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The purpose of this research was to formulate a unitary measure of performance for simulated one-versus-one, within visual range, air-to-air combat. The measure will serve as a criterion for the development and validation of specific measures of ACM skill that can be used to provide diagnostic performance feedback to pilots. Two experiments were conducted in which fighter pilots served as judges and rank-ordered, from most to least desirable, hypothetical ACM engagement outcomes. Outcome variables included (1) whether or not the hypothetical pilot achieved a “kill,” (2) whether or not he survived the mission, (3) the percent of time the pilot was in an offensive, defensive, or neutral posture, (4) length of engagement, and (5) posture at the beginning and end of the engagement (offensive, defensive, or neutral). In order to determine inter-rater agreement among judges in Experiment I, their rankings were correlated. Correlations ranged from .93 to .99. Pilots' rankings of engagement outcomes were subjected to linear regression analyses to derive equations that could be used as a unitary measure of ACM success. The regression equation in Experiment I accounted for 95% of the variance in rankings, and the composite regression model calculated in Experiment II accounted for more than 70% of the variance.

This study represents the first plasma diagnostic investigation of a laminar flow torch configuration for microwave-induced plasma emission spectroscopy. Spatial intensity profiles indicate that this torch design facilitates the formation of a stable plasma discharge which does not reside on the walls of the plasma containment tube. Spectroscopic temperature determinations were based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Excitation temperatures were found to be several thousand degrees higher than those reported for other low-power He plasmas. Rotational temperature determinations afforded bimodal temperature distributions from the Boltzmann plots, with lower temperature slope regions comparable to values reported by others. Rotational temperatures derived from high-temperature slope regions were several thousand degrees above values obtained in other studies. Temperatures were evaluated as a function of radial position, microwave power, and flow rate.

CD‐ROM was first demonstrated in the United States in November 1984. Since then many organizations, including agencies of the Federal government, have embraced the technology, and an increasingly large and diverse product base is emerging. In March 1986, Microsoft Corporation sponsored a major conference on the topic, which was attended by almost 1000 persons. The registration fee of $900 precluded most librarians from attending. David Miller provides a thorough report on the conference, and a complete directory of participants, for the benefit of those who could not attend.

This study is concerned with the connection between the everyday activities of adults of different ages and their performance on a prose recall task. Participants were 54 adults, 18 in each of three age groups (18‐32, 40‐54, over 62). Written recall of two 388‐word expository prose passages was used for the prose recall measure. For the activities measures, a structured diary form was used to collect information. Regression analyses showed that the demographic variables of age, education, and verbal ability were the best predictors of prose recall. Total time spent reading and other reading variables were also significantly correlated with recall. In multiple regression analyses a set of prose‐related activities made a significant contribution to explaining the variance in prose recall. The results provide limited support for a “practice” model which argues that performance on prose recall tasks is related to the amount of practice that adults get in similar activities in everyday life.

This study makes use of the “levels effect” in prose recall to increase older adults' recall of important medical information. Seventy older adults (over 65) read and recalled two passages containing medical information about hypertension and arthritis. Half of the adults read the passages in which the text structure had been revised so that target ideas (identified as important by physician consultants) were located at the highest levels of the content structure. Recall of target ideas, details, and total number of ideas were investigated. Results showed an increase in recall of target ideas for the revised passages. Education, medical condition, and age also affected recall to differing degrees depending on the measure studied. The results indicate that older adults remain sensitive to differences in prose structure and that their memory for important information can be improved by use of principles developed with younger subject groups.

Growth in world trade is in the market for high-value products. The potential exists for the United States to gain from this growth but will require adoption of more aggressive marketing strategies and increase pressure to reduce trade barriers. This study exemplifies research needed on specific commodities in potential markets. Information on Japanese consumers' tastes and preferences was used to analyze Japanese demand for Japanese and American cherries. The results indicate the importance of time in exporting this high-value unprocessed product.

The crucial twenty-third chapter of Melville's The Confidence-Man (1857) develops an arresting analogy between the linguistic wiles of the latest avatar of the Confidence-Man (or Devil) and the imagery of infectious atmosphere. The chapter opens with a flood of allusions to the notion of an insidious agent hidden in the air, carrying infection and threatening death: “At Cairo, the old established firm of Fever & Ague is still settling up its unfinished business; that Creole grave-digger, Yellow Jack—his hand at the mattock and spade has not lost its cunning; while Don Saturninus Typhus taking his constitutional with Death, Calvin Edson and three undertakers, in the morass, snuffs up the mephitic breeze with zest.” Eyeing from the boat rail the “swampy and squalid domain” that lies before Cairo, the Missourian, Pitch, peers through the “dubious medium” of a “dank twilight, fanned with mosquitoes, and sparkling with fire-flies” and revolves in his mind a foregoing conversation with the P.I.O. man, who, only moments before, had induced him to pay money for a promised boy servant. He begins to suspect he has been conned.

1. Discharges of Purkinje cells and of presumed mossy fibres were extracellularly recorded from vermal lobules VI and VII of two monkeys during saccadic eye movements and fixation. Among the units showing changes in activity in relation to either saccades or eye position, eighty-four units were identified as mossy fibres and ninety-one units were Purkinje cells. 2. Based on the discharge patterns associated with saccades, mossy fibre units were classified into long-lead burst, burst, and burst-tonic units. The long-lead burst units (twenty-eight units) started firing long before the saccades, the discharge consisting of a prelude (average lead time: 160 msec) and a burst (average lead time: 16 msec). In twenty-two units the saccade-related bursts showed a directional preference. The burst units (thirty-seven units) started firing slightly before the saccade onset (average lead time: 7·4 msec) and thirteen units showed directional preference. The bursts in burst-tonic units (thirteen units) had an average lead time of 0·2 msec. 3. Among the ninety-one Purkinje cells, eighty-eight cells showed bursts associated with saccades. Three units paused for all directions of saccades. 4. Seventy-one units out of the eighty-eight burst Purkinje cells showed bursts beginning approximately at the saccade onset (average lead time: 0·6 msec) and lasting throughout the saccade. The durations of bursts and saccades were highly correlated (correlation coefficients ranging from 0·70 to 0·88). 5. In the remaining seventeen burst Purkinje cells, the bursts followed the saccade onset (average delay: 32 msec). The bursts started approximately 40 msec before the end of a saccade and persisted on the average 70 msec after its completion. Peak firing rate occurred with a close temporal relation to the end of the saccade. 6. The tonic activity in nineteen mossy fibres and five Purkinje cells changed with eye positions. In the nineteen mossy fibres, there were thirteen burst-tonic and six tonic units. The activity in the five Purkinje cells was a linear function of horizontal eye position.

Self-report measures of anxiety may present an objective, cost-effective method for identifying at-risk children experiencing chronic anxiety. The present study investigated the validity of two self-report anxiety measures (the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Children's Anxiety Scale) for groups of Anglo-American, Mexican-American, and black students (total N = 444) in grades 1-3. Results indicated that both scales were minimally effective in identifying learning-disabled students and unsuccessful in identifying children with emotional handicaps. In predicting academic achievement, both scales had low, nonsignificant relationships with reading and mathematics performance for all three ethnic groups. Bias in the scales' predictive validity, as per the regression definition, was found to be nonexistent.

The propagation of high frequency (HF) signals over long distances by way of ionospheric channels is studied by computing ray trajectories in numerically specified ionospheres without magnetic field. Horizontal ionization gradients are introduced to provide favorable conditions for the injection of rays from the ground into elevated ionospheric ducts. Electron density height distributions with and without ionization valleys are considered. The ducting efficiency, expressed in terms of frequency- and launch-elevation-angle interval for trapped rays, is controlled by negative horizontal ionization gradients for successful injection of rays and by the shape of the electron density height profile and its change with distance. Long-range ionospheric ducting of HF rays does not require but is facilitated by the continued presence of an ionization valley in the plane of the ray trajectory.

A hybrid approach, one based on the combined use of Newton's method and the Schubert update, is applied to flash and distillation problems. the main advantages of this approach are two-fold. First, it makes maximum use of readily available analytical first partial derivative information. Second, it approximates those derivatives which are both difficult and expensive to obtain, primarily K value and excess enthalpy-composition derivatives, cheaply yet accurately by using a quasi-Newton formula. This hybrid (or Newton-like) approach is compared to a partial Newton method (i.e. one that neglects those difficult and/or expensive derivatives), Schubert's method and a finite difference implementation of Newton's method. In short, our hybrid approach compares favorably with a finite difference Newton method and is usually both more efficient and more robust than either the partial Newton or Schubert method on these problems. In fact, it generally requires only a few more iterations than Newton's method to reach the desired accuracy. However, it usually uses between 60 and 70% fewer rigorous physical properties calculations than Newton's method. This, in our opinion, is important because rigorous physical properties calculations usuallly constitute the largest portion of the calculations (and therefore cost) associated with separation problems. Several examples are presented to support these claims.

The Education for All Handicapped Acts of 1975 (Public Law 94-142) mandates that psychoeducational assessment instruments be validated in their use in identifying exceptional children who are in need of special services. However, the gap between the mandate of PL 94-142 and the current technology of psycho-ed-ucational assessment is often large. This is particularly true in regard to assessing emotional difficulties of culturally diverse children. The present study was designed to investigate the validity of two recently published measures of anxiety which have been developed for use with elementary school children. The essential questions to be answered in this study are: (a) Are there similar responses on self-report measures of anxiety among groups of Anglo, black, and Mexican American males and females in grades 1 through 3, and (b) Are the scores on these measures equally valid for all groups in question?

A study of the diffuse x-ray reflections from piezoelectrically oscillating quartz and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals showed no increase in intensity during oscillation. Quantitative measurements of the intensity increase of the Laue and Bragg reflections during oscillation showed an increase of about 160 percent for the quartz, 7.7 percent for a 0.015 inch thick ADP crystal and 4 percent for a rochelle salt crystal. The intensity increase of Laue reflections for the ADP crystal was shown to be dependent upon its orientation. Since there was no decrease in intensity of the diffuse reflections, it eliminates the possibility that they are the source of the increased energy in the Laue and Bragg reflections.

During the past year the NORELCO Autrometer has been modified with respect to several details. Operation with the helium path and flow counter is now possible for work with the soft elements. Rotation in and out of the loading position is automatic so that all that an operator is required to do is to load the specimen holder. The sample or standard in the reading position can be rotated in its own plane for elimination of diffraction effects and other sample preparation problems. Other modifications in the electronics have increased the reliability and ease of maintenance in the production models, A description will be given of this latest unit and data will be presented on the results obtained both with respect to precision and analytical determinations.

Out-of-class use of technology systems as an aid to self-study is discussed. Four possible systems are described and compared against a proposed set of ideal specifications. The characteristics and advantages of the system using “interactive lectures” are stressed.

15 Background: This retrospective study was conducted to better evaluate the impact of tertiary Gleason pattern 5 (TP5) on tumor pathological features and biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,965 patients who underwent RP for clinically localized prostate cancer; TP5 was reported in 159 cases (8.1%). Men with Gleason score (GS) 7 and GS 8 disease were divided into two subgroups, with and without TP5, and histopathologic features were compared. Multivariate analyses and Kaplan-Meier curves were conducted to assess the impact on TP5 on biochemical-free survival (BFS). Results: Tumors possessing GS 3 + 4 with TP5 were significantly more likely to exhibit extraprostatic extension (EPE) and have a larger tumor diameter (TD) than GS 3 + 4 alone. GS 3 + 4 with TP5 was also associated with positive surgical margins (SM), seminal vesicle involvement (SVI), and higher pre-operative PSA values, but without statistical significance. GS 4 + 3 with TP5 more commonly presented with EPE, positive SM, SVI, and greater TD and PSA than GS 4 + 3 alone, with significance. In multivariate analysis, TP5 was shown to be an independent risk factor for PSA recurrence (Table). Additionally, GS 4 + 3 with TP5 was associated with shorter time to recurrence versus GS 4 + 3 alone. Conclusions: Our results emphasize the importance of high-grade tertiary patterns and suggest that criteria for tertiary pattern reporting in prostate cancer should be standardized. In addition, further studies are needed to evaluate the role of tertiary patterns in prognostic models. [Table: see text]

I NASMUCH as the frequent persistence of fatigue, drowsiness and languor for a twoto three-week period following anorectal surgery suggested the presence of Iowered potassium levels in certain patients, this study was undertaken to determine the following factors: (I) whether significant changes occur in potassium levels after such surgery, and (2) the effects, if any, of supplying potassium chloride (4 gm. daily) postoperatively, in addition to a potassium-adequate diet.

Rubella virus strain HPV-77 contains three structural polypeptides. The nucleocapsid is constructed with the C polypeptide chain, which has a molecular weight of 30,000. The envelope proteins are constructed with two glycopolypeptides; the E1 glycopolypeptide has a molecular weight of 63,000, and the E2 glycopolypeptide has a molecular weight of 45,000-48,000. The nucleocapsid capsomere is approximately 6.2S, has a molecular weight of 130,000, and consists of two disulfide-linked dimers of the C polypeptide. The E1 and E2 glycopolypeptides are associated, but the size and structure of the spike protein have not been determined. Strain-specific antigens were detected within the E2 glycopolypeptide in all of the strains tested. In chronologic serum samples, the titers of antibody to the E2 and C polypeptides were the first to decline. Hybridomas were produced that exhibited hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing activities; however, these functions did not always correlate. Both the hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies reacted with the E1 glycopolypeptide.

Discharges of Purkinje cells were recorded from the vermis, lobules VI and VII, of a monkey trained to track a visual target. When the monkey tracked a sinusoidally oscillating target, cellular activity changes in phase with the velocity signal of the eye movement. When the monkey fixated a stationary point, almost identical modulation in activity occurred, reflecting the velocity signal of the motion of the retinal image of the target. The data suggest that the vermis participates in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements by providing the oculomotor system with the actual target velocity information which is the sum of eye velocity and retinal image velocity signals.

Excerpt INTRODUCTION The hypothesis that ingestion of excess dietary fat leads to coronary arterial and heart disease is man is supported by much suggestive evidence but has yet to be demonstrated ...

Background Although Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are defined by the provision of primary care services, the relationship between the intensity of primary care and population-level utilization and costs of health care services has not been examined during early implementation of Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) ACOs. Our objective was to evaluate the association between primary care focus and healthcare utilization and spending in the first performance period of the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we divided the 220 MSSP ACOs into quartiles of primary care focus based on the percentage of all ambulatory evaluation and management services delivered by a PCP (internist, family physician, or geriatrician). Using multivariable regression, we evaluated rates of utilization and spending during the initial performance period, adjusting for the percentage of non-white patients, region, number of months enrolled in the MSSP, number of beneficiary person years, percentage of dual eligible beneficiaries and percentage of beneficiaries over the age of 74. Results The proportion of ambulatory evaluation and management services delivered by a PCP ranged from 46% (highest quartile, ACOs with greatest PCP focus). ACOs in the highest quartile of PCP focus had higher adjusted rates of utilization of acute care hospital admissions (328 per 1000 person years vs 292 per 1000 person years, p = 0.01) and emergency department visits (756 vs 680 per 1000 person years, p = 0.02) compared with ACOs in the lowest quartile of PCP focus. ACOs in the highest quartile of PCP focus achieved no greater savings per beneficiary relative to their spending benchmarks ($142 above benchmark vs $87 below benchmark, p = 0.13). Conclusions Primary care focus was not associated with increased savings or lower utilization of healthcare during the initial implementation of MSSP ACOs.

Summary: The authors have previously reported the nucleotide sequence of the 5′ and 3′ portions of the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23F capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis locus (cps23f) (from dexB to cps23fB and from cps23fL to aliA). These regions of cps23f were very similar to the sequence reported for cps19f, the capsule locus of S. pneumoniae type 19F. However, Southern hybridization analysis indicated that no other genes closely related to cps19f are present in the cps23f locus. In this study long-range PCR was used to amplify and clone the section of the S. pneumoniae type 23F capsule locus between cps23fB and cps23fL. This region is 13 kb in size and contains 12 new ORFs, designated cps23fC-E, I, J, and T-Z. Functions are proposed for all of the protein products, including functional homologues of Cps19fC-E, Cps19fI and Cps19fJ. A biosynthetic pathway for type 23F capsular polysaccharide is also proposed.

EALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS should try to meet priority health needs, in third and fourth world nations as well as in industrialized nations, as effectively as possible and by fully utilizing all resources that are available. This assertion seems quite obviously to be valid, and most authorities would accept it as an ideal to be aimed for. But they would tend to lose themselves in endless arguments about which health needs should be given highest priority, and how best to mobilize existing resources and institutions in order to provide the kind of health care which they believe to be necessary. It is quite evident, in point of fact, that such an ideal has rarely if ever been realized, in any nation, anywhere, anytime. Not only does health care fall short everywhere of this ideal, it falls tragically short of even the barest minimum of attainment among most of the peoples in most nations of the developing world. Why is this so, and must it continue to be? The answer to these questions usually goes something like this: health problems in the poor nations are so great and resources to meet these problems along conventional Western lines are so meagre, while the populations in these nations rapidly continue to grow even greater, that little more can be expected beyond what is already being done or not being done -until economic development can catch up and permit the propagation of our way of life, along with our systems of health care-or lack of systems into the rest of the world. Such an answer, I believe, is not only cruel and unacceptable, it stands in the way of real progress toward practical solutions which would be possible within present constraints, if it were not assumed that we already know what constitutes health care and if we would not be afraid to vigorously explore fresh and imaginative approaches to the problem. Nearly three-fourths of the world's population live in third and fourth world nations. Of these, about three-fourths still live in rural regions with rudimentary sanitation, precarious food supply, and little or no access to the simplest health care which we have come to take for granted. Large numbers of the remaining one-fourth of the people of the poor nations, dispossessed from the land and hoping to improve their lot, have migrated to the larger cities, with more migrating every day, where most of them live huddled in slums and shantytowns, with sanitation often worse and food more expensive than in the villages they left, and with modern medical care usually in close proximity

AN OPPORTUNITY to examine the level of total serum cholesterol of Indians residing on five reservations in the United States was afforded when the Public Health Service, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Interior, conducted the Indian Health Survey from October 1955 through June 1956. Such an examination is of epidemiological initerest, since an early study reported infrequent coronary heart disease among the Navajos which prompted an examination by subsequent investigators (1, 2). They found in a small sample of hospitalized Navajos a low serum cholesterol level when compared with that of a clinic group from the Cleveland population, although the Navajo dietary fat intake apparently was not much less than that of the general diet. These findings are contrary to still inconclusive evidence that a high fat intake is reflected in a high concentration of serum cholesterol in the blood and, perhaps, in an increased tendency to develop atherosclerosis (3, 4). It was theorized from these findings that genetic factors, rather than dietary factors, were the principal cause of the low serum cholesterol level and low coronary heart disease occurrence among the Navajos. Other investigators, in studying different groups of the Navajo population, were not impressed that the Navajo mean serum cholesterol level was particularly low. The,y concluded that the mean level which they observed does not support the hypothesis that the low prevalence of coronary heart disease among the Navajos is a result of low blood lipids (5). It is of particular interest, therefore, to examine the serum cholesterol levels of the American Indians in this survey and to compare these with levels of an American white population having a high mean serum cholesterol level (2). The American Indians who were examined resided on the following reservations: Acoma, N. Mex.; Crow, Mont.; Lac Courte Oreilles, Wis.; San Carlos, Ariz.; and Yankton, S. Dak. The relationship with age was also examined and is presented as additional statistical evidence concerning the level of serum cholesterol of populations (6).