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Migration between Mexico and the United States is a complex phenomenon, with a prolonged historical tradition since the end of the 19th century, and with structural roots on both sides of the frontier. According to Rodolfo Tuiran (2000), among the forces that have contributed to the structuring of this complex migration system, the most prominent are: the persistent demand for Mexican labour in the agricultural, industrial and service sectors of the United States

Les mouvements migratoires du Mexique vers les Etats-Unis sont un phenomene structurel complexe qui remonte a la fin du XIXe siecle et qui est profondement enracine de part et d’autre de la frontiere commune. D’apres Rodolfo Tuiran (2000), les principaux facteurs qui ont contribue a structurer ce systeme migratoire complexe sont les suivants : la demande persistante de main-d’oeuvre mexicaine dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’industrie et des services des Etats-Unis

The physiological role of the membrane-bound pyrophosphatase of Rhodospirillum rubrum was investigated by the characterization of a mutant strain. Comparisons of growth levels between the wild type and the mutant under different low-potential conditions and during transitions between different metabolisms indicate that this enzyme provides R. rubrum with an alternative energy source that is important for growth in low-energy states.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 100 profesores de grupos básicos de trabajo de la Atención Primaria de toda Cuba, incorporados al primer Diplomado Nacional de Salud Familiar y Comunitaria. Se utilizó un instrumento elaborado por un grupo de expertos que conforman el Grupo Nacional ad hoc, con el objetivo de identificar algunas necesidades de aprendizaje en el área de Promoción de Salud en los profesores de la Atención Primaria, y de comparar los resultados según territorios de procedencia, al tener en cuenta elementos básicos como antecedentes de la Promoción de Salud; intersectorialidad, participación comunitaria, comunicación, técnicas educativas y de trabajo en grupos, entre otros. Se obtuvo como resultado un gran desconocimiento de los aspectos relativos al tema y la identificación por los propios docentes de que su carga básica de trabajo ha estado encaminada a la asistencia y la curación; desconocen que la salud no es solo responsabilidad del sector y reconocen no sentirse preparados para abordar las acciones de promoción. En todos los territorios la situación identificada tiene un comportamiento similar.A descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted in 100 professors from basic working groups at the primary health care level all over the country that were taking part in the first Diploma Project on Family Health and Community. A tool designed by a group of experts from the ad hoc National Group is used in order to identify some learning needs in the Health Promotion area among the Primary Health Care professors, and to compare the results according to the territory of origin, taking into account basic elements, such as: health promotion antecedents, intersectoriality, community participation, communication, educative and group working techniques, among others. As a result, it was observed a great lack of knowledge of the aspects related to this topic and the fact that the professors themselves realized that their basic working burden has been directed to assistance and cure. They do not recognize that health is not only a responsiblity of the sector and they feel that they are not ready to take promotion actions. This situation is similar in all the territories.

The cytoplasmic pyrophosphatase of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme is a homohexamer of 20-kDa monomers. The gene was cloned and sequenced. Alignment of the deduced 179-amino-acid protein with known bacterial pyrophosphatases revealed conservation of all residues in the active site. Attempts to obtain an insertion mutant of the cytoplasmic pyrophosphatase gene did not yield any cell completely devoid of cytoplasmic pyrophosphatase activity. The mutants obtained showed 50% of the enzymatic activity and grew in twice the generation time of wild-type cells. This suggests that the membrane-bound pyrophosphatase of Rsp. rubrum is not sufficient for a normal growth rate, whereas the cytoplasmic enzyme is essential for growth. The characteristics of the gene and the encoded protein fit those of prokaryotic family I pyrophosphatases.

O diretor teatral Rodolfo Garcia Vazquez se formou em Administracao de Empresas na FGV-EAESP no inicio da decada de 1980. Em 1989, foi um dos fundadores de Os Satyros, um dos principais grupos brasileiros de teatro experimental, e hoje e um dos artistas mais atuantes no cenario cultural do pais. Em entrevista a GV-executivo, ele contou detalhes da sua trajetoria profissional, revelando os caminhos que o levaram das carteiras da EAESP a vida teatral. Tambem falou sobre o crescimento do mercado cultural no Brasil e o papel da arte na requalificacao de areas urbanas.

Despite the longevity, scale and importance of northern Australia’s beef industry, recent disruptions to external markets have demonstrated a degree of vulnerability to shocks in the supply chain. Matching the industry’s long-evident resilience to climatic variability with resilience to changes in markets and supply chains requires careful planning. One component of this is how investments in infrastructure will need to be planned to facilitate adaptive responses to market changes. This paper provides an outline of a modelling framework that links strategic and operational dynamic models of logistics along the supply chain from the property to the abattoir or port. A novelty of the methodology is that it takes into account the high granularity of individual livestock transport vehicle movements and the ability to scale up to an almost complete view of logistics costs across the entire beef industry of northern Australia. The paper illustrates how the methodology could be used to examine the effects of changes in logistics infrastructure on efficiency and costs using examples from the states of Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland.

Methanosarcina acetivorans was cultured in the presence of CdCl(2) to determine the metal effect on cell growth and biogas production. With methanol as substrate, cell growth and methane synthesis were not altered by cadmium, whereas with acetate, cadmium slightly increased both, growth and methane rate synthesis. In cultures metabolically active, incubations for short-term (minutes) with 10 µM total cadmium increased the methanogenesis rate by 6 and 9 folds in methanol- and acetate-grown cells, respectively. Cobalt and zinc but not copper or iron also activated the methane production rate. Methanogenic carbonic anhydrase and acetate kinase were directly activated by cadmium. Indeed, cells cultured in 100 µM total cadmium removed 41-69% of the heavy metal from the culture and accumulated 231-539 nmol Cd/mg cell protein. This is the first report showing that (i) Cd(2+) has an activating effect on methanogenesis, a biotechnological relevant process in the bio-fuels field; and (ii) a methanogenic archaea is able to remove a heavy metal from aquatic environments.

El 18 de mayo de 2011 se realizo el Primer Foro de Debate sobre la Reforma Politica Municipal organizado por IGLOM en el Colegio de la Frontera Norte Sede Ciudad de Mexico. Se conto con la presencia de destacados investigadores y miembros del Senado de la Republica.

La propagación asexual por hijuelos jóvenes de rizoma parece ser la forma natural más común y exitosa de propagación de plantas de Agave spp. silvestres y en plantaciones comerciales. Sin embargo, la reproducción sexual es importante porque incrementa la variabilidad genética. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar las semillas de las variantes ‘Blanco’, ‘Chino’ y ‘Liso’ del maguey A. salmiana que crecen en San Luis Potosí, México, en cuanto a sus dimensiones (longitud, anchura y peso), potencial de emergencia y crecimiento inicial. La emergencia se evaluó en invernadero en tres ocasiones, verano e invierno del 2008 y verano del 2009. Se registró el progreso de la emergencia de la hoja cotiledonar y su número, el tiempo de desdoblamiento y peso de las hojas laterales. Las semillas de ‘Blanco’ fueron las de menor longitud (7.1 mm), anchura (5.4 mm) y peso (10.7 mg), las de ‘Chino’ fueron las de mayor longitud y anchura (8.4 mm y 6.5 mm, respectivamente), y la ‘Liso’ fueron las más pesadas (14.5 mg) (P ≤ 0.05). Las hojas cotiledonares iniciaron la emergencia a los 13 d después de la siembra (DDS) en promedio, y la mayor emergencia de plántulas (hojas cotiledonares) en las tres variantes se presentó entre los 21 y 51 DDS. Las hojas laterales se desarrollaron en promedio a los 33 DDS, 18 d después de la emergencia de la hoja cotiledonar. La variante ‘Blanco’ tiene las semillas más chicas y las de mayor emergencia inicial. Después de la emergencia de las hojas cotiledonares, el desarrollo de las plántulas con hojas laterales parece no estar relacionada con las características de las semillas.

We discovered previously that the small Escherichia coli proteins Hha (hemolysin expression modulating protein) and the adjacent, poorly-characterized YbaJ are important for biofilm formation; however, their roles have been nebulous. Biofilms are intricate communities in which cell signaling often converts single cells into primitive tissues. Here we show that Hha decreases biofilm formation dramatically by repressing the transcription of rare codon tRNAs which serves to inhibit fimbriae production and by repressing to some extent transcription of fimbrial genes fimA and ihfA. In vivo binding studies show Hha binds to the rare codon tRNAs argU, ileX, ileY, and proL and to two prophage clusters D1P12 and CP4-57. Real-time PCR corroborated that Hha represses argU and proL, and Hha type I fimbriae repression is abolished by the addition of extra copies of argU, ileY, and proL. The repression of transcription of rare codon tRNAs by Hha also leads to cell lysis and biofilm dispersal due to activation of prophage lytic genes rzpD, yfjZ, appY, and alpA and due to induction of ClpP/ClpX proteases which activate toxins by degrading antitoxins. YbaJ serves to mediate the toxicity of Hha. Hence, we have identified that a single protein (Hha) can control biofilm formation by limiting fimbriae production as well as by controlling cell death. The mechanism used by Hha is the control of translation via the availability of rare codon tRNAs which reduces fimbriae production and activates prophage lytic genes. Therefore, Hha acts as a toxin in conjunction with co-transcribed YbaJ (TomB) that attenuates Hha toxicity.

The architect has sought to build a church for our time: functional, simple and austere. A design that should be authentic and sincere in the use of materials, and highly adapted to the liturgical precepts of the Catholic Church, as approved at the Second Vatican Council. The resulting building is an integrated expression of the harmony and collaboration of the Fathers of the Holy Heart with the architect. It also reflects faithfully the team work of all those who participated in the construction of the church: the technicians, artists, and very especially all the craftsmen who have played such an important part in its completion. The architect has renounced to monumental expressionism, to ostentatious devices and to the use of meaningless ornaments. The best possible quality of workmanship has been sought in all constructive elements and design details., El arquitecto que recibe el encargo de proyectar una iglesia, contrae una responsabilidad de la que es consciente. Como consecuencia, debe recabar de las personas competentes, las instrucciones de carácter teológico, sociológico, litúrgico y pastoral que permitan elaborar un perfecto programa de necesidades y que determinarán, en definitiva, el esquema funcional del conjunto. El arquitecto tiene que saber que el templo no es solamente la Casa de Dios, sino el ámbito que está destinado a preparar adecuadamente el encuentro del hombre con Dios y que al mismo tiempo sirva para acomodar a los fieles que, reunidos en asamblea, tienen que participar en los actos litúrgicos del culto comunitario. El templo debe proporcionar al mismo tiempo el local y el ambiente propicios para ejercer la piedad privada, y de igual manera debe reservar los espacios adecuados para la celebración de los sacramentos. La formulación del programa litúrgico de un templo exige el estudio a fondo de cada uno de sus ambientes, y la misión principal del arquitecto consiste en ordenar debidamente todos estos espacios, localizando en su lugar debido todos y cada uno de los elementos que integran el conjunto.

Estudio comparativo descriptivo de la situación existente al inicio y después de aplicado el «Proyecto Cayo Hueso». Comprendió el período de un año y el universo de trabajo lo constituyó la población del Consejo Popular de esta localidad. Constó de dos etapas: etapa de evaluación inicial y etapa de evaluación posterior a la intervención. Se evaluó en ambas etapas las características de la comunidad, el saneamiento ambiental, el estado de la vivienda y el comportamiento de la morbilidad por enfermedades de transmisión digestiva, la leptospirosis y la tuberculosis pulmonar. Se apreció la magnitud del cambio según el juicio profesional y la percepción pública. Se constataron mejoras en el grado de habitabilidad de las viviendas y en los indicadores de morbilidad estudiados. En cuanto a los indicadores ambientales, no se apreciaron cambios en la calidad de agua, desbordamiento de albañales ni en los índices de vectores.A comparative and descriptive study on the existing situation at the beginning and after the implementation of the "Cayo Hueso Project" was conducted for a year. The working universe was made up of the population of this locality. It had 2 stages: the initial evaluation stage and the stage following the intervention. The characteristics of the community, the environmental sanitation, the housing state and the behavior of morbidity from food-borne diseases, leptospirosis and pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated in both stages. The magnitude of the change was appreciated by professional judgement and public perception. There was an improvement in the habitability degree of the houses and in the studied morbidity indicators. As regards the environmental indicators, no changes were observed in the quality of water, in the sewage overflowing and in the vector indecis.

Deletion of the yeast mitochondrial gene COX2 encoding subunit 2 (Cox2) of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) results in loss of respiration (Δcox2 strain). Supekova et al. (2010) [1] transformed a Δcox2 strain with a vector expressing Cox2 with a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) and the point mutation W56R (Cox2(W56R)), restoring respiratory growth. Here, the CcO carrying the allotopically-expressed Cox2(W56R) was characterized. Yeast mitochondria from the wild-type (WT) and the Δcox2+Cox2(W56R) strains were subjected to Blue Native electrophoresis. In-gel activity of CcO and spectroscopic quantitation of cytochromes revealed that only 60% of CcO is present in the complemented strain, and that less CcO is found associated in supercomplexes as compared to WT. CcOs from the WT and the mutant exhibited similar subunit composition, although activity was 20-25% lower in the enzyme containing Cox2(W56R) than in the one with Cox2(WT). Tandem mass spectrometry confirmed that W(56) was substituted by R(56) in Cox2(W56R). In addition, Cox2(W56R) exhibited the same N-terminus than Cox2(WT), indicating that the MTS of Oxa1 and the leader sequence of 15 residues were removed from Cox2(W56R) during maturation. Thus, Cox2(W56R) is identical to Cox2(WT) except for the point mutation W56R. Mitochondrial Cox1 synthesis is strongly reduced in Δcox2 mutants, but the Cox2(W56R) complemented strain led to full restoration of Cox1 synthesis. We conclude that the cytosol-synthesized Cox2(W56R) follows a rate-limiting process of import, maturation or assembly that yields lower steady-state levels of CcO. Still, the allotopically-expressed Cox2(W56R) restores CcO activity and allows mitochondrial Cox1 synthesis to advance at WT levels.

The nature of the ammonium import into prokaryotes has been controversial. A systems biological approach makes us hypothesize that AmtB-mediated import must be active for intracellular NH(4)(+) concentrations to sustain growth. Revisiting experimental evidence, we find the permeability assays reporting passive NH(3) import inconclusive. As an inevitable consequence of the proposed NH(4)(+) transport, outward permeation of NH(3) constitutes a futile cycle. We hypothesize that the regulatory protein GlnK is required to fine-tune the active transport of ammonium in order to limit futile cycling whilst enabling an intracellular ammonium level sufficient for the cell's nitrogen requirements.

An accepted model for the saccade signal of ocular motor neurons comprises two components in the form of a pulse and a step. In this contribution, an assessment of two fitting functions for the saccadic pulse component is made, in order to obtain a reduced set of descriptors that could be used for the early diagnosis of ataxia. Results show that both models have achieved to describe the waveform of the saccadic pulse signal, revealing higher performance of Gauss series over the gamma function.

Modern chemical production is customer-driven and the desired delivery time for the products is often shorter than their campaign length. In addition, the raw materials supplying time is often long. These features make it desirable to provide tools to support collaborative supply chain decision making, preferably over the Internet, and where there are conflicts, compromise decisions can be quickly reached and the effects of the decisions can be quantitatively simulated. This paper des cribes such a multi-agent system (MAS) that can be used to simulate the dynamic behaviour and support the management of chemical supply chains over the Internet. Geographically distributed retailers, logistics, warehouses, plants and raw material suppliers are modelled as an open and re-configurable network of co-operative agents, each performing one or more supply chain functions. Communication between agents is made through the common agent communication language KQML (knowledge query message language). A t the simulation layer, the MAS allows distributed simulation of the chain behaviour dynamically, so that compromise decisions can be rapidly and quantitatively evaluated. Because in a chemical supply chain the scheduling of the plant often dominates the chain performance, an optimum scheduling system for batch plants is integrated into the MAS. The functions of the system are illustrated by reference to a case study for the supply and manufacture using a multi-purpose batch plant of paints and coatings.

Se indagaron las percepciones de los empresarios del noroeste de México sobre la colaboración tecnocientífica entre las organizaciones públicas del conocimiento y las empresas. Fue un estudio cuantitativo exploratorio, basado en la técnica cualitativa de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se identificaron problemas de oferta y demanda de conocimiento que dificultan la colaboración tecnocientífica. Las modalidades de colaboración más mencionadas fueron las prácticas profesionales, la educación dual y la capacitación continua. Los empresarios identificaron, en primer lugar, los beneficios de corto plazo, como la contratación de graduados. Señalaron que para impulsar a la colaboración tecnocientífica academia-empresas, se requieren nuevas políticas, como la modificación del esquema de incentivos, la profesionalización y la especialización de los gestores de las funciones y actividades de colaboración universitaria, el mejoramiento de las estrategias de difusión-comunicación interorganizacional, y fomentar habilidades transversales en la formación que sean de interés para las empresas.

Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Empresariales. Ciencias del Desarrollo Regional The present work had the main objective to determine the influence of migration on the development of the region's households of the area of Tepalcatepec, Michoacán; contextualized for the investigation by the social indicators: housing, education, health, infrastructure and security and economic indicators: employment and family income in the period 2000 - 2015. To this end, in the first instance, a diagnosis of the situation of the proposed indicators at the global, national, state and regional levels and a theoretical review of the concepts migration, remittances and development, identifying, that despite of not having evidence of a direct relationship between the three concepts, the literature yet register a positive impact on the proposed indicators as a result of the increase of income in households that receive remittances, but its effects will depend on a series of factors associated to the multimodal characteristics of migrants and their families. The methodology used was a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques based on a survey applied in communities of more than 2500 inhabitants of the 10 towns in the Region. The results obtained through the use of correlation coefficients and association, exposed to the flow of migrants was positively related with five of the seven proposed indicators (housing, health, security and infrastructure and employment) against the flow of remittances in which is seen to be related to two items (housing and employment). From these results, it is concluded that migration affects in a differentiated way to the development indicators, and the characteristics that have the greatest impact are the average age of migrant women and the average age of male migrants of households in the Region. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo central determinar la influencia de la migración en el desarrollo de los hogares de la Región Tepalcatepec, Michoacán, contextualizado para la investigación por los indicadores sociales: vivienda, educación, salud, infraestructura y seguridad y por los indicadores económicos: empleo e ingreso familiar en el periodo 2000 – 2015. Para tal fin, en primera instancia se elaboró un diagnóstico de la situación de los indicadores propuestos a nivel mundial, nacional, estatal y regional y una revisión teórica de los conceptos migración, remesas y desarrollo, identificando, que a pesar de no haber evidencias de una relación directa entre los tres conceptos, la literatura si registra un impacto positivo en los indicadores propuestos como consecuencia del aumento del ingreso en los hogares receptores de remesas, pero sus efectos dependerán de una serie de factores asociados a las características multimodales de los migrantes y sus familias. La metodología empleada fue una combinación de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas en base a una encuesta aplicada en comunidades de más de 2500 habitantes de los 10 municipios de Región. Los resultados obtenidos a través de la utilizaron de Coeficientes de correlación y asociación, exponen que el flujo de migrantes se relaciona positivamente con cinco de los siete indicadores propuestos (vivienda, salud, seguridad e infraestructura y empleo) contra el flujo de remesas en el que solo se observa estar relacionado con dos ítems (vivienda y empleo). De estos resultados se concluye que la migración afecta de manera diferenciada a los indicadores de desarrollo, y las características que más influyen son los Años promedio cumplidos de las mujeres migrantes y los Años promedio cumplidos de los hombres migrantes de los hogares de la Región.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto del sistema alimentario en el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de la zona metropolitana Guadalupe-Zacatecas durante el periodo 2000-2015. Se considera una perspectiva histórica estructural; se revisan las pautas del régimen alimentario afín de conocer la evolución del rol de la agricultura y los alimentos en el proceso de acumulación capitalista e identificar su influencia en las transformaciones del sistema alimentario nacional. Lo anterior se complementa con la revisión del modelo ecosocial para establecer los diversos niveles de influencia ambiental y social en el que está inmerso el niño escolar y trascienden en su comportamiento y desarrollo individual. Se utilizó un diseño metodológico cuantitativo: longitudinal de tendencia y transversal (explicativo, correlacional y comparativo); las fuentes de información comprendieron estadísticas oficiales y tres instrumentos propios; una muestra aleatoria de niños escolares (n=425), padres de familia (n=369) así como profesores y directores de escuelas primarias (n=62) de la zona metropolitana Guadalupe-Zacatecas. Los resultados indicaron un patrón de consumo alimentario escolar que reprodujo la dieta occidental, un tercio de los hogares hizo el abasto de alimentos en supermercados y el sector agrícola estatal está regido al modelo agroexportador. Se concluye que el sistema alimentario ha trascendido en el desarrollo del sobrepeso y obesidad escolar; la aplicación de sus políticas han creado entornos de malnutrición que incrementan los riesgos en la población para la adopción de hábitos no saludables, coadyuvan la explotación y las relaciones desiguales de poder para perpetuar el control de algunos sobre las actividades y el consumo de otros.