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U modernim jezicima brojne riječi koje sadrže indoeuropsku osnovu *dom * dem *dm-, *đm- normalnim fonetskim razvojem udaljile su se od svojeg etimona. No, za ilustraciju semantičkih promjena, koje počesto dovode do neočekivanih rezultata, dovoljno je uzeti kao početnu točku latinski. Nakon ovih uvodnih napomena popraćenih primjerima, u članku se usmjerava pozornost na promjene značenja latinske riječi domus. U njemačkom je Dom (katedrala9) metonimijom dobio i značenje ‘lunapark9. Francuski dome katedrala9 dovodi nas do homonima grčkoga podrijetla (kupola9), s kojim se u etimološkim tumačenjima često brka. Etimon dom- nalazimo u velikom broju riječi preuzetih iz latinskoga, te u izvedenicama i posuđenicama iz modernih jezika. Dominus i domina, odnosno njihovi raznoliki refleksi u vise jezika, otkrivaju nam neočekivane prilagodbe i promjene, prije svega semantičke, ali i fonološke (hrv. dundo < tal. donno < lat. dominus), koje katkad zamagljuju vezu s izvornom riječi., Numeróse parole delle lingue moderne contenenti la base indoeuropea *dom-, *dem-, *dm-, *dm-} a causa del nórmale sviluppo fonético risultano oggi ben lontane dal proprio étimo. Ma per illustrare i cambiamenti semantici, che spesso conducono a risultati inaspettati, basta prendere come punto di partenza il latino. Dopo tali osservazioni introduttive accompagnate da esempi, Fattenzione viene rivolta ai cambiamenti di significato della parola latina domus. La voce tedesca Dom (‘duomo’) é venuta a significare per metonimia anche 'parco di divertimentf. II francese dome 'duomo’ ha un omonimo di provenienza greca ('cupola'), da cui spesso non viene distinto nelle spiegazioni etimologiche. L’étimo dom- é presente in molte parole di origine latina, nelle parole derívate e nei prestí - ti dalle lingue moderne. Le parole dominus e domina, nonché i loro vari riflessi in di verse lingue, offrono esempi di adattamenti e cambiamenti prima di tutto semantici, ma anche quelli fonologici (cr. dundo < it. donno < lat. dominus), per cui qualche volta non é facile stabilire il legame con la parola originaria.

The PIE heteroclita were preserved in Balto-Slavic as a separate, though moribund, category of noun stems. Their relics in Proto-Slavic and Lithuanian are discussed and Balto-Slavic proto-forms are reconstructed, as well as their inflectional patterns.

The recent advances in the reconstruction of the lexicon and the phonological system of PIE allow us to posit some syllable-building rules for the Protolanguage. In this paper a reconstruction of the PIE syllable structures is attempted within the framework of autosegmental phonology.

This paper deals with the development of comparative studies in France in the second half of the XLXth century, contrasting the Indo-European and Semitic fields and their distribution in various academic institutions. Religious German-born Jewish scholars devoted themselves to Semitic studies while agnostic French-born Jewish scholars developed the Indo-iranian field. Using the Romance paradigm of integration, it can be shown that this division within comparative linguistics was the transposition of an attempt in the French linguistic academia to transcend racialism and traditional Jewish identity., RÉSUMÉ : Cet article traite du développement des études comparatistes sur les langues indo-européennes et sémitiques en France au XIXe siècle en prenant pour départ leur distribution dans les institutions d'enseignement supérieur. Le rôle des savants juifs, croyants, d'origine allemande dans le développement du sémitisme contraste avec celui des savants juifs, agnostiques, nés français, dans l' indo-iranien. En caractérisant rassimilationnisme à partir du modèle romaniste, on montre en quoi cette division du comparatisme correspondait, dans le champ de la linguistique en France, à la transposition d'une tentative de dépassement du racisme et du repli identitaire., Bergounioux Gabriel. « Aryen », « indo-européen », « sémite » dans l'université française (1850-1914). In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 18, fascicule 1, 1996. La linguistique de l'hébreu et des langues juives, sous la direction de Jean Baumgarten et Sophie Kessler-Mesguich. pp. 109-126.

In a recent work on the wave of advance of a beneficial technology and associated hitchhiking of cultural and biological traits, we simulated the advance of neolithic agriculture into Europe. That model embraced geographical variation of land fertility and human mobility, conversion of indigenous mesolithic hunter-gatherers to agriculture, and competition between invading farmers and indigenous converts. A key result is a sharp cultural boundary across which the agriculturalists' heritage changes from that of the invading population to that of the converts. Here we present an analytical study of the cultural boundary for some simple cases. We show that the width of the boundary is determined by human mobility and the strength of competition. Simulations for the full model give essentially the same result. The finite width facilitates irreversible gene flow between the populations, so over time genetic differences appear as gradients while e.g. linguistic barriers may remain sharp. We also examine the various assumptions of the model relating to purposeful versus. random movement of peoples and the competition between cultures, demonstrating its richness and flexibility.

Diese Arbeit ist erstmals 1992 als Druckpublikation beim Verlag Otto Sagner, München (jetzt: Peter Lang, Bern) erschienen. Diese Arbeit bietet eine umfassende Untersuchung zum mittelbulgarischen Flexionsakzent auf der Grundlage der bislang unveröffentlichten Handschrift Evangelie 1139 (NBKM), eines bulgarisch-kirchenslavischen Tetraevangeliums vom Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts und damit eines der ältesten slavischen akzentuierten Sprachdenkmäler überhaupt. Sie besteht aus zwei Bänden: Die Akzentgrammatik (Bd. I) beschreibt das Akzentverhalten in der Nominal- und Verbalflexion aus synchroner Perspektive und gibt zu den jeweiligen Flexionsklassen einen kurzen historisch-sprachvergleichenden Kommentar. Das Akzentwörterbuch (Bd. II) bietet ein vollständiges Wort- und Formenverzeichnis des Evangelientextes erster Hand (fol. 4-41, 44-175, 179-207) sowie eines Addendums (fol. 157v22-25), die die Grundlage für die Untersuchung bildeten. This work provides a comprehensive investigation of Middle Bulgarian inflectional accent on the basis of the yet unpublished manuscript Evangelie 1139 (NBKM) – a Bulgarian-Church Slavonic tetraevangelion which dates back to the end of the 14th century and hence constitutes one of the oldest transmitted Slavic accentuated texts. The present work consists of two volumes: The Akzentgrammatik (Vol. 1) describes the synchronic patterns of accentuation in nominal and verbal inflection. It also provides a short commentary on each inflectional class from a historical-comparative point of view. The Akzentwörterbuch (Vol. II) consists of a complete index of word forms of that part of the evangelion which was composed by the first scribal hand (fol. 4-41, 44-175, 179-207), and of an addendum (fol. 157v22-25), which both together formed the source text of the investigation.

A comparative study in Indo-European (Gothic, Old German, Old English, Middle English, Modern English) and Afro-Asiatic (Berber) languages, in terms of phonetics, phonology and syntax. Special attention goes to the relative clause and Kabyle syntax. Dissertation of Dr. Pieter Reesink, defended under supervision of Professor Lionel Galand at the Ecôle Pratique des Hautes Etudes in 1979., Un etude comperatif de langues indo-européens (Gotique, vieil Allemand, vieil Anglais, moyen Anglais, Anglais moderne) et chamito-sémetique (Berbère) en terme de la phonétique, la phonologie et la syntaxe. Attention particulière pour la phrase relative et la syntaxe de Kabyle. Thèse de doctorat de 3e cycle de Dr. Pieter Reesink, sous la direction de Professeur Lionel Galand, Ecôle Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1979.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Beschreibung des Nominalsystems im Uspenskij Sbornik (UspSb), einer russisch-kirchenslavischen Sammelhandschrift aus dem 12.-13. Jahrhundert. Es handelt sich dabei um den ältesten erhaltenen ostslavischen Sammelband, der neben Werken der Übersetzungsliteratur auch Werke ostslavischer Herkunft, das Skazanie von Boris und Gleb, das Skazanie von den Wundern der beiden Heiligen Roman und David und die Vita des Feodosij Pečerskij enthält. Dazu kommen aus der ältesten Zeit des slavischen Schrifttums die Vita des Slavenapostels Method und die Laudatio für Kyrill und Method, ferner eine Homilie über Christi Himmelfahrt, die seit Kalajdovič als Originalwerk des Exarchen Johannes gilt. Der übersetzte Teil beinhaltet aus dem Griechischen übertragene Predigten, Viten und eine Reihe apokrypher Erzählungen. – Die Arbeit geht auf die Substantiv-, Adjektiv- und Pronominalflexion ein. Sie behandelt auch die flektierten Zahlwörter und Steigerungsformen der Adjektive. – Neben der systematischen Beschreibung des Nominalsystems bietet die Arbeit auch ein Fehlerverzeichnis des Uspenskij Sbornik, das sich auf die der Arbeit zugrunde gelegte Ausgabe von Knjazevskaja, Demjanov und Ljapon (1971) bezieht und falsche Formbestimmungen, abweichende Interpretationsmöglichkeiten, Unstimmigkeiten zwischen Text und Wort- und Formenverzeichnis der Ausgabe sowie falsche Worttrennungen, Druckfehler und unauffindbare Wörter auflistet, um eine weitere sprachwissenschaftliche Behandlung des UspSb zu erleichtern. This work provides a description of the nominal inflection in the Uspenskij sbornik (UspSb; Russian – Church Slavonic manuscript collection, 12th/13th century AD), which represents the oldest East Slavic text collection. Apart from translation texts, UspSb also contains originally East Slavic texts. The latter comprise the Skazanie of Boris and Gleb, the Skazanie of the miracles of Saints Roman and David, the Life of Feodosij Pečerskij. To the earliest times of Slavic writing date the Life of Methodius, Apostle to the Slavs, as well as a eulogy on Cyril and Methodius and a homily on Christ’s ascension, which since Kalajdovič is regarded as an original work by John the Exarch. The translations contain sermons, biographies and some apocryphal stories, all translated from Greek originals. – The present work describes the inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. It also treats numeral inflection and adjective comparison. In addition to this comprehensive description of the nominal system in UspSb, the author also provides a register of errata, which relates to the edition by Knjazevskaja, Demjanov and Ljapon (1971), and is intended to facilitate further linguistic research on UspSb. The register contains false word divisions, misprints, false glosses and incomplete interpretations of forms, as well as inconsistencies between the text given in and the register of Knjazevskaja, Demjanov and Ljapon’s edition.

The following article is an attempt at interpretation of the oftdiscussed “riddle” of the birds (Ṛgveda 1.164.20-22). Recognizing that the riddle, as much of Vedic poetry, operates on several “levels” (cosmic, ritual, etc.) and may be meant to be answered in more than one way, the present approach sees the enigma as drawing on mythical and cosmological imagery current in early Vedic times; imagery that also finds expressions elsewhere in the Ṛgveda and later texts. Following the majority of earlier interpreters, I take the fig-tree on which the birds are perched to be the world-tree, and the “figs” or “honey” on which they feed to be soma or amŕ̥ta-. Following Hillebrandt and Kuiper, the two birds in 1.164.20 are interpreted as the sun and the moon. The image of one or more birds (suparṇá-) associated with the drink of immortality is traced through the Vedic literature; in some places it is possible to identify it as Soma (from late Ṛgvedic times equated to the moon). It is further suggested that both the bird and the world-tree are associated with the spring or receptacle of soma in heaven, which, following Witzel, is identified as the Seven Seers, the constellation Ursa Maior. The article is concluded by a discussion of the Vedic imagery of a world-tree and a drink of immortality, and its parallels in Indo-European and Eurasian myths and cosmologies.

This thesis explores a corpus of Tocharian texts related to Buddhist meditation. These texts are edited, translated and thoroughly commented by comparing them with parallels texts or texts dealing with similar topics. This method sometimes requires historical research to understand how certain themes have evolved in Buddhist literature. The comprehension of the background and the identification of parallels in turn allow for progress in knowledge of Tocharian languages, by identifying new words or correcting the translation of words already identified. The thesis focuses on three main sets: 1) three continuous fragments of the Udānālaṅkāra, the commentary on the Udānavarga, adapting a discourse of the Madhyama-āgama, the “Discourse on Thoughts” (Niàn jīng 念經, MĀ 102) on the elimination of evil thoughts (vitarka), 2) three successive leaves of a meditation text on death (maraṇasmṛti), part of which is taken from Saṅgharakṣa's Yogācārabhūmi, and 3) a corpus of texts belonging to a local version of the Yogalehrbuch, a Sanskrit meditation manual found in Kizil. The text on the elimination of vitarka bears interesting similarities to a topic treated by Aśvaghoṣa (2th century CE) in the Saundarananda, which Kumārajīva took up in a meditation manual. Saṅgharakṣa's Yogācārabhūmi, a meditation manual from the first centuries CE, is preserved only in Chinese: the Tocharian version, which is closer to the Sanskrit text, enables a better understanding of the source text. In particular, I study how it was conceived by combining the winds of canonical texts found in the analysis of the body elements (dhātu) and physiological descriptions borrowed from the medical literature. The Yogalehrbuch reflects a turning point in the history of Buddhist meditation texts, since the usual content of meditation exercises is replaced by a large number of images that the yogin has to mentally picture. The Tocharian texts allow the main motif of the text, the ritual consecration of the yogin (abhiṣeka), to be interpreted as a symbolic transposition of his entry into meditation (dhyāna), according to the pattern of the eight liberations (vimokṣa). They elaborate on certain aspects of the Sanskrit text, such as the activation of the power of the divine eye or the manipulation of subtle matter. Finally, they provide clues for interpreting the practice involved in this type of meditation text., Cette thèse se propose d'explorer un corpus de textes tokhariens relatifs à la méditation bouddhique. Le point de départ est un travail d'édition, de traduction, et de commentaire de textes tokhariens. Ce faisant, on a essayé dans la mesure du possible de comprendre la construction de ces textes en recherchant des parallèles ou en les comparant avec des textes traitant de thèmes similaires. Cette méthode nécessite parfois une recherche historique pour comprendre comment certains thèmes ont évolué dans la littérature bouddhique. La compréhension du contexte et les parallèles identifiés permettent en retour de progresser dans la connaissance des langues tokhariennes, en identifiant de nouveaux mots ou en corrigeant la traduction de certains mots déjà identifiés. Le travail se concentre sur trois ensembles principaux : 1) trois fragments continus de l'Udānālaṅkāra, le commentaire de l'Udānavarga, adaptant un discours du Madhyama-āgama, le « Discours sur les pensées » (Niàn jīng 念經), sur l'élimination des mauvaises pensées (vitarka), 2) trois feuillets successifs d'un texte de méditation sur la mort (maraṇasmṛti), dont une partie est extraite de la Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa, 3) et enfin un corpus de textes appartenant à une version locale du Yogalehrbuch, un manuel de méditation sanskrit retrouvé à Kizil. Le texte sur l'élimination des vitarka présente des similarités intéressantes avec un thème traité par Aśvaghoṣa (2e siècle de notre ère) dans le Saundarananda, qu'a repris Kumārajīva dans un manuel de méditation. La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa, un manuel de méditation des premiers siècles de notre ère, n'est préservée qu'en chinois : la version tokharienne, plus proche du texte sanskrit, permet de mieux comprendre le texte source et comment il a été conçu en combinant la liste canonique des vents qu'on trouve dans l'analyse du corps en éléments (dhātu) et des descriptions physiologiques empruntées à la littérature médicale. Le Yogalehrbuch représente un tournant dans l'histoire des textes de méditation bouddhique, car le contenu habituel des exercices de méditation y est remplacé par un grand nombre d'images que le yogin doit se représenter mentalement. Les textes tokhariens permettent d'interpréter un des motifs principaux du texte, la consécration rituelle du yogin (abhiṣeka), comme une transposition symbolique de son entrée en recueillement (dhyāna), d'après le schéma des huit libérations (vimokṣa). Ils développent certains aspects du texte sanskrit, comme l'activation du pouvoir de l'œil divin par le yogin ou la manipulation de la matière subtile. Enfin, ils fournissent des éléments pour interpréter la pratique que suppose ce type de texte de méditation.

Le mot ptyx se lit chez Mallarmé dans un poème publié en 1887. Pour en établir la signification, il faut réexaminer de près la distinction saussurienne entre signifié et chose signifiée. Quant au signifiant, il dépend de la linguistique indo-européenne, dans la version qu’en avait donnée Franz Bopp. Mallarmé l’a pratiquée ; on en a la preuve par Les Mots anglais. L’article tente de montrer que la séquence /ptyks/ permet d’obtenir par permutations et modifications l’intégralité de l’ossature consonantique de tous les mots indo-européens possibles. Le ptyx est donc le Mot par excellence, sauf qu’il est privé de la voyelle /a/, que Bopp tenait pour fondamentale. C’est cet /a/ que le poète ira chercher au Styx. A partir de là, on peut éclairer la fonction poétique du ptyx au sein du poème et le poème lui-même; sur tous ces points, l’hypothèse des anagrammes se révélera féconde., The word ptyx is used by Mallarmé in a poem published in 1887. In order to establish its meaning, one needs to investigate closely the Saussurian distinction between signified (signifié) and thing signified (chose signifiée). As for the material form of the word, it is derived from the Boppian version of Indo-European linguistics. Mallarmé was familiar with it, as it appears in Les Mots anglais. The paper tries to show that the sequence /ptyks/ makes it possible to produce, by combining various permutations and modifications, all possible consonantal forms of all possible Indo-European words. Thus the ptyx is The Word as such, except that it is lacking the Boppian fundamental vowel /a/. It is this /a/ that the poet will seek to find near the Styx. From that starting point, it becomes possible to explain the poetic function of the ptyx and the whole poem itself; in these matters, the Saussurian anagrammatic hypothesis will appear to be most fruitful.