Search

The design, construction, and operation of an instrument for point sampling of vegetation is described. Its use makes possible vertical or inclined sampling of the vegetation from the ground to the canopy; a crosswire is used to indicate the sample point.

The work of II previous paper, utilizing the gradient in sampling theory, is generalized further to include the sampling of a function and its partial derivatives up to order K ≥ 1. The reconstruction of the sampled function f(t) has the form of a. sum of truncated Taylor series expansions about each of the sample points which lie on a periodic lattice. The single function g(t), of the vector from the sample point to a generic one, which multiplies each series, hag a J+1ourier transform G(r) which must satisfy sets of partial differential equations on the ’ lattice sets ’ of the support of F(r). The necessary and sufficient conditions which insure the validity of the reconstruction demand that the ‘ associated set ’ of each lattice set be among the zeros of n certain kind of polynomial function which in turn can act as u solution for G(r) on the lattice set.

Seasonal and geographic variation of nickel concentrations in airborne particulates and deposits were surveyed in Kei-yo industrial zone (Chiba prefecture). The deposits were collected by using deposit gauges at eight sampling points located in the zone from february, 1967 to october, 1968, and airborne particulates were collected by low-volume air samplers at two points from october, 1971 to january, 1973. Samples were ashed in an electric furnace at 500° for 1 hr, and nickel was determined by colorimetry with dimethylglyoxime after two extractions with 20 ml of (1+1) HCl and 1-2 ml of 30% H2O2. Maximum amount of nickel (2.81×10-3 ton/km2/month) was found in the deposit obtained at sampling point III in Chiba City and among the airborne particulates, maximum of nickel (0.059μg/m3) was observed at sampling point V in Ichihara City. The results of seasonal and geographic variation of the concentrations of nickel and the relationship between nickel and other metals in deposits and airborne particulates suggested that main emission source of the air-polluting nickel in Chiba City was an iron work, and in Ichihara City, industries using crude oil.

On each trial a sample point randomly drawn from one of two normal probability distributions was exhibited to S, who had to guess whether the sample was a “1” or a “2.” He was then given feedback, which was determined by which of the two distributions the sample point derived from. Two continua were employed: dot position on a file card, and groyness of square in. patches. Three levels of d’ were employed. The function giving the probability of a response “1” for different sample values was sharper for the higher d’ conditions, and for the dot position continuum. Cessation of feedback resulted in improved performance for the low d’ condition. Incentive payoff, confidence ratings, and experimenter had virtually no effects on task performance.

THE use of ointment tins in place of small pyrex petri dishes has been proposed for incubating membrane filters inoculated with a water sample. The tins have mechanical advantages in handling and in shipment of the inoculated filters to the laboratory from the sampling point. An objective method based on bacteriological data, rather than on personal opinion, was required for selecting ointment tins or glass petri dishes for incubating inoculated membrane filters. Such a deci

Monroe's water supply is taken from a 500,000,000 gallon impounding reservoir fed by two small streams. This reservoir was built in 1926, and was put into service in April, 1927. The water from the dam was pumped to the plant 2 miles away by electrically driven, centrifugal pumps, and entered the mixing chamber through a hydraulically operated float controlled valve. At this point there was a wall type Wallace & Tiernan, M.S.A.M. chlorinator, with a maximum capacity of 12 pounds per twentyfour hours. The chlorine was added at this point and samples taken in mixing chamber after the water had traveled approximately 200 feet. Other samples were taken in the settling basin approximately 250 feet from the mixing chamber point of sampling. The third sampling point was from the filters. The plant has four 0.5 million gallon, mechanical filter units, with hydraulically operated valves. The first signs of filter-runs dropping off were observed on April 10, 1930 and on April 25 it was discovered that the filters were full of cyclops. The average monthly filter-runs dropped for three successive months; in March, 26.2 hours; April, 19.6 hours and May 13.4 hours, with turbidity, of 50 or below for each month of this period. On April 29 the filters were partially drained and the walls and filters thoroughly treated with a concentrated solution of copper sulphate. The filters were then left over night, washed and put into service. However, this failed to kill the cyclops. On May 1, 2 and 3 prechlorination, therefore, was tried, adding the chlorine dosage of approximately 0.3 p.p.m. to the influent of the filters. This gave a residual on the filters of 0.1 p.p.m., but did not dispose of the cyclops. The extra chlorine caused a telephone call from the Coca-Cola Bot

The sampling theorem for bandlimited functions allows one to reconstruct exactly a function containing no frequencies higher than W cps, given the values of the function at equispaced sampling points ( R + 1)/ W sec apart. This theorem is generalized to allow reconstruction, given the values of the function and its first R derivatives at equispaced sampling points, ( R + 1)/2 W sec apart. For large R , the R -derivative expansion approaches a Taylor's series weighted by a Gaussian density about each sample point.

Let μ be a tight Borel measure on a metric space Ω, let X be a Banach space, and let f : (Ω,μ) → X be Bochner integrable. We show that for every sequence of partitions P (n) = {Ω (n) 1 ,…,Ω (n) N (n) } of Ω satisfying limn→∞ mesh (P(n)) = 0 there exists a sequence of sample point sets S(n) = {s(n)1,…,s(n)N(n)} such that

The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial-temporal variability of leaf chlorophyll index and its relationship with cocoa yield. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area of cocoa production located in Ilhéus, Bahia State, Brazil. Leaf chlorophyll content was measured in September, October, January, February, March and April in the 2014/2015 season, at each sampling point of a regular grid by using a portable chlorophyll meter. Under the same conditions, yield was evaluated and the data were submitted to descriptive statistics and a linear correlation study. Geostatistical analysis was used to determine and quantify the spatial and temporal variability of leaf chlorophyll index and yield. Leaf chlorophyll index varied over the period evaluated, but the months of February, March and April showed no spatial dependence in the study area, indicating absence of temporal stability. Cocoa monthly yield, except in January, presented high spatial variability. Under the conditions of this study, it was not possible to establish a relationship between leaf chlorophyll index and cocoa yield.

In this paper, we investigate the non-uniform weighted average sampling for the weighted multiply generated shift-invariant space. The conditions for sampling point set to be a set of sampling for the weighted multiply generated shift-invariant space are obtained. Furthermore, the explicit bound expressions of a set of sampling inequalities for this shift-invariant spaces also are obtained.

Compressed EEG spectra and compressed brain stem auditory potentials (BAEP) can be measured at the same time, from the same derivation, if a wide band amplifier (1 Hz-2 kHz) is used and the complete brain stem signal is sampled between two EEG sampling points. For this approach sample rates of 64 Hz for the EEG and 12,800 Hz for the BAEP were used. The auditory stimulation was repeated every 6th EEG sampling point, corresponding to a repetition rate of 10.6 Hz. Processing and presentation of the results were performed on-line, permitting continuous monitoring of the patient.

Repeated measurements of specimens of surface sea water taken at a single nearshore, coastal, sampling point fluctuated widely, from 0.046 to 0.23 mu mu C/l. The results were consistent with other measurements made off California, but much lower than those reported for the Western Pacific. (auth)

A method for determining the mutual nearest neighbours (MNN) and mutual neighbourhood value (mnv) of a sample point, using the conventional nearest neighbours, is suggested. A nonparametric, hierarchical, agglomerative clustering algorithm is developed using the above concepts. The algorithm is simple, deterministic, noniterative, requires low storage and is able to discern spherical and nonspherical clusters. The method is applicable to a wide class of data of arbitrary shape, large size and high dimensionality. The algorithm can discern mutually homogenous clusters. Strong or weak patterns can be discerned by properly choosing the neighbourhood width.

Two methods widely applied for isolating PAH from surface water have been compared: solvent extraction using cyclohexane and solid surface extraction. Higher recoveires were obtained through solvent extraction, while the reproducibility for both methods was similar. In spite of the higher costs solvent extraction was selected for further use. Results obtained on surface water samples were strongly influenced by the presence of suspended material. PAH were shown to be mainly associated with the larger suspended particles which are removed easily through sedimentation in impoudment reservoirs. The results obtained stress the need for clearly identifying the sample type (filtered or not) and the sampling point (before or after impoundment) when performing this analysis for evaluating water quality in relation to legal requirements.

Occupational exposure to phenoxy acids (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) has been studied in four men spraying 2% emulsion in kerosene from a tractor driven equipment. Air borne concentrations with stationary sampling point and from the individual breathing zone showed a mean 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T concentration of 0.1–0.2 mg/m3.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the randomization procedures. Randomization procedures are the precursors of the nonparametric ones, and, during the past fifty years, they have played a fundamental role in the evolution of distribution-free methods. Traditional developments on randomization procedures (mostly, in the thirties) were spotty and piecemeal. Randomization procedures are also developed for drawing statistical inference from some stochastic processes and some non-standard problems too. Characterization of various nonparametric hypotheses in terms of invariance (of the (joint) distribution of the sample point) under certain (finite) groups of transformations (which map the sample space onto itself) led to the constitution of maximal invariants that play the key role in the construction of randomization tests. Randomization procedures allow easy adjustments for ties or some other irregularities which may be encountered in practical applications. The chapter also provides a basic survey of the randomization procedures in the wide spectrum of applications.

A GLC method was developed to determine quantitatively paramethadione and its major metabolite, 5-ethyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, in serum. The method was reproducible and sensitive to 0.2 mug/ml. After administering a single 300-mg oral dose to human subjects, the average paramethadione serum levels of 6.0 mug/ml occurred at 1 hr and decreased to 0.3 mug/ml after 48 hr. Metabolite serum levels gradually increased to 8.4 mug/ml at 32 hr and were still at this level at 48 hr, which was the last sampling point.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses basic concepts related to probability. A fundamental property of probability is that each probability must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusive. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space for the experiment. The outcomes in the sample space are called the sample points. An event is a subset of the sample space of an experiment. An event E is said to occur if the outcome of the experiment is a sample point in E. If S is the sample space of an experiment, then an event E is called a certain event if E = S and an impossible event if E is a null set.

High resolution electron microscopy lattice images were calculated for six atomic arrangements at the CoSi 2 – (111)Si interface i.e. type A and type B, each type with Co atoms at the interface 8-, 7- and 5- fold coordinated. The results suggest that the new 8-fold coordinated variant should be easily distinguishable from the 5-fold coordinated variant, while 8- and 5-fold coordinated variants should be discernable from the 7-fold coordinated variant by the observation of a relative rigid body translation of Si and CoSi 2 lattices. Unit cell size variation was found not to affect the contrast in the computed images of the interface provided that (i) the unit cells were chosen correctly i.e. to assure continuity of the periodic extension and (ii) the sampling point density was sufficient to prevent aliasing.

The plankton rotifers Keratella cochlearis and Polyarthra vulgaris were sampled at 10 cm below the surface at different distances from two dissimilar shores and in the centre of a small eutrophic lake. Light and depth were measured at each sampling point. In each case the numbers of rotifers per liter increased with distance from the shore. There was a significant correlation between the numbers for the two species for the two shores, but none in the centre. In the case of one shore there was a strong correlation between rotifer numbers and supra-surface ambient light.

A survey has been done in the Paris Area rivers concerning anionic, cationic and in some cases non ionic surfactants. The sampling points are those of the National Surface Waters Survey (Map I).

This chapter describes the influence of the aircraft wake on the downwind dispersal of ULV sprays. The behavior of spray droplets released into an aircraft wake will depend principally on the drop size and release position relative to the vortex flow field. As most agricultural aircraft have typical vortex flow velocities of up to 1–2 m s −1 , the motion of all drops smaller than 500 μm will be dominated by vortex flow. Estimates indicate that drops released from all positions along the wing will be accelerated toward the vortex core. As a result of the higher velocities near the wing tips, only those drops released close to the wing tip will actually get near to the vortex core. Actual drop penetration of the core does not occur for drops greater than a few microns, because of the centrifugal forces involved. Thus, drops tend to remain in an equilibrium position on the periphery of the core. The upper boundary of the spray cloud increased as it drifted until at 120 m it was just grazing the topmost sampling point.

Metabolism and uptake of L -[1- 14 C]pipecolate was studied in the rat through tail vein injection at low (30 μg/kg) and high (30 mg/kg) doses. No radioactive compound other than L -pipecolate was detected in the brain or heart samples 0.5 to 60 min after injection. The contents of L -pipecolate in the brain dropped rapidly to reach a plateau value 2 min after injection both in the low and high dose experiments (from 0.06 to 0.05 and from 86 to 55 nmole/g brain, respectively). Similar results were observed for the heart except that the heart had L -pipecolate contents 2–3 fold higher than the brain at every time interval. The influx of L -pipecolate to the brain, as measured by the plasma/brain ratio of its contents, was 3 fold lower than the heart at each sampling point throughout the course of measurement for both dosages. The influx of L -pipecolate from the plasma to the heart reached an equilibrium, i.e., plasma/heart = 1, 60 min after injection for both dosages; the plasma to brain ratio was 3 at 60 min. These results indicate that there is a blood-brain transport barrier for L -pipecolate in the rat, which may account for the differences in neuronal effects of L -pipecolate when administered intracerebrally or intraperitoneally.

A new coding method for a CGH with pure phase based on the decomposition of any complex vector into two symmetrically situated conponent vectors with equal amplitude is proposed. In this method only two cells are needed for each sampling point as compared with the conventional types with three or four cells of Burckhardt's and Lee's configurations. Theoretical analysis of this proposal is given and some preliminary experimental results are presented.

For centuries, the amount of moisture in the soil has been of interest in agriculture. The subject of soil moisture is also of great importance to the hydrologist, forester, and soils engineer. Much equipment and many methods have been developed to measure soil moisture under field conditions. This report discusses and evaluates the various methods for measurement of soil moisture and describes the equipment needed for each method. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed and an extensive list of references is provided for those desiring to study the subject in more detail. The gravimetric method is concluded to be the most satisfactory method for most problems requiring onetime moisture-content data. The radioactive method is normally best for obtaining repeated measurements of soil moisture in place. It is concluded that all methods have some limitations and t^at the ideal method for measurement of soil moisture under field conditions has yet to be perfected. INTRODUCTION The subject of soil moisture has long; been of interest in agriculture. For centuries the farmer has picked up and felt a handful of soil to determine the best time to plow his fields. The amount of moisture in the soil is also of great importance in hydrology, forestry, and soilmechanics engineering. Consequently, much effort has been expended in the last 50 years in developing methods and equipment for measuring soil moisture under field conditions. Determination of soil moisture is one of the most difficult measurements required in the field of hydrology. Measurement of soil moisture ranges from the method of feeling the soil to the use of complicated electronic equipment using radioactive substances. The development of equipment has been directed primarily toward instruments that continuously measure changes in moisture content at a single sampling point.

As the result of special traffic conditions at a point in Sydney, diesel-powered vehicles are partially segregated in one of 10 road lanes during the peak evening period. Because of this, it was found possible to sample simultaneously in two of the road lanes, about 40 feet apart, only one of which was carrying diesel vehicles. For approximately one month samples were collected for part of the evening traffic peak period and were then pooled and analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because it was also necessary for vehicles to stop briefly, all were accelerating past the sampling point. An association was established between traffic containing diesel vehicles and the concentrations of smoke, 1,2-benzpyrene, 3,4-benzpyrene, 1,12-benzperylene, and coronene.

The texture of clastic sediments reflects the process of deposition of these sediments. Sample point patterns representing the variations in a deposit of two parameters (C, an approximation of the maximum grain size, and M, the median) are characteristic of the depositional agent. The lutite content of the samples is shown on the patterns by percentage lines. These CM patterns are generally sharply defined and vary considerably with the type of depositional agent. The CM patterns are a geologic tool which can be used to analyze the deposition of recent sediments and to reconstruct the conditions of deposition of ancient sediments. They can particularly help sedimentation studies aiming at finding stratigraphic traps by definition of permeability trends.

One of the first tasks in modelling a process is to define the set of controllable variables xj(t) that conceivably do have an effect on the performance variable y that we want to model.

The main conclusion of this paper can be described as follows. Consider a statistical decision problem in which certain structural conditions are satisfied, and let $T$ be a statistic on the sample space. Then the class of decision functions which depend on the sample point only through $T$ is essentially complete if and only if $T$ is a sufficient statistic. The structural conditions in question are satisfied in many estimation problems.

Summary The potential corrosiveness of four soil series was studied in south Oxfordshire by measuring soil properties (resistivity, pH, sulphate content, moisture content and redox potential) thought to be closely connected with ferrous metal corrosion. Fifty random points were located in areas of the soil series map units. Paired measurements of resistivity were made at each sampling point. Analysis of variance over all groups (soil map units) showed that, for all properties except redox potential, between group variance exceeded within group variance. The amount of variance contributed from within the pairs of resistivity measurements was small suggesting little short range variation in this property. There was good association between the properties measured and the soil map units. The kinds of soil identified and the delineations on the soil map therefore represents a useful partitioning of the areas studied in terms of corrosion risk.

An adaptive on-line planning algorithm for multiple underwater vehicles in coastal oceanographic missions is introduced. The algorithm is tested for a team of autonomous underwater vehicles exploring an unknown oceanic environment in which they can execute point-wise environmental measurements. The team final objective is the construction of a three-dimensional estimated map of the measured environmental characteristics of the whole marine region. Each vehicle chooses its next sampling point in order to maximally increase the confidence level of the overall estimate of the measured quantity and in an asynchronous way with respect to the other vehicles. It is assumed that all vehicles have availability of the positions and values of the all past measurements executed by the members of the team. Simulative test cases in which the objective is the estimation of the ocean temperature over a region are presented. The algorithm performance is compared with that theoretically achievable by Rapidly-exploring Random Trees search.

Campylobacter spp. play an increasing role as foodborne pathogens, with poultry representing the main vehicle of infection, and control measures at the slaughterhouse have been implemented in the last years. In this study, 2 trials were performed, evaluating the effect of the chilling phases currently applied in an industrial slaughterhouse on the Campylobacter sp. contamination of broiler carcasses. In the first trial, neck skin samples were taken from 13 flocks before and after the on-chain air chilling and submitted to analysis of Campylobacter sp. count; in the second trial, 63 carcasses or cuts stored in the chilling room for variable times, with or without skin, were submitted to analysis of Campylobacter sp. count. A selection of 75 isolates was identified by PCR. All carcass skin samples taken from the first trial showed Campylobacter sp. counts higher than 0.7 log cfu/g. A wide variability in the counts (about 3 logs) was detected, showing a high correlation between the counts obtained before and after chilling. A slight decrease (P = 0.011) was observed after chilling (mean difference of about 0.3 log cfu/g), also if variability was observed among the flocks; the number of samples with high Campylobacter sp. counts (≥3 log cfu/g) was reduced (P = 0.010). In the second trial, low counts were generally detected (almost all lower than 3 log cfu/g). An evident decreasing trend was observed during storage, but the survival rate of Campylobacter on the cuts with skin was higher. All the isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni (72%) or Campylobacter coli. The data obtained were compared with the threshold limit set by EC Regulation 2073/2005, evidencing the impact of the sampling point on the counts. Our results highlighted the importance of applying a hurdle strategy including on-chain chilling and strict respect of the cold chain, allowing the food business operator to fulfill the process hygiene criteria and avoiding the delivery of highly contaminated meats.

The crystal structures of two propeller crown ethers are presented. The properties of the seven propeller crown structures examined to date are compared critically with geometric information retrieved from the Cambridge Crystallographic Database for other Ar3CX systems. Following the method of Bye, Schweizer, and Dunitz (BSD) each conformation was regarded as a sample point defined by the torsion angles of its three aryl groups, and possible features of the potential energy surface for the interconversion of the propeller isomers were considered graphically. Low-energy stereoisomerisation paths were apparent; the two-ring and one-ring flip transition states of earlier hypotheses did not lie on these paths.

In the letter new closed-form formulas (in terms of the poles) for a class of optimal data transmission filters are derived. These formulas always put the main sample point at the peak value of the impulse response.

Data for each sample point amplitude values of a desired waveshape is expressed in mantissa and exponent in accordance with a floating-point representation. The desired waveshape is divided into a plurality of frames along a time axis and the exponent data is common in each individual one of said frames which includes a plurality of sample points. The number of the frames is much smaller than the number of all sample points. In this waveshape memory, the mantissa data corresponding to the respective sample points are stored in a first memory, and exponent data corresponding to the respective frames are stored in a second memory.

Short-term variations in fluorescence and dissolved oxygen were recorded from a fixed station between 6 and 7 m over 12 m of water in upper Chesapeake Bay. The late afternoon curves showed a positive relationship and the early evening curves exhibited an inverse correspondence. The observed oscillations could result from internal waves but the variations in space and time may represent discrete patches of phytoplankton that move past the fixed sampling point.

Highlight: Instructions for use and assembly are presented for a modified step-point sampler. Modifications were made to eliminate bias and to increase ease of use. The basic design of the point frame is shown in Figure 1. The sampling point (a) is offset from the initial ground contact (b) to alleviate subconscious placement by the sampler. The distance it is offset varies with the angle the point rod makes with the horizontal. The inset shows the