.

The balance of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in high blood pressure variability (BPV) induced cardiovascular hypertrophy remains elusive. The aim of the present work was to investigate expression and activity of ACE and ACE2 in the heart and aorta of sinoaortic denervation (SAD) rats with high BPV and normal BP, and explore the potential role of ACE and ACE2 in high BPV-induced cardiovascular damage. Hemodynamics, cardiovascular hypertrophy, angiotensin II (Ang II) concentrations, ACE and ACE2 activity were determined. Cardiac-tissue ACE and ACE2 expression were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Compared with sham-operated rats, systolic BPV and diastolic BPV increased and baroreflex sensitivity decreased significantly in SAD rats. SAD rats presented with obvious cardiovascular hypertrophy characterized by increased ratio of left ventricle weight to body weight and aortic weight to the length of aorta. There was no difference in plasma Ang II concentration between sham-operated and SAD rats. The cardiac and aortic ACE expression, aortic ACE2 expression and ACE activity were elevated in SAD rats. There was no significant difference in cardiac ACE2 expressions between sham-operated and SAD rats. The present work demonstrated that cardiac and aortic ACE expression, aortic ACE2 expression and ACE activity were increased in SAD rats. It is the tissue rather than the circulating renin-angiotensin system that contributes to high BPV-induced cardiovascular hypertrophy.

Our present study was conducted to investigate whether liquiritin (7-hydroxy-2-[4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) oxan-2-yl] oxyphenyl]-chroman-4-one, 1), an active component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., exerts a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. On the establishment of mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h and reperfusion for 22 h, liquiritin at the doses of 40, 20, and 10 mg/kg was administered before MCAO once a day intragastrically for a subsequent 3 days. Neurological deficits and infarct volume were measured, respectively. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl, activities of superoxide anion (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced glutathione/oxidized disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio in brain were estimated spectrophotometrically. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DuTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Our results showed that the neurological deficits, infarct volume, and the levels of MDA and carbonyl decreased, the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were compensatorily up-regulated, and 8-OHdG and TUNEL-positive cells decreased after 22 h of reperfusion in liquiritin-treated groups. These findings suggest that liquiritin might be a potential agent against cerebral I/R injury in mice by its antioxidant and antiapoptosis properties.

This paper introduced the application of support vector machines (SVM) regression method based on kernel function optimized by the rough set in the infrared spectrum quantitative calculation. According to kernel function with the rough set classification's method, the spectrum data (characteristic wavelength section) is optimized. The kernel function leads support vector machines, and the SVM project the two-dimensional room to the multi-dimensional room, and calculate the concentration of every kind of gas in multi-component pollution gas. By using two kinds of typical spectrum data processing algorithm to make the contrast, the comparison of five kinds of gaseous mixture various proximate analysis is carried out, and when the spectrum separable rate is high, the predicted values of the three methods approach the normal value, and the average error is smaller than 0.13; but when the spectrum separable rate is low, the RS-SVM predicted value is more precise than the first two kinds. Experimental data show that the consequence is better when there are more testing types, and the precision and operation of this method is of more remarkable superiority.

Methane explosion accidents occur frequently, and accurate and real-time detection and early warning of methane concentration are the effective means of preventing these accidents. The research was based on the spectrum absorption properties of methane, and a near-infrared tunable DFB laser diode of 1.65 microm wave band was used. With the mode-hopping features of laser diode, a differential absorption of double-wavelength and single-fiber optical sensor network was designed. Sixteen methane sensors were multiplexed in this system with space division multiple access technology and optical switch, and the key technologies of anti-dust in gas absorption cell were researched. All signals were gathered by the PCI data acquisition card, and information of each way was analyzed and displayed with virtual instrument. The results of experiment show that the method can reach the sensitivity of 0.05% even without using a phase-locked amplifier and the absorption light path is only 10 centimeters. Long-time accuracy and stability of all sensors could meet the practical demands, and the response time of each sensor was less than 1 seconds. With the replacement of lasers, the network can be used for the real-time detection of other gases.

In the static interferometer system, the variable refractive crystal LiNbO3 with electro-optic modulation was used in static Fourier transform interferometer, where both sides load phase opposite modulation signal separately so to raise the spectrum resolution in the same size of the instrument by the increment of optical path difference. According to the derivation of the optical path difference function with refraction modulation, the maximum optical path difference was calculated and the spectrum resolution was analyzed to be 16.7 times previous one when the refraction modulation was 0.030 in the same size of interferometer. The simulation result indicated that the refractive modulation would be reduced when the wavelength increased, and the value of optical path difference will be bigger when the chi' increased. In actual detection process, because spectral region 500-1 100 nm is relatively narrow, the spectrum distortion by the wavelength change is not big and may be compensated through the demarcation. This method can increase the optical path difference without mechanical scanning, and possibly raises spectrum resolution of the static interferometer.

Three organic devices with different quantum well period were fabricated. The potential barrier layer and well layer for electrons were made of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-napthyl)-1,1'-biphenyl 1-4,4'-diamine(NPB) and 4,4,N,N'-dicarbazolebiphenyl(CBP). The photoluminescence quenching of these three devices under changed reverse voltages were studied. Results showed that photoluminescence quenching of NPB layer occurs more quickly than that of CBP layer in the authors' devices. This is because that the effective electric field in NPB layer is higher than that in CBP layer. The excitons in NPB and CBP layer were easily to be dissociated when the quantum well period increased under the same reverse voltage. Since these three devices are type II quantum well structure, the excitons in these devices are not very stable.

Objective: To explore the perpetual impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on blood pressure., Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 782 cases of pregnant women who hospitalized at Kailuan Linxi hospital between October 1976 and August 2001. Patients were divided to with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH, n = 77) group and non pregnancy induced hypertension (NPIH, n = 705) group. Patients were followed for 5 to 34 years (mean 18.8 +/- 5.3 years), the incidence of essential hypertension was obtained in July 2006-September 2007., Results: (1) The cumulative incidence of essential hypertension during follow up was significantly high in PIH group (29.87%) than that in NPIH group 18.87% (P = 0.022). (2) At the final follow up, waist circumference; [(86.06 +/- 10.15) cm vs. (83.07 +/- 8.19) cm, P = 0.015], BMI [(24.83 +/- 4.01) kg/m(2) vs. (23.50 +/- 3.39) kg/m(2), P = 0.006], TC [(5.11 +/- 0.88) mmol/L vs. (4.89 +/- 0.94) mmol/L, P = 0.045] and GLU [(5.57 +/- 1.78) mmol/L vs. (5.20 +/- 1.38) mmol/L, P = 0.010] were all significantly higher in PIH group than those in NPIH group. (3) After adjustment of age and BMI, PIH was still significantly correlated with long-term systolic blood pressure levels (P = 0.048), fasting glucose level was also significantly associated with long-term systolic blood pressure. Age, BMI, white blood cell count and uric acid were also predictors for perpetual systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels., Conclusions: Incidence of essential hypertension in women with PIH was higher than that in women without PIH. After adjustment of covariates including age, BMI, and glucose, PIH was significantly associated with the level of systolic blood pressure. BMI, fasting glucose and cholesterol levels might contribute to the increase of systolic blood pressure in patients with PIH.

Background: We investigated the difference between left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy caused by primary hypertension and physiological LV hypertrophy in athletes as seen in left atrial (LA) function by real-time tri-plane strain rate imaging., Hypothesis: A real-time tri-plane imaging technique using the same phase of the same cardiac circle was used to synchronously demonstrate the section of apical 4-chamber, 2-chamber, and apical left ventricle long axis., Methods: We measured standard Doppler echocardiographic quantitative analysis and the strain rate peak values of each LA wall in the systolic phase, in the early stage of diastole, and in the advanced stage of diastole and made a comparison of these values., Results: The alteration of configuration and function of the left atrium in hypertensive patients is an early sign of the myocardial damage caused by hypertension. Strain rate imaging could sensitively reflect LA function changes in the early stages of hypertension. While physiological, myocardial hypertrophy is a benign reaction, LA function is significantly different from that of hypertension., Conclusions: Real-time tri-plane strain rate imaging techniques could simultaneously analyze 3 sections, which shortens scanning time and depletes the influence of variations of different cardiac cycles on quantitative analysis of local myocardial segments of the left atrium. This would improve the comparability of myocardial movement of different segments so that we could more comprehensively and accurately evaluate the systolic and diastolic function of the left atrium in primary hypertension and physiological LV hypertrophy in athletes.

Through analyzing the infrared absorption spectrum of methane, a multi-point optic fiber sensor network was designed based on the principle of light absorbing capability of gas which varies with gas concentration at its characteristic wavelength A distributed feedback laser diode (DFB LD) was used as the light source and an InGaAs PIN as the photodetector which features high sensitivity and low noise. Sixteen methane sensors were multiplexed in this system with space division multiple access technology (SDMAT), and the faint signals were processed by the filtering and amplifying circuit. All signals were gathered by the PCI data acquisition card, and finally, the signals were analyzed by the fast Fourier transform with software. The results showed that the sensitivity of every sensor reached 200 ppm (microg x mL(-1)), long-time accuracy and stability of all sensors could meet the practical demands, the response time of each sensor was less than 2 seconds and the detecting period was less than 32 seconds. By theoretical analysis, all sensors could be put in the mine at least 20 km from the ground, and the instruments could be applied to multi-point measurement at real-time in multiple occasions.

Background: We investigated the clinical value of Doppler echocardiography for determining the optimal setting of atrioventricular interval in patients with dual chamber pacemakers (DDD). In 38 patients with complete atrioventricular block and DDD pacemakers, the atrioventricular interval was prolonged in a stepwise fashion by 20 ms, from 90 to 250 ms, and cardiac stroke volume and transmitral flow were measured by pulsed Doppler echocardiography., Methods: The optimal atrioventricular interval at which the cardiac stroke volume was maximal was 168.9 +/- 15.6 ms. The atrioventricular interval was 178.4 +/- 23.4 ms when the end of the A wave coincided with complete closure of the mitral valve., Results: There was a significant linear relationship between the optimal atrioventricular interval and the predicted optimal atrioventricular interval (Y = 86.2 +/- 0.5X, r = 0.70, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 11.5, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The optimal atrioventricular interval setting for DDD pacing can be successfully determined using Doppler echocardiography, which is a noninvasive, repeatable, and simple approach.

Unlike the Brillouin scattering, the anti-Stokes Raman scattering i n optic fiber is unrelated with the strain, but isonly the function of the absolute temperature. The frequency shift caused by Raman scattering is about 13.95 Thz. So the Raman scattering is easier to be picked up than Brillouin scattering. It has certain advantage while being used as the signal of the distributed optic-fiber temperature sensor. But it is weaker than the Brillouin scattering, the peak photocurrent produced in APD is of the order of nA, near or even lower than the noise current of the APD. The N/S after being photo-electric transformed is usually lower than 1. The means of Fourier transform and wavelet transform is not effective in dealing with such kind of signal. Through analyzing the feature of the anti-Stokes Raman scattering signal and using the wavelet, the anti-Stokes Raman scattering signal after being cumulated & averaged was picked up. The supersensitive detecting below the "noise current" of the APD was carried out with the senstivity: 0.104 nA x K(-1), lower than the "noise current" of the APD 2 classes.

A miniature static Fourier transform spectrometer (MSFTS) as the component of coherent discriminating laser warning receiver (CDLWR) was designed in the present study by using a modified wedge interfering etalon (MWIE), a linear charge couple device (CCD) and a fast digital signal processor (DSP). The MSFTS possesses some advantages such as small volume, low cost, high speed, stable performance and good signal to noise ratio. MSFTS can detect the spectrum of HIPL, the short pulse width of laser is about 10 ns, and the spectrum scope is from 400 to 1 100 nm. The key element of MSFTS is MWIE which is composed of two triangle prisms, one of which is a right angle prism with two equal acute angles of 45 degrees, another prism has no right angle, one of the acute angles is 45 degrees, and another is slightly smaller than 45 degrees. The long sides of the two prisms were bonded by transparent glass glue, and the adhesive surface is plated with special material which serves as a beam splitter (BS). The incident laser will be split into two equal strength beams with continuously changing optical path difference, the two beams will interfere and form interferogram which will be focused by a cylinder as a line and transformed as s electronic signal by CCD. The electronic signal was processed by using a DSP, and finally we obtained the spectrum of the incident hostile laser by applying fast Fourier transform (FFT). We have established the experiment system of MSFTS, and used the system and the spectrometer Q8344A made by Advantest Company in Japan to measure the spectra of the seven lasers with different central wavelengths: 635, 650, 670, 780, 808, 850 and 980 nm. The measurement result shows that the worst wavelength resolution is 8. 845 nm at 1 100 nm, the best wavelength resolution is 1.170 nm at 400 nm, the relative average error of central wavelength is 0.269 nm, the absolute average error is 0.919 nm and signal-to-noise ratio of our experiment system is better than that of Q8344A.

In order to countermeasure increasingly serious threat from hostile laser in modern war, it is urgent to do research on laser warning technology and system, and the sensitivity and signal to noise ratio (SNR) are two important performance parameters in laser warning system. In the present paper, based on the signal statistical detection theory, a method for calculation of the sensitivity and SNR in coherent detection laser warning receiver (LWR) has been proposed. Firstly, the probabilities of the laser signal and receiver noise were analyzed. Secondly, based on the threshold detection theory and Neyman-Pearson criteria, the signal current equation was established by introducing detection probability factor and false alarm rate factor, then, the mathematical expressions of sensitivity and SNR were deduced. Finally, by using method, the sensitivity and SNR of the sinusoidal grating laser warning receiver developed by our group were analyzed, and the theoretic calculation and experimental results indicate that the SNR analysis method is feasible, and can be used in performance analysis of LWR.

It is the key content of laser warning to reliably and real-time detect the type and characteristic parameters of incident laser. Coherent detection technology detects the information based on the coherence of laser, and is a kind of effective detection technology. In order to detect the incident laser's spectrum, a kind of device for laser detecting and real time spectrum measurement was designed, which measures the laser spectrum on the bases of coherent detecting technology, Fourier optics and optical signal processing. Using compact and static Mach-Zehnder interferometer as the coherent detection components, it can restrain the background light efficiently. The non-scanning mechanical parts allow fast spectrum detection, and narrow laser pulse can be detected. The real-time signal processing is realized by DSP and multi-channel frame subtraction technology to wipe off the background light, detect the laser and measure its spectrum. The result indicates that, using Mach-Zehnder interferometer and multi-channel frame subtraction technology can realize the laser pulse detection, and improve the measuring precision efficiently; 10 ns laser pulse can be detected and the wavelength measuring error is less than 10 nm.

Objective: To evaluate echocardiographically the function and morphology of the right heart subsequent to transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects., Methods: We performed echocardiographic studies in 73 patients undergoing transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects 1 day prior to closure, and then 3 days and 3 months after closure. We calculated the antero-posterior diameter of the right ventricle, the transverse diameter and length of the right atrium, the pulmonary arterial pressure, and the velocities of systolic movement and early and late diastolic movement of the basal parietal walls of the right ventricle., Results: The atrial septal defects varied in size between 8 and 33 millimetres, and were closed using occluders measuring from 10 to 40 millimetres. At 3 days after closure, the antero-posterior diameter of the right ventricle, the transverse diameter and length of the right atrium, the pulmonary arterial pressure, and the velocities of mural motion were all significantly decreased. After 3 months, the size of the right heart had more or less normalized., Conclusions: Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects produces marked improvement in the function and geometry of the chambers of the right heart, reducing pulmonary arterial pressure as well as abolishing the interatrial shunt.

Splint fixation is an external fixation system,composed of retainer, splint, paper pad and traction. Pressure under retainer is the power source of splint fixation in treatment of fractures. Now we have a review literature about the progress of type and biomechanics of fixation retainer of splint, to offer the scientific parameters for modern reform of fixation retainer of splint.

The familial variant of cardiac myxoma is known to be an autosomally dominant disease. Early diagnosis, and removal of the tumours, are of great importance. In this regard, echocardiography is considered the simplest and most reliable diagnostic method. We report our experience with echocardiographic diagnosis of a family with atrial myxomas.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Radix notoginseng extracts drug-containing serum on the expressions of apoptosis-regulating proteins including Bax, bcl-2 and p21WAF1 in precancerous gastric cells., Methods: The N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) transformed eternalized human gastric mucosa epithelium GES-1 cell line (MC cell) was used in vitro as a model of gastric precancerous lesion. The medicated canine serum was prepared by feeding to the adult Beagle dog with Radix notoginseng extracts and obtaining the serum after 2-hour medication. MC cells were cultured with medicated canine serum (medicated serum group) or non-medicated canine serum (normal control group) for 72 hours. Expressions of Bax, bcl-2 and p21WAF1 proteins were detected by immunocytochemical assay and the average optical density of the cells was determined by an image analysis system., Results: Compared with those of the normal control group, Bax and p21WAF1 expressions in medicated serum group were significantly enhanced (P<0.01), while the expression of bcl-2 was significantly reduced (P<0.01)., Conclusion: Radix notoginseng extracts may inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of precancerous gastric cells through altering expressions of the bcl-2, Bax and p21WAF1 genes.

Objective: To investigate the effects of the decoction of Rhizoma Dioscoreae septemlobae (RD) on the biomechanical and bone histomorphometric parameters of femur in the ovariectomized rats., Methods: 25 female Wistar rats without pregnancy and deliver were divided into 5 groups randomly: sham (sham-operation), ovariectomy (OVX), OVX + high dosage RD (4 g/kg x d), OVX + middle dosage RD (2 g/kg x d) and OVX + low dosage RD (1 g/kg x d), n = 5 in every group. After intragastric administration 12-week period continuously, the biomechanical and the bone histomorphometric parameters of the femur of the rats in every group were determined, respectively, including percentage of trabecular bone volume (TBV%), percentage of trabecular osteoid (TOS%), mean osteoid width (MOSW), percentage of mineralizing surface (MdS%), percentage of double mineralizing surface (DMds%), percentage of DMds/MdS (%), percentage of travecular formation surface (TFS%), percentage of trabecular resorption surface (TRS%), mineral apposition rate (MAR), mineralizing lag time (MLT)., Results: The maximum loading, deflection, the maximum strain of the femur in the OVX group was 125.78 +/- 15.48 (N), 1.87 +/- 0.22 (mm), 9.34 +/- 1.10 (%), it was significantly lower than that in the sham group ( P< 0.05, P < 0.01), respectively. The maximum loading and maximum stress was increased in different extent in the every dose group of OVX + RD, respectively. TBV% of femur was significantily lower in the OVX group than that in the sham group (P < 0.01). The MdS%, DMds%, DMds/MdS (%), TOS%, MOSW, TRS%, MAR was significantly higher in the OVX group than that in the sham group, respectively (P < 0.01). In the RA high and middle dosage group, the TBV% of femur was significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05), and the MdS%, DMds%, DMds/MdS (%), TRS%, TOS%, MOSW, MAR was significantly lower than that in the model group, respectively (P < 0.05), and MLT was decurtated slightly (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The decoction of RD can decline the bone turnover and the loss of bone of femur in the ovariectomized rats.

Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) has become a standard technique for interbody fusion since it was reported by O'Brien in 1983. Now it is used to treat many degenerative disease,such as lumbar discogenic pain, lumbar instability, lumbar spondylolisthesis and so on. In recent years, ALIF has developed greatly in clinical application. Minimal incision operation and laparoscopic anterior lumbar interbody fusion has been already performed, which made the operation less invasive. Many internal fixation instruments are used to improve the stability of ALIF. Interbody fusion devices were developed and the fusion rates enhanced greatly. At the same time, the complications of ALIF also has been realized. This paper overviews the current progress in the clinical application of ALIF.

Objective: To investigate the effects of the decoction of Rhizoma Dioscorea septemlobae (RD) on the bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats., Method: Thirty female, 3-month-old Wistar rats without pregnancy and deliver were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham (sham-operation), ovariectomy (OVX), OVX + diethylstilbestrol, OVX + high dose RD (4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)), OVX + middle dose RD (2 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and OVX + low dose RD (1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) (n = 5 in every group). After 12-week period of continuous treatment, the urinary samples and blood samples were collected for the determination of serum estrodiol (E2), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), bone glaprotein (BGP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urinary calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr), phosphorus/ creatinine (P/Cr) and deoxypyridioline/creatinine (DPD/Cr). The uteri were removed and weighed. The bone mineral density (BMD) and the biomechanical parameters of the femur of the rats in every group were determined, respectively., Result: The coefficient of uteri in every dose group of OVX + RD was significantly higher than that in the OVX group (P < 0.01). The concentration of serum ALP, BGP and urinary DPD/Cr, Ca/Cr in the OVX group was significantly higher than that in the sham group (P < 0.05), respectively, However, that in the every dose of OVX + RD was lower than that in the OVX group, respectively. There was no significan difference in the concentration of serum Ca, P and urinary P/Cr in every group, respectively. The bone mineral density (BMD) in the OVX group was (0.032 +/- 0.007) g x cm(-2) and was significantly lower than that in the sham group (P < 0.01). However, the value in the group of every dose OVX + RD was significantly higher than that in the OVX group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), respectively. The maximum loading, deflection and the maximum strain of the femur in the OVX group were (125.78 +/- 15.48) N, (1.87 +/- 0.22) mm, (9.34 +/- 1.10) % and were significantly lower than those in the sham group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), respectively. The maximum loading and maximum stress were increased in different extent in the every dose group of OVX + RD, respectively., Conclusion: The decoction of RD can inhibit bone absorption, decline bone turnover and improve the loss of bone in ovariectomized rats.

Objective: To study the effects of tongjiang granule (TJG) on reflux esophagitis (RE) in rats., Methods: Two rat models of RE were established respectively by cardioplasty + pyloric ligation + Roux-en-Y gastro-jejunum anastomosis and by placed a fixed steel ring into the gastric cardia, and the model rats were treated with various dosages of TJG or cisapride by gastric perfusion., Results: Rat models were established successfully by both methods. The score of pathological changes of esophagus mucosa in the model rats, made by either method, after high-dosage TJG treatment was lower than that in the model rats (P < 0.05), but equal to that in the cisapride treated model rats. High and moderate dosages of TJG were shown by transmission electron microscope to have effects of alleviating heckle cells and inflammatory reaction. They could reduce the level of gastric acid, more significant in high and moderate dosage groups (P < 0.05), while cisapride couldn't., Conclusion: TJG is effective in treating experimental RE in rats to a certain extent.

Objective: To study the mechanism of Tongjiang granule on treating GERD., Method: The rats in the model group received steel wire ring-cardiamyopexy. A steel wire ring was fixed firmly on cardia. The rats in the control group underwent the cardia-plasty plus pylori ligation plus stomach-empty intestine Roux-en-Y anastomosis. The rats were divided into six groups after operations at random, which were fed up respectively with Tongjiang granule of different dosage and perpulsid. No treatment groups were taken as control., Result: The experiment showed that Tongjiang granule could lighten or cure RE in the pathology, decrease the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, in the meantime, increase the motilin in the animal blood. This study indicated that the effect of Tongjiang granule group from experimental research was better than that of the control group (perpulsid)., Conclusion: The effects of Tongjiang granule on treating GERD can be achieved by decreasing the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, increasing the motilin in blood and promoting the gastric impetus in the animal experiment.

Objective: To study the effect drug contained canine serum, prepared by gastric perfusion with Sanchi extract (SE), in inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of cultured precancerous gastric cells by cell culture., Methods: The precancerous model cells (MC) used in the experiment were prepared through transforming eternalized human gastric mucosa epithelial cells GES-1 by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG). After once gastric perfusion of SE extract to dogs, the canine serum gotten before and at different time points after medication was used for test. The inhibitory effect of the drug serum obtained at different time points on MC after acting for 72 hrs was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethy thioazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) method to find the optimal time point for drug serum preparation, that were 2 hrs and 6 hrs after medication. Then the cell apoptosis promoting effect after acting for 72 hrs of the drug serum obtained at the optimal time points was determined by flow cytometry., Results: The drug serum obtained at 2-hr and 6-hr after medication showed the highest inhibitive effect on MC cells, reaching 45.3% and 42.4% respectively, as compared with the effect of blank serum, the difference was significant (P<0.01). They could evidently promote the MC cell apoptosis, the apoptosis rate also showed significant difference to that of the blank serum (P < 0.05). Under their action, the proportion of MC cells in G0/G1 phase was obviously decreased (P < 0.05) while that in the G2/M phase significantly increased (P <0.05). However, the change of cells in S phase was not uniform., Conclusion: The drug contained canine serum gotten 2 hr and 6 hr after SE feeding shows the optimal MC proliferation inhibitive effect and significant apoptosis promoting effect. Besides, it could significantly decrease the proportion of MC cells in G0/G1 phase and significantly increase that in G2/M phase, this effect might be one of the mechanisms of ES in inhibiting MC cell proliferation and promoting its apoptosis.

Objective: To study the safety, immunogenicity on the enterotoxige Escherichia coli (E. coli) recombinant active vaccine FE3 and FE16., Methods: Toxicity and immunogenicity of the vaccine were determined by experiments on enterotoxigenic E. coli toxicity and immunological experiments on rabbits and mice., Results: The results of an toxicological experiments were negative. The agglutination titer of antibodies against the S. flexneri 2a and enterotoxigenic E. coli plamid antigen were all higher than 1:640 and 1:1280 in the sera of rabbits. IgG in the serum went up remarkably, while sIgA against CFA/I was also decteted in the dejecta of mice immunized with active bacteria either orogastrically or intranasally. Simultaneously, sIgA was not detected in the dejecta of mice immunized with inactive bacteria either orogastrically or intranasally., Conclusion: The enterotoxigenic E. coli recombinant active vaccine showed good safety and immunogenicity, inducing both humoral and mucosal immunity in mice.

Objective: To study the apoptosis-promoting effect of the serum from Panax notoginseng extracts-fed dog on precancerous gastric cells by means of flow cytometry., Methods: In the experiment, we adopted eternalized human gastric mucosa epithelium GES-1 cells transformed by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) (MC cells) as the model of precancerous lesions for study in vitro. We took the serum of a dog before and at two different points of time (2 and 6 hours) after feeding the dog with Panax notoginseng extracts for experiment. The MC cells were cultured in mediums with different concentrations of the medicated serum at 2- or 6-hour point of time for 72 hours. By means of flow cytometry, we examined the apoptosis-promoting effects of the serums on the MC cells., Results: The medicated serums at these 2 points of time had significant effects in promoting MC cell apoptosis. The proportions of apoptotic cells in culture mediums with medicated serums had a significant increase as compared with those in culture mediums with non-medicated serums (serum obtained before administration of extracts to the dog) under the same conditions (P<0.05). The number of MC cells in G(0)/G(1)phase was decreased (P<0.05) and that in G(2)/M phase increased (P<0.05), while no consistent changes were observed in S phase., Conclusion: The medicated serums obtained at the two different points of time have significant apoptosis-promoting effects on MC cells. They decrease the number of MC cells in G(0)/G(1) phase and increase the number of MC cells in G(2)/M phase. This is probably responsible for the effects of Panax notoginseng extracts in inhibiting the proliferation of MC cells and promoting its apoptosis.

Objective: Through cell cultivation, we studied the inhibiting effects of the serum of the dog fed with Panax notoginseng extracts on precancerous gastric cells, trying to find the best time points or periods when the extracts' function was the strongest after administration of the extracts to the dog., Methods: The experiments adopted eternalized human gastric mucosa epithelium GES-1 cells and MC cells gained from GES-1 cells transformed by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) as the model of precancerous lesions for study in vitro. We took the serum of a dog before and at different points of time after feeding the dog with Panax notoginseng extracts for experiment. By means of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, we examined the inhibiting effects of the serum after culturing the GES-1 and MC cells for 72 hours with different concentration (8%, 4%, 2%) of medicated serum obtained from the dog at different points of time, so as to find that, at which points of time the medicated serum obtained, it would be the most effective., Results: The results showed that the GES-1 and MC cells inhibition rates of medicated serum from the points of 2-hour and 6-hour were the highest, and the culture medium containing 8% of medicated serum from these two points had prominent inhibiting effects on both kinds of cells. The GES-1 cells inhibition rate in culture medium containing 8% of medicated serum from the point of 2-hour was 70.8% (P<0.01) and that of the MC cells was 45.3% (P<0.01). The GES-1 cells inhibition rate in culture medium containing 8% of medicated serum from the point of 6-hour was 88.5%(P<0.01) and that of the MC cells was 42.4% (P<0.01)., Conclusion: The points of time with the strongest inhibiting effects are 2 hours and 6 hours after being fed with Panax notoginseng extracts. At these two points, the serum is most effective in inhibiting the proliferation of GES-1 and MC cells.

Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was detected from infants whose mothers were negative for all HBV markers and the fathers were HBV carrier, the homology of HBV sequence of fathers and fetus was high, and HBV mutations concentrated on some points, and the transmission of HBV from father to fetus was also identified in some reports. The present study aimed to study HBV transmission from father to infant., Methods: The study enrolled 16 pairs of fathers who were HBV carriers and infants whose mothers were negative for HBV markers. The infants had evidences for intrauterine HBV infection. The five HBV serum markers HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc were detected with ELISA. The positive results for HBsAg and/or HBeAg were regarded as markers of HBV infection. Amplification of HBV DNA was done using a nested PCR method. The first amplification was carried out using primer C1 (nt 2394-2370), and primer C3 (nt 1730-1754). The second amplification was carried out using primer C2 (nt 1955-1974) and primer C6 (nt 2348-2330). Both primers were designed to amplify the part of sequence coding for the hepatitis B C antigen. The size of the amplified fragment obtained by the nested PCR was expected to be 394 bp. The PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gels, which were then stained with ethidium bromide and observed with ultraviolet transillumination. When 394 bp specific band was detectable, the sample was designated positive. Then the positive samples were identified by dot blot. The second PCR products were extracted by phenol-chloroform and 70% ethanol precipitation, then resuspended in TE buffer (pH8.0), and used as the template for cloning. The template was connected into pGEM-T vector by ligase. The ligated products were cloned into fresh competent JM109 cells, and incubated for 90 minutes at 37 degrees C on roller drum. Finally several dilutions were plated on plates containing ampicillin, X-Gal and IPTG, and incubated at 37 degrees C overnight. The white colony on plates was used for identification by the nested PCR with the above primers. When the 394 bp band was detectable by electrophoresis of PCR products in 1.5% agarose gels, the colony was designated positive; a positive colony was incubated in LB medium for 8 to 12 hrs, then plasmid was extracted using the Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System Kit (Promega). The purified plasmid was sent to Beijing Saibaisheng Company for sequencing. The homology of HBV C nt 2022-2301 sequence was compared between fathers and infants., Results: The homology of HBV C nt 2022-2301 sequence were 99% - 100% in 16 pairs of fathers and infants. The results were referred to the published sequence of HBV adw/adr clones, and the nucleic acid databases were searched for homology by using BLAST tool on Internet. HBV of the sixteen pairs of father/infant was closely related to the Japan strain (Genebank accession number AF121249), but there were still 17 more mutations at nucleotide positions 2029, 2034, 2044, 2059, 2078, 2095, 2104, 2154, 2161, 2169, 2189, 2201, 2233, 2251, 2284, 2288, 2293. Moreover the mutations at positions 2189, 2288 resulted in the substitution of the encoded amino acid (corresponding to amino acid positions 97 and 130, respectively), the other mutations at the position were nonphenotypic. The mutation of 2189, 2288 nucleotide of HBV C gene caused 97, 130 amino acid substitution for isoleucine to leucine and proline to threonine. The mutation of 2189, 2288 nucleotide of HBV C gene were detected in 6 (37.5%) of 16 pairs of fathers and infants., Conclusion: The HBV transmission from father to infants did exist. The main HBV C gene mutation strains also existed in the transmission.

Objective: To study the correlation between DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) stains isolated from the Chinese army in the south and from local residents, and to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) in the army, for the sake of TB prevention in the army., Methods: MTB DNA was digested with restriction endonuclease PvuII and electrophoresed in agarose gel, after Southern Blotting, the membrane was hybridized with a 245 bp fragment of IS6110 which labeled [alpha(32)P]-dCTP as probe. Finally, a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns was shown, and analyzed logestic with epidemiological data from the patients., Results: A total number of 185 TB strains were detected and the IS6110 copy numbers ranged from 1 - 22. No significant difference was found in the IS6110 copy numbers between patients from army and local patients. IS6110 copy numbers of TB strains in army patients were centered in 6 - 20, however, with 7 - 20 copies in local TB patients. The TB strains were dispersed into 8 groups and the majority of TB strains in both army and local patients was centered in groups I, II, III. The distribution of DNA fingerprint for drug resistance TB strains was significantly different from those for sensitive strains. No different distribution of among groups was found regarding BCG history., Conclusions: The genetics of TB stains were roughly the same between the army patients and local ones, but there was a strong correlation in the gene levels. Data suggested that a close connection should be considered on TB prevention and treatment for TB patients in the army and local residents.

Objective: Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and epidemiological studies in the army of southern China to provide scientific basis for prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis., Methods: A rapid fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains method by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with outward-directed primers that designed to the ends of the insertion sequence IS6110 was developed, and to analyze the relationship between the polymorphism of DNA fingerprinting and epidemiology of M. tuberculosis., Results: One hundred and fifty-four M. tuberculosis detected were classified into eight types according to their characters of PCR amplified fingerprints. The main types were type I (36.4%), type II (31.8%), and type III (21.4%), while other types were less than 4 percentage. In those main type groups, patients aged 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 took up 31.8% and 27.9% respectively. For those main types, the distribution of those types in the first treated patients showed significant difference compared with that in the retreated patients, and the rate of drug-resistance was also statistically different. However, the distribution was not statistically significant to history of BCG vaccination and patients living in urban or rural area. The main drug-resistant strains were only Isoniazid-resistant or Rifampin-resistant strains, while the drug-resistant strains were 44.4%, 29.6% and 14.8% respectively in type I, type II and type III., Conclusion: PCR fingerprinting was a rapid, precise, sensitive, specific method to type M. tuberculosis, and could be used to study the epidemiology of tuberculosis; The prevalence of tuberculosis was primarily due to the transmission of type I, type II and type III in the army being studied from Southern China, to suggest that surveillance needs to be strengthened.

Objective: To study HBV transmission from father to infants, the study was carried out., Methods: The study contained 16 pairs of fathers who was HBV carriers, and infants whose mothers wasn't HBV carriers. The infants infected HBV in womb. The homogenous of HBV S gene were compared between fathers and infants, meanwhile HBV gene phylogenetic tree were analyzed., Results: The genotype of 16 pairs fathers and infants were HBV adw. The homogenous of HBV S gene were 98% approximately 100%. The mutation of 488, 491, 494, 530, 531, 546, 581, 621 nucleotide of HBV S gene caused in 112, 113, 114, 126, 131, 143, 156 amino acid substitution. The mutation of 126 amino acid from Threonine to Alanine didn't existed in the gene bank. The sequence was difference from gene classification., Conclusion: The homogenous of HBV S gene of fathers and infants was very high. The HBV gene characteristic in China was difference from gene bank.

The inclusion behavior between Costa-type complexes and cyclodextrins (CDs) was studied by 1H NMR in aqueous solution. The results indicated that 1:1 inclusion complex was formed, in which the alkyl group of the guest was included in the cavity of CDs. The stability constants of the inclusion complexes were determined by the quantitative 1H NMR method. The effects on stability constants were discussed when various host and guest compounds were used.