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In an earlier article the authors combined the entropy maximizing approach to urban location theory with postulates on individual behavior to develop a discrete model of residential land use. This paper extends the earlier model so that it can deal with populations which are continuous in distance and income levels. The new formulation provides the planner with a model to predict the spatial behaviour of income classes and their response to changes in the transportation system.

The study reported was concerned with the development of a methodology for updating published census data during intercensal periods. The new approach utilizes aerial photographs as a primary data source. The methodology, which was devised for estimating the population size of four cities in California, consisted of a simple function relating the measured area of three dominant residential land use types and the characteristic spatial population densities associated with each.

Okino-Shima is a small island, belongs to Kochi prefecture, on the southern part of the Bungo Channel. As this island is on the border line of Kochiand Ehime prefecture, it has been being to keep the peculiar characteristics as the historical, economical and cultural point of contact between the southern power and the northern one. This is also due to the double-sided natural characteristics of the island. The southern part of the Bungo Channel on which the island lies, is the transitional area between the Pacfic and the Seto Inland Sea. Temperature is high in this area, therefore this island has the oceanic characteristics as the wild growing place of the subtropical plants.They got the abundant haul near the island, and fishing was the most important industry with agriculture. But now the main industry is agriculture with few fishing. They cannot extend their farm on the island, population comes also to the maximum. As the island is mountainious, the small terrace farm and the residential land is on the sharp slope. The most houses are low due to many starms.Historically the island was included in the market area of Uwajima before the war, but during the war it was included into that of Sukumo artificially owing to the rationing system. As the sea transportation between the island and Sukumo has been facilitated, their economic relation has been closed. But now it is going to be included into the market area of Uwajima.

Theoretical propositions from human ecology are used to develop a model that explains the centralization or decentralization of various types of families, such as married couples with children, in the Cleveland, Ohio, Metropolitan Area. The model shows how proximity to the Central Business District affects neighborhoods in terms of three characteristics: Age or period of development, both internal and external housing Space, and Site features such as industrial and recreational activity. These structural characteristics are seen, in turn, as the causes of the location of families in relationship to the center of Cleveland. Of the three characteristics, Space generally plays the most important and Site the least important role in determining the location of types of families. However, the location of most types of families is affected by a variety of interrelation-ships among neighborhood characteristics.

Residential land use controls in metropolitan areas are intended to and typically do restrict housing supply and inevitably raise housing prices. This paper estimates the effects of metropolitan area land use controls on housing prices, employing a remarkable data set compiled by Gyourko, Saiz and Summers. We embed the estimates in a four equation model that estimates the effects of the resulting high housing prices on metropolitan population, real incomes and employment.

The spatial distribution of land price is indicative of the urban structure of a region. However, since most information on land price is in the form of point data and not area data, a certain process must be established for the creation of a land price map. The authors have already developed a computer-aided system that enables the creation of precise land price maps on the basis of residential land price data for metropolitan areas in Japan at low cost but with precision. In this paper, the system is applied to Tokyo metropolitan area and creates several land price maps using the officially assessed land prices provided by the Japanese government and data from the land price surveys conducted by prefectural governments.

To assess the relationships between stream orthophosphate, stream polyphosphate concentrations and possible domestic sources, a random sample of 24 drainage basins dominated by residential land use activities were studied. Stream orthophosphate and polyphosphate data were then correlated with the following variables: (1) mean garden fertilizer use (kg yr −1 ); (2) mean phosphate detergent used (kg month −1 ); (3) per cent watershed households connected to city sewers; (4) precipitation phosphate concentration. When a multiple regression analysis was run on the phosphate data, 76% of the variation in stream orthophosphate concentrations was accounted for by the percentage of watershed households connected to city sewers parameter, while garden fertilizer use and precipitation phosphate content accounted for 4 and 2% of the variation respectively. In a similar analysis of stream polyphosphate concentrations, a combination of detergent use and the percentage of watershed households connected to city sewers accounted for 48% of the total variation of stream polyphosphate concentrations.

Land resources are essential to the production of many goods and services, including food, fiber, housing, and recreation. Often, these alternate uses are thought to be incompatible, and the conventional wisdom holds that in a place such as Utah, where rapid population growth is occurring near farming activities, at least some agricultural land must be converted to developed uses. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the strength of the relationship between population growth and change in farmland, especially cropland, in Utah. Theoretically, population growth has been assumed to affect the amount of land in agricultural use. An empirical model is formulated to explain changes in the quantity of various types of agricultural land as a function of four hypothesized explanatory variables, one of which is the percentage change in population. The conclusion reached is that population growth is not statistically related to changes in the amount of land in agriculture in Utah. Although some land at the urban fringes is converted to developed uses every year, it is replaced in other locations by new farmland . Therefore, the increase in population that resulted in some cropland conversion is not directly related to the change in cropland. Moreover, none of the other explanatory variables are consistently related. Even in a hypothetical "worst-case" scenario, in which all future development is assumed to take place on cropland, little of Utah's cropland would be lost by the year 2000. If Utah state and local planners desire to encourage retention of land in agriculture, further study should be directed towards finding the relevant explanatory variables, and policies should be based on an understanding of the significant relationships.

The urban neighborhood, long of interest to city planners and sociologists, has in recent years become of increasing concern to public policy makers. The reasons have been painfully obvious: The urban riots of the 1960s, the continued ethnic and racial changes in the city, and the feared abandonment of the central city have all had their greatest impact at the neighborhood level.

Usually informatics is defined as computer and information science (Gorn 1983, p.121). It is concerned with symbolic expressions and their manipulations and hence also with the study, design and use of data structures and their transformation by mechanical means (Gorn 1983, pp.130–131). A similar concept of computers and communication sciences can be found in Kobayashi (1982).

The City of Lethbridge, Alberta, commissioned in 1982 a team of consultants to prepare a strategy for Energy Efficient Residential Land Use for the community. The consultants developed guidelines for both city subdivision planning and for construction of low energy housing. Neighbourhood and subdivision design and planning guidelines addressed site planning, transportation, public transit, street patterns and subdivision servicing requirements. Guidelines for energy efficient residential construction practices were developed by computer modelling and cost evaluation of several conservation construction practices. Benefit-cost analysis of various energy conservation strategies was conducted in order to arrive at the best conservation parameters for the Lethbridge area climate.

The standard model of residential land use in a city as treated by Mills (1973) assumes that all working and shopping opportunities are concentrated in the center of the city, the Central Business District (CBD) and that residential land is homogenous otherwise. Through this assumption, a definite orientation with respect to the center is introduced into residential land use. The effect of any other interactions over distance is overlooked. To put it bluntly, work and consumption (shopping) dominate all trip making behaviour, the interaction with other residents through social and recreational contacts is completely ignored.

MUCH THEORIZING HAS CONCENTRATED ON TRAVEL SAVINGS MOTIVES AS AN INFLUENCE ON RESIDENTIAL LAND USE, IGNORING AMENITY CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING BEAUTY AND NEIGHBORS WHICH INFLUENCE FAMILY CHOICE OF RESIDENTIAL SITE. THE PRESENT ARTICLE DEVELOPS A FRAME WORK BASED ON CONSUMER DEMAND THEORY FOR CONSIDERING AMENITY IN ADDITION TO TRAVEL COST CONSIDERATIONS. A WAY OF MEASURING THE TRAVEL SAVINGS AND AMENITY COMPONENTS OF LAND VALUE IS SUGGESTED, AND CONSISTS OF ESTIMATING THE TRAVEL SAVINGS COMPONENT AS BEING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL TRAVEL COSTS AND HYPOTHETICAL TRAVEL COSTS IF RESIDENCE WERE AT THE LOW RENT MARGIN AT THE EDGE OF THE CITY. RESIDENTIAL LAND VALUES ARE ANALYZED FOR RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA. MAKING USE OF A TRAVEL HABITS SURVEY, AMENITY AND TRAVEL SAVINGS COMPONENTS OF LAND VALUES ARE ESTIMATED AND ARE BOTH FOUND TO BE SUBSTANTIAL. /AUTHOR/

The readings in this chapter all, with one exception, focus on Lowry or Lowry derivative models. The number of applications of these models is rivalled only by those of EMPIRIC. Considered in terms of potential for continued planning application, models of this type, especially when considered in terms of Wilson’s entropy maximizing approach, have no serious rivals.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the demands of neighborhoods and their characteristics, in addition to concerns of importance for policies regarding private residential renewals. Urban economists have developed a powerful tool for studying residential demand by introducing location into the standard microeconomic model of consumer behavior. As in the standard consumer model, households in the urban model maximize satisfaction subject to a budget constraint. But in the urban model household satisfaction, household expenditures, or both of these quantities depend not only on the collection of commodities consumed but also on residential location. Any resident with a given income and a given utility function chooses among locations so as to find the combination of prices, trip costs, and amenities that maximizes satisfaction. The effects on residential choice of commodities acquired from the central business district are directly opposed to the effects of residential land. As tastes cannot be directly observed, links between utility functions and demographic characteristics can be conjectured but not proved. A neighborhood demand analysis, therefore, implies an equilibrium supply of neighborhoods that can be expected to persist in the absence of exogenous disturbance.

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To determine the proportion of residential land parcels with backyard poultry in an urban and urban-rural fringe area of provincial New Zealand. To document key husbandry and biosecurity practices of owners of backyard poultry, and to identify factors that might assist animal health authorities in locating backyard poultry flocks in the event of an infectious disease emergency.A cross-sectional survey was undertaken, in which residents of 449 land parcels in an urban and urban-rural fringe area within and adjacent to the city of Palmerston North, respectively, were visited between February and November 2006. Residents were asked if backyard poultry were kept on the premises. Details recorded for those that kept poultry included the type and number of birds kept, and details of management and biosecurity practices. The geographical distribution of poultry-positive land parcels was assessed for evidence of spatial clustering.Backyard poultry were kept on 3.5 (95% CI=2.1- 5.0)% of land parcels; 1.6 (95% CI=0.7-3.4)% in the urban area and 18.9 (95% CI=11.6-29.3)% in the urban-rural fringe area. There were no significant clusters of poultry-positive land parcels in either area. On all poultry-positive parcels birds were allowed, for at least a portion of the day, to range freely over the property. Three poultry-positive land parcels were within a distance of 1 km of a commercial poultry enterprise in the urban-rural fringe area. Most owners of backyard poultry used feed prepared commercially.The prevalence of ownership of backyard poultry in this area of New Zealand was low, and varied according to classification of the land, viz urban, or urban-rural fringe. The close proximity of backyard flocks to the single commercial enterprise in the urban-rural fringe area reiterates the importance of strict biosecurity measures on commercial farms. In the event of an infectious disease emergency, it is proposed that a sampling frame of owners of backyard poultry might be rapidly obtained by contacting suppliers of commercial feed.

In spite of the potentially groundbreaking environmental sentinel applications, studies of canine cancer data sources are often limited due to undercounting of cancer cases. This source of uncertainty might be further amplified through the process of spatial data aggregation, manifested as part of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). In this study, we explore potential explanatory factors for canine cancer incidence retrieved from the Swiss Canine Cancer Registry (SCCR) in a regression modeling framework. In doing so, we also evaluate differences in statistical performance and associations resulting from a dasymetric refinement of municipal units to their portion of residential land. Our findings document severe underascertainment of cancer cases in the SCCR, which we linked to specific demographic characteristics and reduced use of veterinary care. These explanatory factors result in improved statistical performance when computed using dasymetrically refined units. This suggests that dasymetric mapping should be further tested in geographic correlation studies of canine cancer incidence and in future comparative studies involving human cancers.

Forecasting the variability of dwellings and residential land is important for estimating the future potential of environmental technologies. This paper presents an innovative method of converting average residential density into a set of one-hectare 3D tiles to represent the dwelling stock. These generic tiles include residential land as well as the dwelling characteristics. The method was based on a detailed analysis of the English House Condition Survey data and density was calculated as the inverse of the plot area per dwelling. This found that when disaggregated by age band, urban morphology and area type, the frequency distribution of plot density per dwelling type can be represented by the gamma distribution. The shape parameter revealed interesting characteristics about the dwelling stock and how this has changed over time. It showed a consistent trend that older dwellings have greater variability in plot density than newer dwellings, and also that apartments and detached dwellings have greater variability in plot density than terraced and semi-detached dwellings. Once calibrated, the shape parameter of the gamma distribution was used to convert the average density per housing type into a frequency distribution of plot density. These were then approximated by systematically selecting a set of generic tiles. These tiles are particularly useful as a medium for multidisciplinary research on decentralized environmental technologies or climate adaptation, which requires this understanding of the variability of dwellings, occupancies and urban space. It thereby links the socioeconomic modeling of city regions with the physical modeling of dwellings and associated infrastructure across the spatial scales. The tiles method has been validated by comparing results against English regional housing survey data and dwelling footprint area data. The next step would be to explore the possibility of generating generic residential area types and adapt the method to other countries that have similar housing survey data.

Using the City of Roanoke, Virginia as a study site, this paper quantifies the forest structure, ecosystem services and values of vacant and residential land. Single family residential land had more trees (1,683,000) than vacant land (210,000) due largely to the differences in land area (32.44 km2 of vacant land vs. 57.94 km2 residential). While the percentage of tree coverage was almost identical across land uses (30.6% in vacant to 32.3% in residential), the number of trees per ha is greater on residential land (290.3) than on vacant land (63.4). The average healthy leaf surface area on individual trees growing on vacant land was greater than that of individual trees on residential land. The fact that trees in vacant land were found to provide more ecosystem services per tree than residential trees was attributed to this leaf area difference. Trees on vacant land are growing in more natural conditions and there are more large trees per ha. Assessing the forest structure and ecosystem services of Roanoke’s vacant and residential land provides a picture of the current extent and condition of the vacant and residential land. Understanding these characteristics provides the information needed for improved management and utilization of urban vacant land and estimating green infrastructure value.

Urban forests provide essential social, ecological, and economic functions in support of their communities; however, surveys indicate adjacent residents conduct activities within their yards and the adjacent public forest edge that degrade these systems. Local governments rely on boundary-focused passive management and/or active management to limit impacts. Encroachment results from various boundary treatments; however, it is not known whether encroachment represents a substantial source of degradation within Ontario, Canada, municipal forests. To evaluate this, percentage cover of encroachment impacts adjacent to 186 homes within 40 forests of six Southern Ontario municipalities was surveyed. The results indicated degradation resulting from encroachment was substantial. Encroachment occurred in highly valued and sensitive ecosystems, and during sensitive time periods. This was highly prevalent and covered a substantial proportion of the forest edge. Some encroachment behaviors were particularly harmful, resulting in the loss of significant forest area to residential land uses. Furthermore, encroachments remained over long periods. The small sizes and convoluted shapes of urban forests leave them vulnerable to these impacts. Prevailing municipal strategies are insufficient to protect these systems from encroachment. To ensure their long term protection, municipalities and their communities need to substantially increase their commitment and resources for addressing encroachment.

TRAILERS and trailer parks, which had appeared with some frequency during the late 1930s principally to satisfy the needs of vacationing motorists, hardly had a chance to become part of the recreational landscape before the functions were altered. With the onset of World War II, trailers lost their primary association with travel and instead became residences and a type of residential land use. In particular, trailers and trailer parks were used in urban areas that experienced acute housing shortages during the war. Those shortages were caused largely because urban areas that experienced a tremendous expansion of defense-related industries usually were not able to deal with the large influx of migrants who followed to take available jobs. While large centers, including Hartford, St. Louis, Seattle, and San Francisco, were affected, so were smaller places, such as Portsmouth, Virginia; Charleston, Indiana; and Willow Run, Michigan. In this article, the wartime usage of trailers and trailer parks in the San Francisco Bay Area is examined. Of particular concern is the extent to which trailer parks, where trailers were usually placed in urban areas, were spatially integrated into the individual communities where they were located during that emergency period. That is significant because prior to the wartime emergency trailers were not generally considered suitable for permanent residency.

I. Introduction, 227.—II. The residential land allocation process, 228.—III. The socially efficient RLAP, 230.—IV. The competitive RLAP, 231.—V. Distortion and the property tax, 234.—VI. Conclusion, 240.—Appendix: statement of the necessary conditions for socially efficient RLAP's and proof of the equivalence theorem, 240.

This paper investigates two aspects of how local areas in the metropolis deal with their problems-the institutional means of representation which are used and the effectiveness of those means. In the Seattle metropolitan region, residents of 20 different local areas recognize three different means as relatively equal in importance. These include neighbors, community clubs, and representatives of the society's authority structure such as government. Across communities, reliance on neighbors and the authority structure seems to be a functional alternative to dependence on community clubs as problem-solving institutions. What we believe to be the relatively strong forms of representation-community clubs-are especially recognized in parts of the metropolis with clear name definitions and homogeneous residential land use. Rated effectiveness of institutions seems to be more similar across communities than the means of representation; it is more directly related to the wealth of the area and the types of social issues faced by the community.

A number of sampling techniques have recently been developed to assist municipalities in assessing and evaluating the total environment noise climate within the community and to identify the intrusive noise sources. One methodology was developed by Wyle Research, El Segundo, California for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and published in July 1976. The University of Texas at Dallas, Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, has modified the Wyle methodology for use in conducting an environmental noise assessment for the City of Dallas, Texas. This publication reports on the modifications made to the Wyle method and the results of a spatial survey conducted in a spatially homogenous single family residential land use area. The purpose of the spatial analysis was to determine the number of monitoring sites required. Prior to using the modified methodology, an error analysis was conducted for the purpose of determining the accuracy of the methodology. Nine primary monitoring sites were selected fo...

(1971). An Appraisal of Measures of Residential Land Value. Economic Geography: Vol. 47, Festschrift for Raymond E. Murphy, pp. 185-191.