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Aims: To screen for the predominant bacteria strains distributed in clean rooms and to analyze their phylogenetic relationships., Methods and Results: The bacteria distributed in air, surfaces and personnel in clean rooms were routinely monitored using agar plates. Five isolates frequently isolated from the clean rooms of an aseptic pharmaceutical production workshop were selected based on their colony and cell morphology characteristics. Their physiological and biochemical properties, as well as partial 16S rDNA sequences, were analyzed. Results showed that all the five isolates belong to Gram positive bacteria, of which three were Staphylococcus, one Microbacterium and one Bacillus species. Sensitivity tests for these bacteria isolates to 3 disinfectants showed that isolate F03 was obtuse, and had low susceptivity to UV irradiation, while isolates F02, F01 and F04 were not sensitive to phenol treatment. Isolates F04, F01 and F05 were resistant to chlorhexidine gluconate., Conclusion: Bacteria widely distributed in clean rooms are mainly a group of Gram positive strains, showing high resistance to selected disinfectants., Significance and Impact of the Study: Clean rooms are essential in aseptic pharmaceutical and food production. Screening bacteria isolates and identifying them is part of good manufacturing practices, and will aid in finding a more effective disinfection method.

Acute toxicity of BPA and TBBPA to Daphnia magna, zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and development effects of zebrafish embryo and zebrafish. The tested chemicals remarkably restrained the were studied, and safety assessment was also made to Daphnia magna mobilization of Daphnia magna, which may cause them death. 48 h EC50 values for D. magna were 8.91 and 0.69 mg x L(-1) respectively. In addition, the chemicals showed the toxicity effects on zebrafish, and 96 h LC50 values were 9.06 and 1.78 mg x L(-1) respectively. BPA and TBBPA remarkably retarded the development of zebrafish embryos, which may cause embryo abnormality and death. And the most sensitive toxicological endpoints to BPA and TBBPA were found, 72 h EC50 (malformation and embryo do not hatch) values were 2.90 and 0.14 mg x L(-1) respectively. The results showed that zebrafish embryo should be the most sensitive to the tested chemicals. The results indicated that BPA and TBBPA were the pollutants with high toxicity, in which TBBPA had the higher toxicity. BPA is a potential teratogen to zebrafish embryos, while TBBPA restrains embryo from hatch.

The aim of this study is to build a method of determining PBDEs in biota, and to gain the optimum condition of preparation of samples, and the best condition of Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometer (MS). Also, the requirements of quality, quantity and experimental condition were assessed. According to the validation of the quality control (QC), the results proved that the analytical method satisfied the requirements of the determination of PBDEs in biota. The recoveries were between 50.5% and 112.3%, of which the relative standard deviations were between 5.3% and 9.9% , and the limits of detection were between 7.1 and 161.8 pg/g. Based on the determination method, several bred and wild fishes were analyzed. The concentration of PBDEs in the wild Chinese perch and crucian carp and 2 bred weevers were 1.53, 1.11, 5.31, 6.15 ng/g(dry weight), respectively, and the most congener was BDE47.

Objective: The aim of this study was to observe the human hair follicle apoptosis status affected by fluorine and the antagonism effect by selenium in vitro., Methods: The single hair follicles were separated and cultured, then they were added in different concentrations of sodium fluoride and sodium selenite. Chosen the appropriate concentrations, they were divided into 7 groups. The TUNEL was used to investigate the apoptotic cells of different parts. The morphous of hair follicles was observed consecutively and electron microscope was used., Results: We found that in 1 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L sodium fluoride groups, when the human hair follicles in vitro were cultured on the 5th day, the apoptotic cells of outer root sheath (ORS), dermal sheath and hair papilla, hair bulb were obviously increased. But 0.01 mmol/L sodium selenite weakened the toxicity of 1 mmol/L sodium fluoride at the outer root sheath and hair bulb (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Different concentrations of sodium fluoride had different effect on the growth of human hair follicle in vitro which were cultured on 5th day. Sodium fluoride of certain concentration could accelerate the apoptosis of human hair follicle in vitro. Sodium selenite of certain concentration could act antagonism to the toxicity of sodium fluoride.

A new polypyridyl ligand MPPIP {MPPIP=2-(3'-phenoxyphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f]-[1,10]phenanthroline} and its ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(bpy)(2)MPPIP](2+) (1) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru(phen)(2)MPPIP](2+) (2) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized and characterized. The binding of the two complexes to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been investigated with spectrophotometric methods, viscosity measurements, as well as equilibrium dialysis and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results suggest that both complexes bind to CT-DNA through intercalation, and enantioselectively interact with CT-DNA in a way. However, complex 2 is a much better candidate as an enantioselective binder to CT-DNA than complex 1. When irradiated at 365nm, both complexes have also been found to promote the photocleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA.

Objective: To investigate the effects of interventional therapy with norcantharidin-alginic acid/poly acid anhydride microspheres (N-MS) infusion via hepatic artery on hepatoma in rats., Methods: N-MS was prepared by emulsion-chemical crosslink technique. Eighty-nine hepatoma-bearing rats were randomly divided into five groups, which were normal saline group, norcantharidin (NCTD) group, blank microsphere (B-MS) group, NCTD-lipiodol group and N-MS group. Normal saline, NCTD, B-MS, NCTD-lipiodol and N-MS were injected via hepatic artery accordingly. After the interventional therapy, eight rats from each group were observed for survival time, and the rest rats were killed on the 8th day after intervention to measure the tumor volume and necrostic degree. The apoptotic index of liver tumor cells was detected by TUNEL staining, and the expression of ki-67 was assayed by immuno-histochemical streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method., Results: The survival time of the rats in the N-MS group was prolonged as compared with those in the other four groups, and the tumor volume of the rats in the N-MS group was smaller than those in the other four groups. The tumor growth rate and the expression level of ki-67 in the N-MS group were both significantly lower than those in the other four groups. The tumor necrotic degree and the apoptotic index in the N-MS group were significantly higher than those in the other four groups., Conclusion: Interventional therapy with N-MS could yield preferable therapeutic effects on hepatomas in rats. This anti-tumor efficacy may be associated with microvessel embolization in liver tumor and the sustained releasing of NCTD. Its inhibiting effect on tumor cell proliferation maybe result from decreasing the expression of Ki-67 and inducing the tumor cell apoptosis.

Aim: To develop a new synthetic route for olmesartan medoxomil., Methods: Olmesartan medoxomil was prepared from ethyl 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-propylimidazole-5-carboxylate via hydrolysis and lactonization to afford 4,4- dimethyl-2-propyl-4,6-dihydrofuro [3,4-d]-1H-imidazole-6-one which was condensed with 2-(triphenylmethyl)-5-[4'-(bromomethylbiphenyl)-2-yl] tetrazole, followed by esterification with 4-chloromethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one, and deprotection. The chemical structure of the major impurity in condensation reaction is the regio-isomer in the imidazole moiety, and confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The corresponding regio-isomer of olmesartan medoxomil was synthesized from the impurity by similar method. Optimization of the condensation conditions reduced the impurity to a negligible quantity., Results: Synthesis of olmesartan medoxomil by the new route gave a product of 60% yield and above 99.0% purity. The content of olmesartan medoxomil regio-isomer was effectively controlled to less than 0.1%., Conclusion: A novel synthetic route for olmesartan medoxomil was developed successfully. The olmesartan medoxomil regio-isomer is reported for the first time.

Chronic restraint stress induces cardiac dysfunction as well as cardiomyocyte injury including severe ultrastructural alteration and cell death, but its mechanism and molecular basis remain unclear. Mitochondria play a key role in regulating cell life. For exploring mitochondrial proteins which correlate with stress-induced injury, two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were applied. After comparing the protein profiles of myocardial mitochondria between a chronic restraint stress group and a control group, 11 protein spots were found altered, seven of which were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Among the seven proteins, five proteins involved in the Krebs cycle and lipid metabolism in mitochondria decreased after chronic restraint stress. They were identified as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial acyl-CoA thioesterase 1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) alpha, fumarate hydratase 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase beta. The last two proteins, creatine kinase and prohibitin, increased after chronic restraint stress. Biochemical tests for energy metabolism in mitochondria also supported the proteomic results. These findings provide clues for understanding the mechanism of dysfunction or injury in cardiomyocytes induced by chronic stress.