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Huize lead-zinc mine is located in the northeast of Yunnan, the karst aquifers are exposed and dried duing the deep mining of the deposit. In this paper, the karst groundwater samples of the deep aquifers(1584m ∼ 1031m) were collected and analyzed, and the quality of the karst groundwater was evaluated by using the TOPSIS method. The evaluation results indicate that, the groundwater quality is from grade I to grade III and better quality. So the deep karst groundwater can be considered for mine filling water, acquisition factory water, municipal water and domestic water.

To develop deep mining and study the mechanic characteristics of double Layer shaft linings in deep alluvium, the simulation test system on the interface of double Layer shaft linings by the coupling shear effect is designed, and it is one test scheme of Large-Scale Shaft lining Mechanical simulation Test System. By this system, the shear simulation tests on the interface between double layer shaft linings and soils, different isolation material between double layer shaft linings can be realized. The paper introduced the design basis of geometric and mechanical parameters, components of the apparatus, simulation method of shaft linings boundary condition. Studying of the apparatus has extremely important theoretical and realistic significance for stress and deformation calculation, rupture forecasting, and structure design of shaft linings.

With the booming domestic economy and increasing demand for energy, shallow resources are declining and the domestic mining resources have entered a deep coal mining. During the coal mining, the common method of natural cross-fall method in the mining is adopted generally. The broken rock formed by the cross of immediate roof cross bears the load of the main roof and other various rock. In which the broken rock in deep high stress, high osmotic pressure, high moderate special environment, along with the mechanical properties of deep rock was different from the mechanical behavior of the shallow rock. This paper analyses the stress state, deformation and seepage-creep of deep broken rock, and prospect the research trend of deep broken rock.

As a kind of common and very serious natural disasters, rock burst was greatly caused by large mining depth and geological structures. Based on the experimental study of dynamic damage time, elastic energy index, rock burst energy index of complex structure coal in deep well, the burst tendency results were obtained. Comprehensive index method was applied in rock burst hazard evaluation on conditions of specific geological and mining technology as a foundation of monitoring and management in rock burst.

With the increase of mining depth, the mechanical feathers and mechanical behaviors could become more and more serious in the complex mechanical environment of “three-high and one-disturbance”. The solid rock in shallow mining shows nonlinear mechanical characteristics of soft rocks while entering deep mining, such as large deformation, high underground pressure, difficult to support, etc. The rheological behaviors of soft surrounding rocks are becoming increasingly conspicuous. Taken JiBei mining area for example, based on the basic geological features of deep high stress soft roadway and using the method combing theoretical viscoelastic analysis of soft surrounding rocks with the numerical analysis of FLAC3D, the deformation and failure characters of deep high stress soft roadway are thoroughly searched.

The mining face in the Twelve Mine belong to Pingdingshan Colliery Group Co. LTD is immerged in the depth of 1015m between 1130m. Extraction Scheme of Protective Seams was used as the key technology. So the law of mine pressure in the tunnel below should be further researched. To the actual actual conditions, the three-dimensional model was build using the FLAC3D. The mine pressure in the tunnel below was calculated. From the result of calculation it was showed that the mine pressure of the tunnel below decreased after mining. But before and while mining the mine pressure increased and the tunnel was difficult to support. The tunnel on the side of mining area was under the long term load of mining and the pressure in the surround rock was very large. To the different variation patterns, the pertinence solutions should be taken to maintain the stability of the tunnels.

Mining deeper is needed in order to sustain production in many established camps worldwide, but this comes with elevated risk due to, among other things, high stresses. In these conditions, the interactions between stress and structure become critical, as does the state of the rock mass itself and how it’s impacted by the process of mining. Research leading to optimised mine designs and an improved geomechanics outcome is needed. Specifically, rock mass system stiffness and its effect on the stability of structures, the performance of our ground support, and thereby the vulnerability of our excavations is critical to consider, but is not easily measured or understood. This is despite its fundamental importance. At a strategic level, work needs to focus on an integrated approach comprised of enhanced early site characterisation techniques/procedures coupled with rock mass behaviour monitoring in response to the mining process itself. Recognition of the inherently dynamic, rather than static, conditions which prevail in deep mines is essential to ensuring that strategic goals are met through employment of appropriate tactics. This paper will discuss the difficulties and hazards associated with unpredictable rock mass behaviour in deep mines and examine in some detail various tactical research and tool development approaches being undertaken to lower the risk associated with them.

In deep mining area, karst and fault developed, water inrush characteristic is the result of compound action between fault and karst collapse column, Discontinuous Deformation Analysis software (DDA) was used to simulate the compound action between fault and karst collapse column, The results showed that, on the one hand, the fault slip direction and scope was controlled by the column geometry form, on the other hand, the growth of fault will speed up the formation of collapse column.

Deep mining will definitely cause high temperature mining face. This paper induces the primary and secondary importance of different factors that affect the thermal environment of high temperature working face by field data analysis and heat transmission mechanism analysis. It also shows the technical economical comparison and the effect analysis of different regulation technology and cooling methods using on thermal environment of high temperature mine.

In this thesis, Shanxi Luan Environmental Energy AG Wang zhuang Coal as the basis, with theoretical analysis, numerical simulation of an integrated approach designed to stay on the optimal size of coal pillars, supporting a systematic program of optimal design, Reduce the loss of coal mine and to ensure safety efficient production, Used in the process of deep mining remain narrow pillar gob technology, Proposed the scientific and reasonable determination of pillar size, to ensure stability along the roadway. And put forward along the roadway of the high strength bolting technology, It is shown by a small pillar to protect road and high strength bolting method in theory can effectively guarantee the stability of deep along the roadway.

Alimak stoping is a modified version of the longhole mining method applied to steep and narrow deposits with competent hanging and footwalls. As it adopts an Alimak raise along the hangingwall for access to perform drilling and blasting, personnel are required to work inside the confined space and this poses unique geomechanical challenges. Barrick’s Bulyanhulu Mine (Bulyanhulu) located in northwestern Tanzania extracts selected areas using Alimak stoping. More than 12 Alimak stopes have been mined in four separate mining blocks down to 1000 m below surface. A large deep mining zone is currently planned for extraction using this method. A geomechanical assessment has been conducted to evaluate the proposed application. In this paper, practices of Alimak stoping at Bulyanhulu are presented. Based on the geomechanical assessment of a deep mining block, guidelines are developed for Alimak stoping in multiple lifts using a primary and secondary sequence. Learnings from Alimak stoping and findings from...

It is the hope of the authors that this paper would at least partially fulfil its purpose of making the reader aware of the conceptual planning behind the Konkola Deep Mining Project which has generated great interest in the mining and financial circles worldwide.

The International Mining Forum is a recurring event, hosted by the University of Science and Technology in Cracow, Poland, bringing together an international group of scientists, including those working in rock mechanics and computer engineering as well as mining engineers. The topics are wide-ranging, including papers on remote sensing to assess p

New materials engineering developments with potential application in deep mining are reviewed. Some examples highlight the potential which now exists to tailor materials and processes to suit the very arduous demands of deep mining plant and equipment.

Today, mine backfilling has become an integral part of mining operations, both from a local and overall ground control point of view, and as regards mining techniques and environmental considerations. During the past decade, substantial research has been carried out to contribute to the better understanding of the mechanisms involved in mine backfill behaviour. This work involved analytical, experimental and numerical studies at different scales. Accordingly, this work has been aimed at developing backfill design guidelines for actual working conditions. Backfill design for deep mining conditions is complex and requires understanding of various elements. The most important of these elements are: backfill inherent strength parameters, backfill placement method, stope geometry and interaction between backfill and host rock. The mobilization of backfill strength parameters controls the backfill behaviour and thus, its failure mode. It is believed that the governing boundary conditions and backfill-rock interaction influence the backfill strength mobilization significantly. Accordingly, the interaction between backfill and host rock is an influential factor in overall backfill behaviour under applied loads. The focus of this research is to investigate the backfill-rock interaction, considering a nonlinear behaviour for both backfill and rock mass. Assuming typical stope geometry, the FLAC code was used to model the complex boundary condition associated with narrow vein mining conditions and to simulate the backfill behaviour. A comprehensive numerical study was conducted and the results obtained were compared against field observations. The analysis of findings provides qualitative results, which can be used for backfill design.

This naturalistic, qualitative research investigated the extent and depth to which the perceived embedded educational skills and concepts associated with gears in a robotics environment were realized. The research literature revealed a paucity and confusion of description and definition of gears, and a lack of articulation of the embedded skills associated with gears. Based on some seminal research papers, a novel skills grid was developed as a measuring instrument, against which deep mining of the knowledge progress of the understanding of gears of four teachers was observed. The analysis of results pertaining to considered gear integration in the construction of a robot revealed that learning does not occur serendipitously and, unless taught overtly, the opportunities for the learning of gear concepts are often missed or deliberately bypassed. This lack of desire to learn about, and consider gear integration in constructions, could be attributed to confusion of interpretation of a non-contextualised ratio, or more deeply, the confusion of ratio representation in rational number and colon formats.

The need to develop innovative responses to the challenges posed by mining at depths below 600 m has been recognised. The large excavations associated with current underground bulk mining practices are unlikely to be geotechnically and economically sustainable in these conditions. The heat load and airborne exhaust contaminants emitted by large diesel engines working at these depths can create unacceptable demands on mine ventilation systems resulting in substandard working conditions. This paper proposes the adaptation of existing monorail technology using continuous conductor technology to provide competitive haulage rates in substantially smaller access excavations at steeper grade that is currently achievable. It is additionally proposed that a suite of equipment can readily be sourced to enable development of these excavations supported by the monorail system. As a capital cost optimising approach it is suggested that the electrical conductors associated with the monorail form the second level electrical reticulation for the mine workings.

Microseismic monitoring is an effective means of forecasting instabilities in ruptured rock masses during deep mining. Based on the complex geological conditions of a mine in Southwest China, a digital 24–channel microseismic monitoring system was established to monitor microseismic events during deep mining. In the monitoring period, the focal mechanism solutions of roof collapse accidents were analysed using a double couple model. The results show that the focal mechanism solutions of the double couple model can be used to explain roof ruptures and instabilities. Two seismic source events were located at the F4 active fault, and the other seismic source event was located at the rock stratums demarcation line between little eighth orebody and C1b stratum. It was concluded that the active microseismic events were caused by deep mining. The method can be used to forecast roof collapse.

O trabalho apresenta os resultados do monitoramento de qualidade da água durante o processo inicial de formação do Lago de Águas Claras, cuja gênese é decorrente do enchimento da cava exaurida de uma mineração de ferro. Em sua configuração final o lago possuirá uma área de 0,7 km² e uma profundidade máxima de 234 m, o que o posicionaria atualmente como o ambiente hídrico mais profundo do país. Constata-se o predomínio de uma boa qualidade de água, com baixo grau de mineralização, excelentes condições de oxigenação e ausência de contaminação orgânica e mineral. No aspecto hidrobiológico destaca-se a frequente alternância no predomínio de grupos algais, indicando a instabilidade de ecossistemas que se encontram em processo de formação. The paper presents the results of a broad monitoring program carried out during the beginning of the filling process of Lake Aguas Claras, Brazil. This lake was created after the exhaustion of an iron ore mining activity. In its final conformation the lake will have a surface area of 0,7 km² and the maximum depth of 234 m, which will make it the deepest lake in the country. The results of a two years monitoring program show the prevalence of good water quality (well oxygenated, low degree of mineralization, absence of organic and mineral contamination), but also a quite interesting shift in the dominance of phytoplanktonic groups, indicating the high instability of lakes that are undergoing a process of formation.

While Earth’s population keeps on growing, more and more resources are consumed. After the easily accessible ones at the surface had been depleted, more complex exploitation methods were applied to reach deeper into the ground. Exploitation work focussed on solid resources, such as building stones, coal, or ore liquid resources, first of all water, later oil gaseous resources, as being mainly natural gas

Although the UK has had an extremely rich history of deep mining, at the start of the 21st Century most mines are already abandoned and in various stages of flooding. Lessons of generic value have been obtained in the UK over the last decade, particularly in relation to the reactivation of mine subsidence processes during flooding of old workings, and the generation and release of polluted drainage. As researchers and practitioners have attempted to characterise and (in some cases) predictively model such processes, new analytical techniques have been developed. These range from simple ’rules of thumb’ for pollution intensity prediction to sophisticated 3-D models of flow through networks of mine roadways routed through variably-saturated porous media.

Comment on Pasini et al, page [791][1] The comprehensive analysis of the normal human red cell proteome reported by Pasini and colleagues provides an invaluable parts list that will contribute to diverse studies of normal red cell function and pathogenic disease mechanisms. It has been nearly 40

The present letter advances the concept of self-sustaining fracture--or, shorter,the self-destruction--the concept introduced in the author’s book, as the mechanism and cause of the large scale destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. When initiated, this type of fracture, specific for overstressed structures, propagates by fracture waves at the speed of sound and turns material into debries and dust. Note that it has been known for a long time in connection with applications to deep mining. This letter is a shortened version of the full text available at www.genadycherepanov.com

In the period of 1986 – 1990, dispersion experiments and extended meteorological measurements were carried out around the overburden tip ’Sophienhohe’. Close to the Research Centre Julien (KFA), the Sophienhohe arose in the last 10 years in a former flat countryside and reached the height of 200 m and an area of 12 km2 . The 200 m deep mining area extends 5 km in a southeast direction.* In the seventies, before the hill existed, dispersion parameters for the Gaussian plume model were determined in the same at that time flat area.

Vertical Crater Retreat is compared to other open stoping methods. Various geotechnical factors have been considered including the effects of stress concentration, jointing, dynamic stresses superimposed by blasting vibrations, amount of development required and shrinkage draw. All these factors favour a VCR method in a deep mining environment. The joint orientations, however, need to be studied prior to accepting suitability of the method. Mindola Mine of Nkana Division of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited, Zambia is the deepest mine on the Zambian Copperbelt. The method has been tried against the background of the currently used variations of open stoping. The VCR method has significantly improved upon various problems experienced with other open stoping methods.

Opencast mining can now be conducted with little or no long-term detriment to the environment and often to its benefit. Deep mining poses greater problems to which different solutions have been found in Great Britain and in Germany, the former by using earthmoving equipment to re-grade spoil tips prior to reclamation for agriculture, forestry, public amenity and other uses, the latter by immediate tree-planting on tips shaped to minimize the amount of visible spoil.

Geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists are often involved with siting facilities where the potential for ground subsidence exists. The potential for subsidence could be a result of ground-water withdrawal, deep mining, hydrocarbon extraction, or salt solution mining. In order to monitor for detection of subsidence in these environments, bench marks are often installed. The bench mark design, location, and depth are governed by the purpose of the subsidence monitoring program. The geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist generally requires a high order of accuracy of vertical control, which includes repetitive optical leveling over an established network of bench marks to obtain accurate and precise data. However, the standards and widely used specifications for precise leveling recognized throughout the geodetic community consist of many more requirements than generally understood by the geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist.

In-situ rock stresses of up to 9,000 psi have been recorded in the mines of the Coeur d'Alene Mining District. Associated with these large stresses are rock fractures and deformation. In order to maintain openings required for mining, large wood preparation structures are constructed to provide access to the work areas for men and materials. These wood raise preparation structures are costly to construct and maintain. Therefore, a steel-cellular concrete structure was designed and tested, providing a structure which is less costly to construct and requires no maintenance, while maintaining its structural integrity in areas experiencing up to 53 inches of wall rock deformation.

Working Level of Horonai Coal Mine which is the most deepest mine in Japan has reached up to the depth of S.L (Sea Level)-1, 210 m, i.e. to the 10th Level.The distance between the Levels isvertically 70 m and our present rate of deepening in a year is 20m. As a coal mining method, we have been adopting mechanized mining since 1969 using Self Advancing Powered Roof Support with Double Ranging Drum Shearer.Horonai Coal Mine has been tormented with two large problems.1. One of the high temperature environment in underground.2. Other is the inclination increase of mechanized working face.According to the deepening ofmining area, the working environment is getting worse year by year owing to the high temperature and inclination increase.Since 1983 we have been studying positively to solve these problems and have tried various countermeasures.1. Central Cooling System which is the first installation of its kind in Japan, adding to the operation of former type partical cooling system. We could have succeeded to obtain almost sufficient environmental condition.2. We have been adopting mechanaized mining techniques for the coal seams inclination, which was limited to about 25 degrees. As a result of reinforcement and improvement, it hasbecome possible to mine under the steep seams inclination of 43 degrees inclination. It was solved by the mechanized mining techniques for the steep coal seams of about 40 degrees inclination.

In the 260 square kilometres between York and Selby, under the rich agricultural land of the Plain of York, the British National Coal Board is creating one of tbe world's greatest single deep mining undertakings. Designed to produce 10 million tonnes of coal a year at very high efficiency, the scheme is well advanced to reach full production in 1987. In addition to utilizing all the latest mining technology, the design, which handles all the output at one disposal point, has involved the development of much greater capacity coal-handling techniques and equipment than that previously used in the deep coal mining industry.

Although deep-mined coal is a long-established energy source, recent technical advances mean that land-use planners in areas where mining already occurs or is possibly to be developed are confronted with the need for considerable technical competence in identifying the impacts of mining activities on the physical environment and economic and social circumstances of the areas affected.

It is sometimes both interesting and profitable to refresh the mind, by taking a retrospective view of what has been achieved up to the present time, in any of the staple branches of industry, especially those branches which constitute the foundation, to a great extent, of our country’s prosperity It is scarcely necessary for me to state that I refer to the Coal and Iron trades. The writer will endeavour (1) first, to refer to the Early Records and Growth of Mining; (2) secondly, to mention the Deepest Mines in Europe; (3) thirdly, the Deepest Boreholes; (4) fourthly, Boring, Sinking, and Winding Machinery; (5) fifthly, Haulage, Lighting, and Signalling; (6) sixthly, Coal-getting and Drilling Machinery; (7) seventhly, Miscellaneous Improvements; and lastly, the Probable Future of Deep Mining. (1) EARLY RECORDS AND GROWTH OF DEEP MINING. It will give an idea of the rapid growth of coal mining, if attention is called to the earliest records of coal-getting in this country. Among the first are the “Bassett Workings” in Durham and Northumberland, described by Horsley as a Coaling (colliery), and stated to have been worked by the Romans. In the “Bolden Book,” published in the reign of Henry II., there are two references to coal at Wearmouth, then called Vernouth; and at Counden, as stated by Bishop fudsey, a grant of land was made in 1180 to a collier, for providing coals for a smith’s workshop. Another record of the early knowledge of coal, dated 1395, was inspected by the writer ...

SOME of the general principles of the mechanics of fluids—such for example as the laws of liquid equilibrium—have been known since very early times. Because of this the ancient Egyptians were able to produce advanced systems of irrigation and the Romans, much later, their urban water supplies. The crude water wheel, its motive power a bullock or a donkey, replaced man‐power and supplied water to the irrigation ditch while the bucket‐type pump, arranged in stages for short lifts, made deep mining possible. It is somewhat surprising to find that, as early as the seventeenth century, working hydraulic systems were in existence where, cither by a system of balanced buckets or other devices, the prototype of the modern selector valve enabled a continuous supply of water to be maintained.

The early history of the safety lamp is, that in the year 1815, Sir Humphrey Davy and George Stephenson, the celebrated railway engineer, unknown to each other, invented the lamps known by their respective names. It is generally admitted that Dr. Reid Clanny, of Sunderland, first conceived the idea in 1813, but as his lamp was dependent upon a supplementary appliance, and not on the surrounding atmosphere, the credit is given to Davy and Stephenson, both of whom received public recognition for the invention. The safety of the Davy lamp is based on the principle that a flame in passing through a metal gauze of a certain mesh (the standard at present is about 784 apertures to the square inch), loses so much of its heat as to be incapable of igniting the explosive atmosphere surrounding it. Safety lamps when first introduced were received with some distrust, but after a time the Davy, with apertures of 1/40 to 1/60 of an inch in diameter, became to be implicitly relied upon, especially in a current moving at a slow velocity. The Davy lamp now exhibited, is supposed to be a fac-simile of Sir Humphrey Davy’s original lamp, the first ever used in a coal mine, and was sent by him, in the early part of 1816, to the Rev. John Hodgson, Vicar of Heworth, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards presented by his relatives to the School of Mines, in London. This lamp is almost identical with the Davy of to-day, the slight difference ...

In our increasingly globalised world, the study of impediments to international trade is of interest to the field of international economics. This paper focuses on the particular problem of speedy and accurate processing of customs declarations. We present a novel use of graph based spreading activation algorithm for the automated processing of customer declarations for commercial goods, based on supervised learning. This method allows us to build recommender systems for use by customs officers, traders, carriers and insurers. We examine the particular use case of the recommendation to assign or not assign an armed escort to a shipping vehicle in cases of elevated risk of theft. In contrast to the usual risk based approach, this algorithm is trained solely on shipment data rather than on traditional risk indicators. This is useful as the recommendation to customs officials can be explained in terms of the make-up of a shipment and can be verified in real-time. The feasibility of the approach was tested by application to 2500 custom records collected during a continuous period of one month at eight border checkpoints between Russian Federation and two EU countries. The algorithm achieved 100 % accuracy under experimental conditions.