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A bacterial epizootic disease of snakes at a snake farm in Kenya is described. The condition shows characteristic clinical signs and post mortem lesions and is characterized by a bacteraemia and septicaemia. The mortality rate is high and newly captured snakes die within a few weeks. Attempted control of the disease is discussed briefly and attention is drawn to the significance of such a condition in a commercial enterprise.

Present economic conditions, crude oil availability, overcapacity in refineries and chemical plants have made the needs for coal-based hydrocarbons and chemicals less visible. However, the long lead times in R&D, design and construction require that we still give full attention to the development of coal as a raw material. Investments are high and in view of the political risk factors co-operation between industry and governments is imperative. The South African Fischer-Tropsch plants shows one of the ways how available technology and co-operation between industry and government can lead to a sound commercial enterprise.

[Section I–III. Reasons for the paper and background. Some months ago a complaint was made to the magistrate at Angouleme against an individual who allegedly had exacted usurious interest rates in credit transactions. This complaint has caused a great deal of consternation as well as further complaints against lenders, and has thrown the whole credit structure of the area into confusion. Because credit has been so widely interrupted, bankruptcies are rapidly increasing. This financial crisis is of such importance, that the Royal Council should be informed. This paper has been written to provide the Council with a resume of events, and a solution to the problem.

In India, several years ago, one of the Hindoo kings, "in order to atone for his cruelties, caused a colossal golden cow to be made, through the body of which he passed with profound reverence and made it the era from which all his edicts were dated." This historical fact is significant. We have practiced all manner of cruelties with the luckless infant deprived of its mother's breast; we have presented all manner of unfit substances to this small animal, whose only language is a cry, whose only desire is food. In fact, whenever a commercial enterprise finds itself burdened with some waste product that cannot be put to other use, it has been deemed a good substitute for mother's milk, and straightway the market is stocked with another "baby's food," and plenty of physicians to recommend it and plenty of babies ready for martyrdom. Now how can the physicians

One of the reasons for the rapid growth of many a modern commercial enterprise is the exchange of experience at frequent cabinet meetings of the heads of departments, as to the cause for success or failure in their respective spheres of activity. We can profit by following such a method because the time has arrived when a discussion of the reasons why a certain percentage of our operations on the biliary passages is not successful is necessary. It is to this group of recurrence cases that we must devote our investigative energy in order to lessen their number. Statistics are of little value as to the percentages of satisfactory and unsatisfactory results unless practically all of the patients operated on have been actually examined at intervals for a number of years by the surgeon himself, and this is rarely possible. Recurrences may take place, as I shall presently show, many

ALTHOUGH THE preservation of foods by freezing has been an established commercial enterprise since the early 1930's of this century, it is a comparatively new industrial method of food processing. The quantity of frozen foods produced each year has increased greatly during the last decade and greater increases are indicated for the future. Frozen foods are not sterile and if grossly mishandled may serve as a medium for the growth of bacteria of the numerous types usually present. Eventually, under such conditions, foods may become decomposed or support the growth of bacteria which might be detrimental to health. For this reason, at various times since quick freezing was introduced, the significance of frozen foods in transmitting disease has been a controversial subject. A method of food processing involving the treatment of comestibles with ionizing radiations has been developed in recent years. While this process has not yet been used commercially, there is some possibility that it may have industrial application to foods within the next decade. As with frozen products, the manner in which the public health is affected by the ingestion of foods preserved by irradiation treatment should be given thorough consideration. Of greatest importance to public health regarding frozen foods is the possibility that those foods, which would serve as suitable media, might be handled in such a manner as to provide for the growth of Clostridium botulinum, Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, or bacteria of the Salmonella group. Other bacteria may be the cause of food intoxications or food infections, but most frequently the bacterial groups previously named have been involved. The bacteria in foods are destroyed to some extent by freezing and during storage at temperatures below freezing. While this is the case, it is well known that freezing and normal storage periods at temperatures below freezing do not destroy all bacteria, even of the types which cause food-borne epidemics, which may be present in foods. Cl. botulinum, Staphylococci, and the Salmonella bacteria will not grow in foods which are held in the frozen state. If, therefore, frozen foods become associated with the transmission of diseases, growth of the bacteria involved must have taken place prior to freezing or after the product was defrosted. Concerning the growth of Cl. botuli

In the biotechnology industries, the technology transfer process serves as a crucial bridge linking public science to commercial enterprise. This paper argues that an effective analysis of technology transfer must move beyond a description of the technology transfer offices, and examine how a nation's technology transfer system is embedded within a broader national system of innovation. With this aim the UK and German technology transfer systems are compared. Important differences exist in the maturity and pattern of subsector specialisation across the two country's biotechnology industries. Germany's relatively late entry into the industry and its new companies' tendency to focus in platform technology and diagnostics segments as opposed to therapeutics (as is the case in the UK) can be linked to the laws governing intellectual property, the incentives for professors and scientists to become entrepreneurs, and the scientific resources available for commercialisation. Given the important differences in the profit and growth profiles of these product segments, the organisation of the technology transfer system together with national factors such as the availability of high-risk finance and skilled managers have a significant impact on the competitive prospects of a country's biotechnology industry.

This paper describes the construction of 'Reach for the Clouds', an inventive scheme to build a resident-maintained 'networked community' in Atherton Gardens, an ethnically-diverse, low-income, high rise public housing estate in Melbourne, Australia. The project was developed by the InfoXchange, a not-for-profit Internet service provider with a 'social entrepreneurial' orientation. It involves a consortium of government and community groups and draws on a combination of voluntary labour, commercial enterprise, government funding and donations of equipment by local businesses. The long term goal of the project is for it to become self-funding, and owned and operated by Atherton Gardens' residents. This requires both training and skills development as well as the creation of an enterprise base to fund the operating and capital costs of the network.

So-called little, or domain-specific languages (DSLs), have the potential to make software maintenance simpler: domain-experts can directly use the DSL to make required routine modifications. At the negative side, however, more substantial changes may become more difficult: such changes may involve altering the domain-specific language. This will require compiler technology knowledge, which not every commercial enterprise has easily available. Based on experience taken from industrial practice, we discuss the role of DSLs in software maintenance, the dangers introduced by using them, and techniques for controlling the risks involved.

espanolLa accion conjunta en las organizaciones de multiples partes interesadas es una de las formas de mejorar la posicion competitiva de las empresas. Un ejemplo estandar de organizaciones multi-entidad son grupos de compras. En los grupos de compras, las empresas a menudo ordenan bienes y materiales con existencias excesivas, lo que afecta negativamente el nivel de inventario y los costos de transporte. Sin embargo, la cooperacion entre empresas y las transacciones mutuas brindan oportunidades para optimizar el nivel de suministro y los costos relacionados con el transporte. El articulo presenta las posibilidades de organizacion del transporte obtenidas por empresas que operan en grupos de compras. El objetivo principal del articulo es presentar un modelo optimo de organizacion del transporte en una empresa comercial que opera en el grupo de compras de la industria EnglishJoint action in multi-stakeholder organizations is one of the ways to improve the competitive position of enterprises. A standard example of multi-entity organizations are group purchasing organizations (GPOs). In purchasing groups companies often order goods or materials with excessive stock which adversely affects the level of inventory and transport costs. However, cooperation between enterprises and mutual transactions provide opportunities for optimizing the level of supply and costs related to transport. In the article some possibilities of transport organization obtained by enterprises operating in purchasing groups were presented. The main goal of the article is to present the optimal model of transport organization in a commercial enterprise operating in the branch purchasing group

“With regard to the probability of coal under cretaceous W rocks in the South of England it seems hardly possible to conceive that the commercial enterprise of Englishmen could have failed to discover it long ago if it had been in existence.”

THE gas companies are at last awakening to the peculiarity of their position, and gas-shareholders are recovering their confidence in the stability of their property. It is interesting to observe how steadily the shares in all the great gas companies have during the last few weeks been rising, and unless any untoward event occurs there is no reason why in a short time they should not recover the position they so singularly lost in August of last year. Looking dispassionately upon the events that have occurred, it is difficult to understand how such a panic and scare eould have arisen. Nothing of any sort or kind has been discovered either in the laws of electricity or in their application to electric lighting to account for it. We know no more of the electric light now than we did in 1862, when as great a display was made in our Exhibition of that year as was made in the French Exhibition of last year. There is no doubt, however, that the enterprise of our neighbours on the other side of the Channel in lighting up so brilliantly one of their grand new streets produced a sensation that will not easily be forgotten. Englishmen never like to be beaten. We are accustomed to be startled by inventions from the other side of the Atlantic, but we are not accustomed to be beaten either in commercial enterprise or in inventive skill by our neighbours on this side of the Atlantic. Hence, all of those, whose name is legion, who visited Paris last year came back with exaggerated ideas of the effect of the electric light in the Avenue de l'Opera, and spread through England a profound opinion of the value of electricity as a means of illumination.

The Philippine Chinese are finding that the sanctions and socioeconomic structures supporting patrilineal equal inheritance are greatly weakened, so the norms and the actual events become more eclectic. The strains in inheritance within merchant families go beyond those experienced by their predecessors in South China and arise from three sources: the exigencies of migration, the urban commercial enterprise, and the influence of Filipino law and social tradition. The actual inheritance disputes which regularly occur are divided roughly into five types. The residential merchant family grappling with its problems of continuity is seen as a microcosm for the stress of rapid sociocultural change throughout the ethnic group.

We in education have long been accustomed to expansion: as far as the school system is concerned, first of all with the post-war surge in the birth rate and then, after a modest drop, the steady rise in the birth rate during the later l950s and early 1960s. Alongside this increase in pupil numbers we have been accustomed to not merely an increase in the teacher force to match these numbers but a steady drop in pupil/teacher ratios and an enlargement of resources. That section of higher education devoted to teacher training necessarily underwent a rapid expansion, seeking to catch up with the rising numbers of pupils and alongside this we, in England and Wales, saw both the expansion of existing universities, the opening of new universities and the massive development of a maintained system of higher education principally in the polytechnics. Education has commanded an increasing share of public expenditure over this period of expansion. We now have to come to terms with contraction, for the education industry is now surely a contracting one. It is worthwhile observing certain of the characteristics of a contracting industry in general terms. It is widely characterised by over-manning, since a fall in the demand for a product can never be matched by an equivalent drop in the work-force. It is characterised, secondly, by excess plant capacity and, thirdly, as a result of the first two factors, it is characterised by rising unit costs. Commercial enterprise, faced with these problems, seeks to reduce over-manning, becoming involved in redundancies or at least in non-replacement of natural wastage of wage-earners. It seeks to give up the use of less essential plant and concentrate its enterprises on its most modern facilities and it must, above all, either improve the quality of its product within the same unit costs or combat the rise in unit cost by increased efficiency and trimming down of production. In terms of the education industry, over-manning of course is expressed as a desirable improvement in pupil/teacher ratios. The excess plant represented by unnecessary school buildings is often defended for social and other reasons and those professionals engaged in the education industry are not among the

When Henry Cowell founded the New Music Society in Los Angeles in 1925 (Figure 1), he discovered very quickly that there were few contemporary scores available for his performers. Other than manuscripts given to him by his friends Edgard Varese, Carl Ruggles, and Dane Rudhyar, scores of ultramodern music-the type Cowell planned to perform at his concerts-were not accessible because commercial publishers were not interested. But since he was Henry Cowell and had the great Irish god Manaunaun on his side, he solved the problem almost singlehandedly; in 1927 he established the New Music Quarterly. Only a man like Cowell with the audacity to battle the establishment and the resourcefulness to find new ways of tackling musical problems would take on such an overwhelming task. How long Cowell intended to continue publishing New Music-a journal of scores only and whether he planned at some time to turn it over to a commercial enterprise are not known, but the happy outcome of his original plan became a landmark in contemporary music, which lasted thirty-two years, published over 200 works, and became an inspiration for avant-garde composers in America and around the world.

Previous subjects of `Company profiles? published in the Journal have been relatively old-established organizations. Racal is still only about thirty years old but it is regarded both in the electronics industry and in the City as being one of the leaders by reason of its technological prowess and its commercial enterprise. This general interest article, prepared by a well-known freelance technical journalist for the company at the Institution's suggestion, describes how Racal achieved its present position and how it is building a sound structure for future expansion.

The salmon seine fishery of Southeast Alaska is a tightly regulated and very competitive commercial enterprise. Despite relations marked by competition, small groups of skippers cooperate with one another to the extent of sharing information as they ...

To the Editor.— I am in full accord with Dr. Vaisrub about the distasteful spectacle of swarms of individuals making capital out of the current preoccupation with death. When one looks through the journals at the so-called articles on thanatology, one is appalled by the amount of hollow verbiage that fills the pages. Writing about death has, like pornography, become a commercial enterprise. I think that this whole fad deserves a sociologic study. I suspect that it is in part related to the reaction of Americans to the immense carnage during the last war. I spent my adolescence in wartime Warsaw, where an estimated 800,000 people died a violent death over five years. Two hundred thousand were killed in the 1944 uprising alone. I am fairly well acquainted with the Polish postwar literature and visited the country last month. There is certainly far less vocal preoccupation with death and dying

Physical distribution, one of the oldest facets of commercial enterprise, has historically been one of the most neglected of business subjects. A flurry of attention has focused upon the concept of integrated physical distribution since the mid-1950s. In this article the where been, where now, and where going of physical distribution are examined. The author first reviews major developments which have served to establish the field of physical distribution. The second section provides a synthesis of developments into a summary statement of the existing state of physical distribution. The final section provides a review of research topics on the forefront of development in 1969.

EFORE commercial enterprise assumed its modern stationary and continuous character, internal trade in Europe was carried on intermittently at periodical fairs. The fair was in some respects similar to the market and grew up for similar reasons. Both were established by royal grants. Both, through the collection of tolls and other fees, were lucrative sources of revenue to their secular and ecclesiastical owners. Both arose under the influence of economic and environmental