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The disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire is a self-administered region-specific outcome instrument developed to measure upper extremity disability and symptoms. It is a widely used instrument that has been recently translated into Yoruba (a major indigenous language in Nigeria, DASH-Y). The aim of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the Yoruba version of DASH questionnaire in order to further enhance its use in Yoruba-speaking populations. Fifty-two patients with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, recruited purposively participated in this cross-sectional survey. They comprised of 28 (53.8%) males and 24 (46.2%) females who were able to read and write in both English and Yoruba Languages. Participants completed the Yoruba versions of DASH on two occasions. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha. Test-retest reliability was analyzed by intraclass coefficient (ICC). Alpha was set at 0.05. Participants’ were aged 43.33 years ±12.59 years. Test retest reliability of the DASH-Y was excellent (ICC= 0.959, p=0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha co-efficient was high (α ranged from 0.894-0.901) for the entire items on the scale. The Yoruba version of DASH questionnaire is a reliable outcome measure for individuals with upper extremity musculoskeletal disability. It can be used for assessing effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in the Yoruba speaking populations.

Introduction Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a reactive proliferative lesion of endothelial cells in blood vessels. It typically presents as a painless, reddish purple lesion in the sites affected. The orbit remains an uncommon site of affectation of this relatively common disease. It is noteworthy that this is the first reported case, to the best of our knowledge, of orbital intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in a Nigerian child. Case presentation The case reported here is an orbital intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia causing non-axial proptosis and loss of vision in a 14-year-old Nigerian boy. We describe the clinical and histological findings of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the orbit of this 14-year-old boy. The key distinguishing features are discussed and relevant literature is reviewed. Conclusion Although unusual in presentation, intravascular papillary endothelial proliferation should be considered in the list of differentials of proptosis due to mass lesion in young Nigerians and, possibly, Africans.

Participation in Nigerian elections is an interesting issue. This study is aimed at comparing the 1999 elections with 2003 elections. There is more participation in elections, organized by the Civilian government than that of the Military government. Nigerians feel freer and secure to participate in elections organized and conducted by the civilian government be-cause it is more democratic than the military government. The part identification model, and a sociological approach were tested in relation to Nige-rian elections. The Sociological approach influences voter’s decision during elections. Democratic government in Nigeria has much to do for it to be consolidated. The issues of Political Rights and Civil Liberty have to be properly addressed

Introduction Dextrocardia with situs inversus is a rare congenital disease. In patients with this condition, the heart is presented as a mirror image of itself with its apex pointing to the right. The pulmonary and abdominal anatomies are reversed. Dextrocardia with situs inversus occurs at birth but its diagnosis may be in adulthood. This case advances knowledge by graphically describing the unusual electrocardiographic features of dextrocardia in a young adult. Case presentation We report a case of a 22-year-old Nigerian man of Yoruba ethnicity who presented himself for preadmission medical test. He had a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram which revealed uncommon features: inversion of P waves in leads I, aVL and aVR; dominantly negative QRS waves in leads I, V1 to V6; reverse R wave progression in chest leads; low voltage in V4 to V6; extreme QRS axis; flattened T waves in V4 to V6 and aVR; and inverted T waves in lead I and aVL. An electrocardiogram diagnosis of dextrocardia was made. The differential diagnosis considered was right ventricular hypertrophy. A cardiovascular examination showed pulse rate of 70 beats per minute, blood pressure of 119/62mmHg, visible cardiac impulse at right precordium, apex beat was located at his fifth right intercostal space mid-clavicular line. A chest X-ray (posterior anterior view) including upper abdomen showed dextrocardia; his aortic arch was located on the right. His stomach bubble was located below his right hemidiaphragm. His trachea was slightly deviated to the left. The findings in his lung fields were not remarkable. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography showed that right-sided intra-abdominal organs (liver, gallbladder) were located on the left while left-sided organs (stomach, spleen) were located on the right. His abdominal aorta was on the right while his inferior vena cava was located on the left. A diagnosis of dextrocardia with situs inversus was made ultrasonographically. Conclusions A properly interpreted electrocardiogram was useful in suspecting the diagnosis of dextrocardia with situs inversus. So, an analysis of a relatively simple and non-invasive diagnostic tool such as an electrocardiogram allows for suspicion of a cardiovascular anomaly in a setting of scarce diagnostic resources.