Search

Research on the tertiary scattering of the Sun's ray has not yet been produced. In this paper, the author will instruct its fundamental principle and method of computation. Chapter I. Fundamental Principle of the, Tertiary Scattering. In this chapter, see fig. I. Take three points F. T and E in' the atmosphere. Define a system of rectangular coordinates Xl' Yl, Z], with its center at F, with the Xl axis drawn toward.s the sun. Let T l, 6 l, Iei be the coordinates of T of this system. Now, if i be the direct insolation reaching p., we can resolve it into two plane polarized rays, the or*e is E( Zi ) = ~lexp( int + imx) , 2 which travels to X] and oscillates in Zl direction, the other is E(YI)=~T . ~ex p( I nt + I mx ) travelling to Xl and oscillati,ng in Yl d,irection. Here, FT=RI and e be the dielectric cor^stant of air particles. Then the equation of wave generated at T when the former encounters one air particle at F is expressed. by ' = ~ 2 i 7rT Ei' e(A I ) r_kxl exp(Int tmR ) 2 RIA ~ V~ 2 i lrT Ei~/ e(A I ) 6_kx, exp(Int tmR ) ~ R IA ~ V1~ 2 l 7rT r l¥T~+6z Ei.=~ RtA e~A-) i exp(int-imR,), e R'-'i in which A and T are the wave length and the volume of particle. This wave will proceed into the direction FT and have a d,irection of osciilation r*ormal to it, and the direction cosines of the latter are as follows : tn whlch l rlJrj T~+6~ . 6lxl 1 1 l R~ ' I R~ ' sin col sin co / T~+6~ sin coi l ' i. e. o' I is the angle between FT and Zl axis. The intensity can be obtained by squaring the amplitude, which is V1E t ICT (Ai)sm co l ~ In the same way, the plane polarized light generated at T by E(Yl) is

Temperature dependence of Hall coefficient of three superlattice alloys of Mg–Cd system, Mg 3 Cd, MgCd and MgCd 3 , was measured to find the effect of order-disorder transformation upon it. At the transformation temperature, the Hall coefficient of these alloys showed a discontinuous increase in positive direction, while the electrical resistivity, which was measured simultaneously, decreased discontinuously at that temperature. It is discussed that the change of Brillouin zone structure due to the order-disorder transformation of these alloys might be considered to be the origin of such a change of the Hall coefficient.

Based on the bubble and condensation point method, vapor-liquid equilibrium data in salt solutions have been measured at atmospheric pressure for the systems methanolethanol-CaCI2 and iso-propanol-water-CaCI2. For the former system, the relative volatility of methanol to ethanol was decreased by the salt effect of GaCI2. For the latter system, the azeotrope could be eliminated by increasing the concentration of CaCl2.

The temperature dependence of Hall coefficient of five superlattice alloys of Cu 3 Pd, CuZn, Ni 3 Cr, Au 3 Cu and Ag 3 Mg was measured to find the effect of order-disorder transformation upon it. At the transition temperature, the Hall coefficient of Cu 3 Pd and Ag 3 Mg showed a discontinuous change, while the change of Hall coefficient of other three alloys (CuZn, Ni 3 Cr, Au 3 Cu) are very small. Applying Muto's theory, the qualitative discussion was made, and it was found that the general features of the temperature dependence of CuZn and Ni 3 Cr are well understood by the theory. For Au 3 Cu, the result of the experiment is explained by adopting the assumption of Schubert that each Au atom affords more than one electrons into the conduction band. The assumption also explains why the temperature dependence of Hall coefficient of Au 3 Cu differs from that of Cu 3 Au. It remains unknown why Hall coefficient of Cu 3 Pd takes strong minimum at transition temperature, while the abrupt increase of the Hall c...

Electrical resistance and magneto-resistance of gamma brass were measured at liquid helium, liquid nitrogen and room temperature. Moreover, Hall coefficient and thermoelectric power of gamma brass were measured at room temperature. Data of the electrical resistance are presented for several samples having various concentrations. In the relation between specific resistivity and concentration, a minimum occurs at about 34 wt.% copper in the curve of resistivity v s . concentration. The value of the Hall coefficient and of the thermoelectric power are comparable to the values of pure metals. The magneto-resistance is small at room temperature but becomes large at liquid helium temperature. Differences of the physical properties between gamma brass and bismuth are discussed.

The composition dependence of the Hall coefficient and the electrical resistivity on dilute alloys of zinc, magnesium, germanium and silicon in aluminium have been measured at 500°C. The Hall coefficient, plotted against the electron concentration (e/a), shows two distinct features: one is a “valley” at 3.00 in e/a, and the other is a“step variation” at about 2.95 in e/a. The former seems to be explained fairly well by the scattering mechanism suggested by Takano. The latter may be related to an electronic effect.

Soybean proteins consist of four ultracentrifugal components, which are capable to be fractionated by means of dialysis. The viscotic and electrophoretical behavior of each component was studied to obtained the information about their interaction and properties. The viscosity of native protein and urea denatured protein increased hyperbolalike curvature with protein concentration, and of urea denatured protein showed great concentration dependence. After the viscosity of sample solution reached about maximum, the viscosity decreased rapidly by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol. Same result was also obtained by the use of guanidine·HCl and cystein as denatured and reduced reagents, instead of urea and 2-mercaptoethanol. The viscosity in urea increased linearly with urea concentration, and increased with time. The dissociated subunits of C component were seen in more than 2M urea concentration on starch gel electrophoretical patterm without urea. The result corresponded to the fact that the decrease of viscosity due to the dissociation was seen in more than 2M urea. The dissociation of D component was seen in more than 4M urea on the electrophoretical pattern. The C component was much more denatured by urea and guanidine·HCl than the D component.

Let O and O′ be the centre and a point on the surface of the earth. Take 75 points E1 E2.........Eq...E75 on the prolongation of OO′ line. The distance of O′ and E is 1km, and that of adjucent two points is 500m. Hence O′ Eq=1/2(1+q)km. Consider a horizontal plane of 1 cm2 area on Eq point, which is vertical to OEq. It is named by Eq plane. This plane can receive the primary scattering intensity generated by the atmosphere in the sky dome seen from Eq. This intensity originates of course the horizontal primary scattering intensity falling on the upper side of Eq plane. Now, we divide the total energy of the Sun outside the earth's atmosphere into twelve domains. Let pi, λi and λi′ be respectively the mean transmission coefficient of each domain, the upperlimit of wavelength of the domain, the domain, the wavelength corresponding to pi. We have the following table

The Hall coefficient, the electrical resistivity and the thermoelectric power of four lead alloy systems, Pb-Hg, Pb-In, Pb-Tl and Pb-Bi were measured over wide e/a range at room temperature. Assuming the rigid band model and the two band analysis, partial conductivities of carriers were separated from the Hall coefficient and the resistivity data. With these conductivities, the thermoelectric power and the temperature dependence of resistivity were calculated. The magnitude of order and the general trends were in agreement with the experimental results. Also, the ratio of the time of relaxation due to the thermal scattering to that of the solute atom scattering was calculated and compared with the theoretical value. Existence of the ordered state PbTl 3 was suggested from the fact that the Hall coefficient and the thermoelectric power changed from negative value to positive direction, in a region where thallium concentration is larger than 50 atomic percent.

Two methods to delay the separation of flow in short conical diffusers are described. The 10° conical diffusers, having a suddenly enlarged outlet, have great advantages over the simple conical diffusers of same length, when the equivalent angle of divergence is greater than 20°. When the interior wall near the separation point is roughened, the loss of flow becomes lower than in the case of smooth wall because of delay of separation point. A method of analysing the effects of the separation positions and boundary layer thicknesses, on the loss of flow, is described.

The variations of the Hall coefficients R H of indium and indium-rich alloys (In-Pb, In-Cd, In-Tl and In-Hg) have been determined as functions of temperature. R H for pure indium varies from +0.979 at -195.8°C to -1.020×10 -11 (m 3 /coul.) at 110°C, the sign being reversed at about 0°C. The values of R H for In-Pb, In-Tl and In-Cd deviate to the negative side at about -195.8°C. At temperatures higher than about 0°C R H for these alloys show variations similar to that in pure indium. The relation of the observed behavior of R H to that of the axial ratio c/a is discussed. An attempt is made to explain it in terms of the anisotropy of electronic relaxation times τ p and τ i , which are due to phonon and impurity scatterings respectively. The temperature dependences of R H in aluminium and lead are similar to that in indium. It seems that the temperature dependence of R H in these metals is chiefly determined by the nature of the carriers in the 2nd Brilloin zone.

The variation of the Hall coefficient of polyvalent metal alloys as a function of the composition has been explained by the variation of the resistivity with composition, adopting a simple two band model and assuming the time of relaxation for the solute atom scattering τ s -1 ∝ x (1- x ).

The reflectance map used by the visual system for perception of shape from shading was estimated. In Experiment 1, an image of a cylinder or a sphere illuminated from the viewer's direction was presented, and subjects estimated the cross-section of perceived 3D-shape. The reflectance map was estimated from the relationship between the stimulus image intensities and the slants of the measured cross-section. The estimated reflectance maps were not the ones based on Lambertian reflectance properties. In Experiment 2, whether perceived shapes could be predicted based on the reflectance maps obtained in Experiment 1 was examined. Subjects performed the same shape estimation task with images of cylinders generated by the reflectance map obtained in Experiment 1. The perceived shapes coincided well with the shapes used for stimulus image generation. These results indicate that the visual system's estimation of shape from shading can be fully understood based on empirically obtained reflectance maps without mentioning its inaccurate nature which has been claimed by past studies.

Slant aftereffect (SAE), the negative aftereffect of slant induced after prolonged observation of a surface, is considered as evidence that slant is encoded in the visual system. Because slant and tilt are mathematically independent dimensions, Stevens (Stevens, K. A. (1983a). Biological Cybernetics, 46, 183-195) assumed that slant and tilt are processed independently in the visual system. To confirm this assumption, we investigated whether SAE is induced independently of the difference in tilt between the adapting and test stimuli. The stimuli were displayed by simulating the motion disparity of rotating disks. After adaptation to a surface of 60 degrees slant, the subjective 0 degree slants of the test stimulus were measured with the tilt differences of 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 degrees. The magnitude of SAE was greatest when the tilt difference was zero, and decreased with increasing tilt difference. The results suggest that slant and tilt are not processed independently in the visual system and that the slant detector in the visual system is sensitive not only to slant but also to tilt.

Backscroll illusion is an apparent motion perceived in backgrounds of movie images that present locomotive objects such as people, animals, and vehicles. This illusion is from the visual system registering retinal motion signals in relation to high-level object motion signals. We confirmed this notion from psychophysical experiments that mainly presented a realistic human figure on a treadmill walking or running in front of a counterphase grating. The apparent grating motion was consistently induced in the direction opposite to the locomotion. The induction was tuned to a gait velocity. The time course showed that the illusion arose as if it was synchronized with gait recognition, and that it was sustained against several reversals of limb swings so that local motion accounts were denied. A weak but significant illusion was observed from a static figure that implied a gait. Thus, we concluded that the illusion was determined by the high-level recognition of biological motion. An additional experiment found a similar effect from a vehicle with rotating wheels but no induction from a rotating wheel per se. This result led us to hypothesize that the backscroll illusion is generalized to objects that have shapes implying their moving directions.

Stress applied to rats is known to result in a quick decrease in blood fluidity. Although electrical acupuncture stimulation (ACU) attenuates stress responses, the influence of ACU on blood fluidity has not been well examined. In the present study, the effect of ACU on blood fluidity and platelet adhesion was examined using a Micro Channel Array Flow Analyzer and a laser scattering platelet aggregometer (PA-20), respectively. Male Wistar rats (7-8 weeks old) were used. ACU (1 Hz, 3-5 V), which causes slight muscle twitching, was applied to acupoints for 60 minutes/day once or on 2 consecutive days. Stimulated acupoints were as follows: ZuSanli (ST-36), Sanyinjiao (SP-6), Hegu (L-I4), Neiguan (P-6), and Shenshu (BL-23). ACU applied to ST-36, SP-6, and L-14 revealed significant increases in blood fluidity while platelet adhesion activity decreased. No significant changes were observed when ACU was applied to P-6 and BL-23. Results indicate that ACU affects blood fluidity depending on the acupoints. Blood fluidity changed with ACU within 1 day. In other words, the effect of acupuncture has an immediate effect. In addition, platelet aggregation decreased with ACU, suggesting that an increase in blood fluidity is associated with platelet aggregation ability.

We examined the effects of adaptation and test contrasts on the duration of two types of motion aftereffect (MAE) that presumably reveal different levels of motion processing: MAE with a static test stimulus (static MAE), and that with a counterphasing test stimulus (flicker MAE). MAE duration increased with increasing adaptation contrast. When the test contrast was low, it increased rapidly, and saturated at a low adaptation contrast. When the test contrast was high, however, it gradually increased over a wide range of adaptation contrasts. These complex effects of stimulus contrasts could be well described by a dependency on adaptation contrast normalized by test contrast on a logarithmic axis. Little difference was found between the results for two types of MAE. The interaction between adaptation and test contrasts leads us to reject the idea that the shape of adaptation contrast dependency of MAE duration reflects that of the sensitivity function of motion detecting mechanisms. The results also suggest a functional similarity between the processes underlying static and flicker MAEs with regard to their responses to contrasts. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

We have measured the Hall resistivity ρ H of CuFe alloys with concentrations c from 0.1 to 1.5 at% Fe at 4.2 K in magnetic fields H up to 10 kOe. For c < 0.5 at% Fe ρ H exhibits an ordinary Hall effect only, while for c ≧0.7 at% Fe an anomalous Hall effect is observed. We attribute the origin of the anomalous Hall effect to the presence of clusters of Fe atoms.

1. Low-yields of winter wheat in highlands depend on small numbers of ripened grdins per ear and also ripened grains per unit area. (Table 1) 2. It was found that yield and number of ears per unit area showed large variation, and the number of ripened grains per ear and weight of 1, 000 grains showed small variation. 3. Yields significantly correlated with weght of 1, 000 grains and also with number of ripened grains per unit area, but the number of ripened grains per ear correlated inversely with the number of ears per unit area (Table 2, Table 3). 4. Growth of winter wheat in highlands is shown in Fig. 1. More sunshines and less rainfall in autumn tillering times and in the period from heading to harvesting time, and higher temperature in spring tillering periods give favorable effects on grain yields. Correlation coefficients between yield constitutional factors and weather factors in Mid-March to early April are high. (Table 4)

Several recent studies have proposed models of local motion detection for visual perception using spatiotemporal filters. However, these models are limited their motion perception capacity by the use of only one spatial frequency channel. But in the human visual system, it has been shown by various psychophysical studies that there are interactions between spatial frequency channels. In this paper, therefore, we propose one simple approach to introducing channel interactions into local motion detection models. In our method, true velocity is given as the intersection of lines representing the possible solutions on the velocity plane. Scalar motion sensors presented by Watson and Ahumada are used to get each line. Channel interactions are incorporated by plotting lines from multiple spatial frequency channels on the same velocity plane and finding their intersection. The effectiveness of these procedures was demonstrated with moving random dot patterns.

We propose a method of segregating moving objects which combines spatiotemporal filtering and feature matching. The matching scheme is preferred in many computer vision studies of shape from motion, since it produces accurate motion estimates and thus leads to sharp segregation. However, it has an inherent problem called false matching. To get around this problem, we combined the matching scheme with the spatiotemporal filtering scheme frequently used to model biological motion detectors. In our two-stage model, image sequences are first processed by spatiotemporal filters to obtain estimates of local motion. Several velocity candidates are detected in this filtering stage, and these are fed into the second matching stage to reduce the load of the matching process by limiting the range of correspondences. In the matching stage, local velocities are obtained for several kinds of feature. These features vote for velocity estimates, and the velocity with the highest score is assigned to each pixel as the best estimate. Moving objects are identified as sets of pixels with the same velocity. We used this two stage model in natural image sequences and obtained good results.

A case of type B human botulism was found in Tochigi Prefecture in November, 1984. Botulinum type B toxin was detected in the serum and feces of the patient. The serum toxin was activated by trypsinization. Type B toxin was demonstrated in cooked meat medium cultures of the fecal specimens. The patient recovered after administration of type A, B, E and F quadrivalent antitoxin.

MAEBASHI, M., IMAMURA, A., YOSHINAGA, K., SATO, T., FUNYU, T., ISHIDOYA, Y. and HIRAYAMA, N. Carnitine Depletion as a Probable Cause of Hyperlipidemia in Uremic Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1983, 139 (1), 33-42 - The mechanism of the development of hemodialysis hyperlipidemia was investigated in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Hemodialysis treatment lost large amounts of carnitine from blood into the dialysate fluid, resulting in the reduction in serum concentration of carnitine. After the treatments were repeated for more than 12 months, the serum concentration of carnitine reduced markedly and the serum triglyceride level increased significantly. In contrast, in patients who had been supplemented with commercial amino acids solution, the serum concentrations of carnitine and lipid were within normal ranges and remained unchanged even after repeated hemodialysis treatments. Carnitine administration also reduced the serum triglyceride level to or towards normal. The results suggest that carnitine depletion induced by hemodialysis treatments has a probable causal relationship to hyperlipidemia in uremic patients on long-term maintenance hemodialysis and that supplementation of carnitine or amino acids prevents carnitine depletion and improves hemodialysis hyperlipidemia.

Guine pigs were made dependent to morphine by a daily s.c. injection of morphine hydrochloride. Half of them were given morphine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) s.c. 30 min befor sacrifice; these animals were termed ‘morphine-treated’ guinea pigs. The animals in the abstinence syndrome were sacrificed 30 to 40 hr after the last morphine dose. Effective concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptmine on Auerbach's plexus of the guinea pig in the abstinence syndrome was significantly smaller than those on Auerbach's plexus of normal and morphine-treated animals, while the responses to nicotine and caerulein were unchanged. The results suggest that withdrawal of morphine excites the M-receptors in Auerbach's plexus.

When luminance contrast of target in Braddick-type random dot cinematograms (RDC) is reversed, apparent motion in a direction opposite to the physical displacement is observed. The displacement limit of direction discrimination for this contrast-reversed RDC was found to have three characteristics: 1. (1) the limit resembles that for regular RDC. 2. (2) it is sensitive to target area. 3. (3) it is limited by the visual angle rather than by number of dots. This indicates that the same short-range process underlies both normal and reversed motion. However, it was found that performance declines remarkably in figural segregation for reversed motion, which suggests that the so called short-range process should be treated as having two distinct components.

A study was made of the effect of morphine on electrical activity within single ganglia of Auerbach's plexus of guinea pig longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus as monitored by means of external electrodes. Morphine produces a concentration dependent block of single spike activity. This effect is competitively antagonized by naloxone. The ED50 for morphine effect is about 7 X 10(-7) M. Naloxone and dextrorphan have no effect on electrical activity. Acetylcholine in the concentration range of 10(-7)--10(-5) M augments electrical activity of ganglia. Morphine has little if any effect on the enhanced stimulation produced by acetylcholine thus indicating that the drug does not act directly upon the ganglion. Our results suggest that a specific opiate receptor is present on the preganglionic nerve terminals and that morphine and other opiates block ganglionic transmission by inhibiting the release of preganglionic acetylcholine.

Two kinds of spikes, a single-spike unit and burst unit, were obtained by a glass suction electrode recording from neurons in Auerbach’s plexus of the guinea pig ileum. Both spikes were inhibited by tetrodotoxin but not by Mn2+. Frequency of the single-spike unit was increased by nicotine and high concentrations of acetylcholine. The single-spike unit induced by nicotine was inhibited by hexamethonium, while hexamethonium was without any effect on the spontaneous single-spike unit. Morphine inhibited the spontaneous single-spike unit. The spontaneous single-spike unit was also inhibited by a-adrenergic stimulants but not by α-adrenergic stimulants. Inhibition of single-spike unit activity by the α-adrenergic stimulants was antagonized by α-adrenergic blockers. These findings indicate that the single-spike unit is concerned with cholinergic transmission in Auerbach’s plexus. The single-spike unit evoked by nicotine was partly inhibited by morphine or α-adrenergic stimulants. This fact indicated the possibility that morphine and the α-adrenergic stimulants also inhibit the acetylcholine release from the cholinergic nerve at the ending of the post-ganglionic fibres. On the other hand the burst unit was little affected by the drugs utilized herein.

Haemorrhagic shock is a major cause of death in the acute care setting. Since 2009, our emergency department has used intra-aortic balloon occlusion (IABO) catheters for resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA).REBOA procedures were performed by one or two trained acute care physicians in the emergency room (ER) and intensive care unit (ICU). IABO catheters were positioned using ultrasonography. Collected data included clinical characteristics, haemorrhagic severity, blood cultures, metabolic values, blood transfusions, REBOA-related complications and mortality.Subjects comprised 25 patients (trauma, n = 16; non-trauma, n = 9) with a median age of 69 years and a median shock index of 1.4. REBOA was achieved in 22 patients, but failed in three elderly trauma patients. Systolic blood pressure significantly increased after REBOA (107 vs. 71 mmHg, p 0.01). Five trauma patients (20 %) died in ER, and mortality rates within 24 h and 60 days were 20 % and 12 %, respectively. No REBOA-related complications were encountered. The total occlusion time of REBOA was significantly lesser in survivors than that in non-survivors (52 vs. 97 min, p 0.01). Significantly positive correlations were found between total occlusion time of REBOA and shock index (Spearman's r = 0.6) and lactate concentration (Spearman's r = 0.7) in survivors.REBOA can be performed in ER and ICU with a high degree of technical success. Furthermore, correlations between occlusion time and initial high lactate levels and shock index may be important because prolonged occlusion is associated with a poorer outcome.

At each of several seed farms located at various hight of elevation of 80 to 1350 meters on the foot of Mt. Fuji and on the side of Mt. Yatsugatake, soybean seeds of two varieties were raised and their productive predispositions were examined. The results of studies for three years, 1951 to 1953, were as follows : 1. The size of the seed produced varied according to the farm within each variety. The differences were proved, however, due chiefly to the difference in the edaphitic conditions rather than in the climatic conditions among those farms. 2. The higher the farms were located, the earlier the plants bloomed and matured, and the less were the amounts of fat contained in the seeds produced. No cumulative nature in such effects were noticed. 3. Growth of the plants raised from larger seeds was generally better than that from smaller ones in the same variety in earlier stages. But as the growth proceeded, the differences diminished gradually and became very little on harvest. 4. Differences in the progeny growth and yielding ability of the seeds due to the differences in the elevation, where they were raised, were small when they were selected for an equal size. The seeds produced on barren soils or at localities where plant diseases prevailed showed lower productivity regardless the size 5. It was concluded that to adopt localities as free as possible from plant diseases or noxious insects should be indispensable for producing superior seeds of soybean, and that, out of those seeds, larger sized ones within every variety should be selected for planting to expect more abundant yields.

Experiments were carried out in 1952, 1953 and 1955 to elucidate relations between stamping and pruning of blades of wheat before a hard winter and the growth and yield of wheat, at elevation of 1, 300 meters. The results obtained were as fellows: 1. Twice or three times stamping of wheat before a hard winter promoted the emergence of tillers and increased dry weight percentage, total sugar content, amount of roots and cold resistance. Moreover it lessend decrease of sugar content after winter, and it incfeased the yield by 10 % compared with the no stamped wheat. But there were not such differences in warm winter as cold winter. And the six times stamping was injurious to the growth and yield of wheat. 2. Pruning of blades not only stoped development of tillers and growth of roots but also it decreased dry weight, sugar content and cold resistance. Nevertheless at early spring, sugar content of pruned wheat were more than that of no pruned. Pruned wheat yielded less and beared small grains. These differences were diminished concerning cold resistant varieties and when it was not so cold in winter.

Rice seedlings soaked in naphthalene acetic acid solution before transplanting retarded the growth of roots for 1 or 2kays, but hastened it after afew days. The seedlings sprayed with the same solution on the seed bed at 2 or 3 days before transplanting produced a greater number of roots without delay after transplanting and became full of vitality sooner than the seedlings not treated. these effects were diminished gradually under the favorable condition, but caused a quicker production of tillers, a faster heading, and a better fruiting under such an unfavorable condition as would retard the growth of plants.