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Cystidia are large sterile hyphal terminations situated between basidia and usually projecting above them. From a taxonomic standpoint, the varied morphology of cystidia constitutes important an diagnostic aid in distinguishing genera and species of the Homobasidiomycetidae (Lentz, 1971); however, the conceptual understanding of the functional role and significance of cystidia has scarcely been advanced beyond the ideas of Buller (1924). Studies on the ultrastructural morphology of cystidia are few in number and they have been conducted on members of the Agaricaceae (Gull and Newsam, 1975; Thielke, 1972). This study examines the cytology and ultrastructure of the nonincrusted cystidia of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds., a basidiomycetous wood-decay fungus and member of the Corticiaceae.

Gray. Both S. fimbriatum and S. ciliolatum have completely effused basidiocarps with rhizomorphic margins. Basidiocarps of S. ochraceum are often effused reflexed or sessile, but have crowded, cylindric teeth that are pinkish buff to ochraceous buff in color. It also differs from S. oreophilum in having ovoid to subglobose spores that are 3.5-4.5 x 2.5-3.5 ,Lm. Basidiocarps of Irpex lacteus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. are also similar but have no clamp connections on the generative hyphae or at the base of the basidia.

Adequate aeration of cultures was shown to be essential for basidium formation in isolates of several species belonging in the Ceratobasidiaceae. Moreover, fruiting was strongly influenced by the physical characteristics of three commercially available brands of petri dish that differed in their capacity to permit atmospheric exchange between the interior of the dish and the external environment. Dextrose-yeast extract agar, on which fungi were grown before transferring to sporulation media, was found to be a suitable primary substrate for eight of 10 species tested but basidium formation in most isolates was critically affected by the composition of the sporulation medium and by the volume of incculum transferred. The significance of these findings is considered in relation to the potential of existing methods to give reproducible leve!s of basidium fcrmation in different laboratories.

Gasterocarpus hypogaeus, usque ad 2.7-2.9 cm diam in statu humectato, globosus vel scrobiculatus; rhizomorphae nonnullae. Peridium 0.5-1 mm crassum in statu humectato, pallide griseum vel griseum, deinde subflavum, in statu sicco subflavum vel subflavobrunneum; sutura peridiali nulla; epicutis subflavis, ex hyphis crassitunicatis composita, 5-8 utm diam; subcutis flavobrunneis, ex hyphis subcrassitunicatis composita, 7-15 5tm diam, cellae turgidae, 15-25 Atm diam, hyphae omnes fibuligerae. Gleba cartilaginosa, loculata, subbrunnea vel griseo-alba, deinde pallide flavobrunnea in statu sicco; trama alba vel pallida; loculis vacuis, sphaericis vel subelongatis, + 3 mm crassis, constanter firmis, fractis in statu sicco; columella gelatinosa, prolongata, attenuata, paniculata, nonpercurrens. Sporae ellipsoideae vel oblongatae, 11-13(-15) x 7-9(-10.5) um, cum rugae, in solutio 3% KOH viridi-flavae vel subflavobrunneae in massae, non-amyloideae; episporium circa 1 Am crassum, bistratosum, intrastratum verrucosum, extrastratum laevigatum vel subrugosum; appendix centralis, rectinervis, hyalinis, 2-2.5 x 1.5 Am. Basidia 4-sporigera, cylindracea vel obpiriformis, 32-40 x 12-15 ,m, leptoderma, hyalina, in euhymenium; sterigmata recta vel subcurva, 2.5 x 1.5 ,Am.

SUMMARY Chionosphaera apobasidialis is described. Its basiodiocarps are tiny white capitate synnemata,2 occurring on the bark of dead limbs of Qitercius macrocarpa Michx., Q. stellata Wang., and Carpinus caroliniana Walt. They bear a superficial resemblance to some synnematous imperfect fungi and to some basidiomycetes. The fungus completes its life cycle in culture on a variety of media. Its basidiospores germinate by budding, and it is heterothallic. Fruiting bodies are produced in culture only when Chionosphaera is grown in association with a species of Cladosporium or another appropriate hyphomycete. The basidia of Chionosphaera are apobasidia, common among gasteromycetes but unique among hymenomycetes. It is most closely related to Filobasidiunm floriforme Olive. The Filobasidiaceae is emended to allow the inclusion of Chionosphaera.

References.- 1 The Significance of the Morphology of the Basidium in the Phylogeny of Basidiomycetes.- Heterobasidiomycetes.- Uredinales.- Septobasidiales.- Ustilaginales s. str..- Auriculariales.- Tremellales.- Holobasidiate Taxa.- Basidiomycete Yeasts and Yeast-like Taxa.- Homobasidiomycetes.- References.- 2 Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of Basidial and Basidiospore Development.- Basidial Initiation.- Storage Product Accumulation.- Wall Development in the Basidium.- Basidial Septation.- Sterigmal Initiation.- Basidiospore Formation.- Cytoplasmic Differentiation at the Septal Pore.- Vacuolation of Maturing Basidia.- Endomembrane System.- Other Organelles.- Experimental Control of Late Basidial Development.- Materials and Methods.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 Meiotic Divisions in the Basidium.- Methods.- The Sequence of Meiosis.- Discussion.- References.- 4 Replication of Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Crossing Over in Coprinus.- An Overview of the System.- Premeiotic DNA Replication.- Genetic Recombination.- Recombination, a Coordinated Program of the Meiotic Cell Cycle.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5 Biochemical and Genetic Studies on the Initial Events of Fruitbody Formation.- Detection of Fruitbody-Inducing Substance.- Regulation of Cyclic AMP Level and Fruiting.- Existence of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases.- Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism by Cyclic AMP.- Possible Role of Cyclic AMP in Fruiting.- References.- 6 Control of Stipe Elongation by the Pileus and Mycelium in Fruitbodies of Flammulina velutipes and Other Agaricales.- Role of the Pileus in Stipe Elongation of Agaricales.- Relationship Between Stipe Elongation and the Mycelium.- Plant Growth Regulators and Nucleotides in Relation to Fruitbody Growth.- Recent Studies on Flammulina velutipes.- Discussion.- References.- 7 Metabolic Control of Fruitbody Morphogenesis in Coprinus cinereus.- Materials and Methods.- Results.- Discussion.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- Author Index.

An illustrated revision is provided of the species of Hygrocybe Kummer with dimorphous basidia which occur in tropical America. Nine taxa are recognized. Hygrocybe chloochlora Pegler & Fiard, H. martinicensis Pegler & Fiard and H. occidentalis var. scarletina Pegler & Fiard are described as new. Hygrocybe hypohaemacta (Corner) Pegler, H. trinitensis (Dennis) Pegler and H. occidentalis (Dennis) Pegler are proposed as new combinations, and H. naranjana Pegler as a nomen novum.

Most species of the genus Exobasidium Wor. (Basidiomycetes, Exobasidiales) occurring in the northern temperate and arctic zones are parasites of Ericaceae. However some exceptions exist, e.g. two species on Saxifraga L. (Saxifragaceae): Exobasidium schinzianum Magn., forming light circular leaf spots on S. rotundifolia L. and originally described from the Swiss Alps (Magnus, 1891) and E. warmingii Rostr., a shoot gall fungus, first found on S. aizoon L. in Greenland (Rostrup, 1888). Exobasidium schinzianum was transferred to Entyloma (Ustilaginales) by H6hnel (1905), and this disposition was confirmed by Bubaik (19o6). This arrangement seems to be generally accepted now, although no adequate description exists, and despite the expression of strong doubts about its position among the Ustilaginales (Zundel, 1953). Actually it is a good species of Exobasidium. Unfortunately the majority of the material examined is sterile or bears other leaf spot fungi and also, in the specimens clearly carrying Exobasidium, basidia are rather scant. All microscopical details are similar to those of E. warmingii and the differentiation of the two species seems only to be possible from their occurrence on differing hosts and by the symptoms on them. For E. warmingii, Savile (1959) erected the new genus Arctiomyces. According to his observations the basidia arise from stroma-like structures within the host tissue. The comparison of abundant material of the fungus with other species of Exobasidium shows that the differences may be so slight that Arctiomyces does not seem to be sufficiently clearly differentiated (compare also Donk, 1966). I prefer at present to use the generic name Exobasidium for the species on Saxifraga. Microscopically the two species are alike. The leaf tissue of the host is permeated by interand intra-cellular hyphae. Between the epidermal cells fascicles of young and ripe basidia arise, which break through the cuticule. There is no compact palisade of basidia on the surface of the infected leaves but sometimes basidia grow in small groups. The length of the slender basidia may differ considerably, some form the sterigmata (3-7, usually 4-6) just above the outer surface of the leaf, in other cases the basidia are much longer, measuring 30-60 x 3-6 [m. Mature basidiospores are more or less cylindrical and two-celled, having an excentric hilar appendix and measure 10-15 x 2-3 / m. Besides the basidiospores, cylindrical-filiform, unicellular, solitary blastoconidia (6-i2 x I pm) are formed (Fig. I).

Cytidia is a genus of fungi assigned by most contemporary American workers to the Thelephoraceae, by most contemporary European workers to the Cyphellaceae. The Cyphellaceae is a family which has been segregated from the Thelephoraceae because of the cup-shaped structure of the receptacle, which has definite margins, although margins of adjacent receptacles may become confluent. In general these fungi present the aspect of inverted Discomycetes. To the Cyphellaceae are assigned such genera as Cyphella, Solenia, Porothelium, Cytidia and Aleurodiscus. Both Cytidia and Aleurodiscus usually have large basidia, large basidiospores, and distinctive paraphyses of an acanthophysoid nature, characters which are usually lacking in the other three genera, in whose hymenia sterile bodies rarely occur and which usually have small basidia and basidiospores. Cytidia is further differentiated in that the hyphae of its receptacles are usually strongly gelatinized. Be? cause of these characters the present writer prefers to leave the genera Cytidia and Aleurodiscus in the Thelephoraceae without reference, at present, to any segregate of the family. In Cytidia, four species have been commonly recognized. The most widespread of these is C. salicina which occurs on willows and other deciduous woody plants in the northern hemisphere. While not collected frequently, C. flocculenta is also widespread throughout the northern hemisphere and also occurs in Australia. C. pezizoidea and C. habgallae are widespread throughout the tropics of both hemispheres but collected infrequently. C. simulans was described from South Africa. Two species of restricted dis? tribution will be described below; of these, one will be based on a collection from northern Idaho, the other on a few collections from northern California. Another species, usually placed in

BASIDIA of many Polyporaceae at the end of the rainy season and during intervals between two showers of rain have been observed to be gradually transformed into hyphal elongations with terminal spores that are exactly like basidiospores. Conversely, on the advent of rain in the middle of a dry season, the hyphal elongations soon become reconverted into regular basidia.

During the development of the fruit body of Lycoperdon perlatum the hyphae in the outer layers, destined to form the peridium, contain membrane complexes, multivesicular bodies and other cytological features possibly associated with declining metabolic activity. The tramal cells show similar but less marked features as their function diminishes. Development of the basidia is basically similar to that described for other basidiomycetes. There appears to be no regular distribution of plasmalemmasomes.

It occurs in abundance on the under side of the limbs of the common live oak of California, Quercus agrifolia. However, it is never found except in association with scale insects. All of us who have studied it here in its native habitat and have had ample fresh material at our disposal, agree that it is not a lichen, but is a fungus belonging to Septobasidia. As we have never been able to find spores it cannot be placed more definitely. A few days ago Dr. McMurphy found basidia, and is confident that he will secure basidiospores ere long. The Jamaican species of Septobasidia have been studied by Couch, Journal Elisha Mitchell Science Society, 44: pp. 242-260, 1929. Most of the numerous species of Crocynia described by various authors are, as Zahlbruckner points out, merely leprous stages of miscellany of lichens. Crocynia Moxleyi Plitt is a species of Septobasidia growing upon colonies of Mycetococcus Ehrhorni, a scale insect found on Quercus agrifolia and closely related species. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA

Observations were made on cultures of Tremella encephala and on herbarium and field collections of this species. Repeated isolations from the fleshy core and from basidiospores demonstrate that the basidiocarps are composed of two discordant elements. The name Naematelia, originally based on this species, is then a nomen confusum. The present status of other species is discussed and descriptions and illustrations are given for several species. In 18162, Fries established the genus Naematelia in which he included the single species, N. encephala (Pers.) Fries. In this species, the basidiocarps consist of a firm, fleshy core surrounded by a gelatinous hymenial layer, while in other species of Tremella, in which genus it had originally been placed, basidiocarps are gelatinous throughout. In his Systema, Fries (1822) included two additional species, N. rubiformis Fries and N. nucleata (Schw.) Fries. Approximately twenty species have been described since that time. Lloyd (1922) divided the genus into two sections: 1, Encephala, including only N. encephala, and 2, Naematelia, in which he placed N. nucleata and N. globulus Corda. He discussed thirteen species in addition to the above, but included all under "Other 'Species.' " Lloyd believed that the two sections constituted separate genera, though he did not describe them as such. He also stated that "Tulasne and Brefeld both finding the basidia of Naematelia the same as those of Tremella, disregarded the heterogeneous structure of the tissue and included the genus in Tremella." Others, including Patouillard (1900), Rea (1922), Bourdot and Galzin (1928), Neuhoff (1936), and Martin (1944 and 1952) have followed a similar course, but 1 I wish to express my appreciation to C. R. Benjamin and J. A. Stevenson, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville; Prof. J. N. Couch, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Prof. R. Heim, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Prof. G. W. Martin, State University of Iowa, Iowa City; Stanley Jay Smith, New York State Museum, Albany; and to the Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; for the loan of specimens used in this study. The research was supported in part by grants from the National Research Council of Canada and the President's Research Committee of the University of British Columbia. 2 Fries (1822) cites Naematelia Fries as published in Liljebl. Sv. Fl. (1815). This is evidently a reference to the third edition of Liljeblad's Svensk Flora, which I have not seen. According to Pritzel, the third edition of this work was published in 1816.

The genus Seismosarca was established by Cooke (Grevillea 18: 25. 1889) for a gelatinous fungus collected in New South Wales, which he called 5\ hydrophora. Little attention was paid to the genus until Lloyd (Myc. Writ. 5, Letter 62: 6-7. 1916) referred a second collec? tion from Australia to Cooke's species, noting its possession of gloeo? cystidia. Lloyd had examined Cooke's type at Kew and pointed out the errors in Cooke's description. The following year (Myc. Writ. 5, Myc. Notes 629-630. 1917) he comments further on the second collec? tion, stating that the spores are pale yellow and that the basidia are like those of an Exidia. Lloyd had previously shown that a common species of temperate North America, often listed as Tremella albida Huds. ex Fries, the identity of which is not certain, was unlike any European spe? cies and proposed for it the name Exidiopsis alba (Myc. Writ. 4, Letter 44: 8-9. 1913). In 1917, he decided that Seismosarca hydrophora and Exidiopsis alba were congeneric and transferred the latter to Seismo? sarca as 6\ alba (Lloyd) Lloyd. Burt (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 8: 366. 1921) transferred the American species to Exidia as E. alba (Lloyd) Burt, noting that it would be the only member of the genus with gloeocystidia, but adding the comment: "it seems unnecessary and a great pity to segregate already small genera on the basis of every positive character which would make a species noteworthy." Another species which must be considered in this connection is Tremella pululahuana Pat. (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 9: 138. 1893), origi? nally described from Ecuador and also characterized by gloeocystidia. Bourdot and Galzin (Hymen. Fr. 48. 1929) transferred it to Bour? dotia, believing it to be represented in Europe by two subspecies, B. pululahuana ssp. Galzinii (Bres.) B. & G. and B. pululahuana ssp. caesia (Bres. & Torr.) B. & G. Rogers (Univ. Iowa Stud. Nat. Hist. 17: 38. 1935) transferred Patouillard's species to Sebacina as .9. pulu

Summary 1. Fructifications of Mycena sanguinolenta were obtained from a birch-heather association near St Andrews. 2. The methods of treatment of this material and of mycelia grown, in pure culture, on coverslips are described. 3. A description is given of the general structure and microscopic detail of the sporophore. Spore dimensions and nuclear phenomena in the basidium are described. 4. Culture characters are noted. The nuclear phenomena occurring in the mycelium are detailed, particularly those associated with clamp connexion formation. 5. Three types of clamp connexion were found. Pores in septa were observed. 6. Types of branches formed independently, or associated with clamp connexions, are noted. 7 Anastomosing hyphae occur rarely. 8. Binucleate conidia are formed.

Odontia is the only strictly resupinate genus of the Hydnaceae characterized by the presence of cystidia. Steccherinum ochraceum, S. lacticolor and 5\ setulosum have cystidia and may occur resupinate but these can be distinguished generally by their more coriaceous texture and larger size. Cystidia are readily separated from gloeocystidia, setae and conducting organs but often are distinguished with difficulty from the sterile hymenial organs known as paraphyses. Sterile hymenial organs which are readily distinguished from basidia are here treated as cystidia. A cystidium is generally regarded as the specialized end of an undifferentiated hypha and typically has thickened walls, no conspicuous content and is often incrusted with granular material (Overholts, 1929). It seems unwise arbitrarily to distinguish between the unspecialized hyphae and typical cystidia projecting at the crest of the tooth in many species of Odontia, particularly since this character may vary in a given species.

Summary The basidia of the two wild species Psalliota campestris and P. arvensis and three different forms of cultivated mushrooms vary in the number of spores on the basidium. The wild species have four-spored basidia and the cultivated either two-spored or from one- to four-spored. Only one out of these three cultivated varieties has shown uniformly two-spored basidia. The number of nuclei in the mature spores of the wild species is constant; they contain two nuclei. In the cultivated variable varieties the number of nuclei may range from two to eight. Methods are given for obtaining consecutive spore-traces from single pilei, for staining spores for nuclei, and for spore germination. The stage of maturity of the sporophore when the spore-traces are taken is all important.

THE late Hans Kniep from 1915 onwards and Mlle. Bensaude in 1918 described the union of two mycelia of + and strains as a necessary preliminary to the formation of the sporophore in heterothallic species of Hymenomycetes. In such cases, plasmogamy is usually separated from karyogamy in the basidium by several successive divisions of conjugate nuclei through clamp connexions. This is held as indicating a ” degeneration of the sexual process”, and as the principal point of distinction from the type of sexual fusion known in green plants, where there is simultaneous fusion of protoplasm and nuclei of two conjugating gametes. But a closer reflection would lessen this difference.

Three species of Asterostroma, A. andinum Pat., A. cervi- color (Berk. & Curt.) Massee, and A. musicolum (Berk. & Curt.) Massee occur in the West Indies. These species are analyzed morphologically and the development of the asterosetae and basidia is described. Com- ments on extralimital species are presented, along with morphological notes. The' genus Asterostroma was established by Massee in 1889 for certain corticioid basidiomycetous fungi with asterosetae. The genus is based on Corticium apalum Berk. & Br. (see Donk, 1957b). About 21 taxa have been described for Asterostroma, but about five of these have been relegated to synonymy. The latest comprehensive treatment of North American Thelephoraceae (Burt, 1924) lists six species, but Rcgers and Jackso,n (1943) reduced three of these (A. bicolor Ell. & Everh., A. gracile Burt, A. spiniferum Burt) to synonymy as variants of A. andinum Pat., and synonymnized A. ochrostroma Burt with Asterodon ferruginosum Pat. The remaining three species were all listed by Burt as occurring in the West Indies. Asterostroma is characterized by effused basidiocarps spreading either continuously or in an interrupted manner over the stubstrate. The basidiocarps atre dry, and the smooth hymenial sLurface, espe- cially in thin forms, is pierced by reddish-brown aster'osetae. In tex- ture, the basidiocarps vary from arachnoid, byssoid, pellicular, to spongy-crustose depending upon the degree of hyphal development. The basidiocarp is white to buff in color, but the coloring is greatly modified by the' degree, of development of the astercsetae and their penetration o,f the hymenial surface. Around the extreme margins the hyaline hyphae have a whitish appearance; towards, the' center a reddish-brown color develops due to the asterosetae. In sections, the basidiocarps are composed of strands of loosely interwoven, unexpanded, branching, hyaline hyphae without clamp- connections or conspicuously thickened walls. These, hyphae give rise to the characteristic, thickened asterosetae. Asterosetal development begins as a terminal swelling of an undifferentiated hypha and from this swelling arise the arms of the asteroseta (Fig. 1, C). In A. andinum Pat. that arm which develops on the hymenial side often is the longest and most well developed (Fig. 1, A), but this feature is not a constant one for that species. Corner (1948) has shown that if an asteroseta develops within a hymenial region, variolus kinds, of asymmetry result. Such asymmetry in A. andinumn can be correlated in our specimens with thin fructifications. In A. cervicolor (Berk. &

The nomenclatorial travels of Stereum radicans from genus to genus represent attempts by hard-pressed mycologists to settle this species into a taxonomically more comfortable situation. Originally described as a Thelephora, Patouillard removed it to his Podoscypha, where he accommodated most of the "stipitate Stereums." Burt transferred the species to Stereum but later (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 13: 326. 1926), discovering that the spores darken with age, returned it to Thelephora. Since these reports, additional information has accumulated which indicates a more realistic disposition of S. radicans. Martin (Lloydia 7: 77. 1944 Welden (Bull. Torrey Club 81: 432. 1954), and Boidin (Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxelles 30: 291. 1960), basing their work on recently collected material, have microscopically analyzed the species. Neither Martin nor Welden attempted to move the species from Stereum, but Boidin has suggested transferring it to either Cotylidia or Podoscypha. He tends to favor Cotylidia because of the hyphal construction of S. radicans. In 1958 (Lloydia 21: 38-44) I demonstrated that Cotylidia is a homogeneous group of more or less stipitate fungi of relatively simple construction and bibulous texture. The basidiocarps are white to pale yellow in the field and darken only slightly in drying or with age. The laterallv stipitate pilei lack a cuticle and are constructed of thinto thick-walled hyaline, branching hyphae, without clamp-connections, arranged in a parallel manner within the context. Leptocystidia, arising from deep within the context, grow downward and penetrate the hymenium in some species, but these are absent in others. The hymenium is composed of cylindrical-clavate basidioles and basidia, the basidia producinlg hyaline, smooth, thin-walled spores on four slender sterigmata. These spores remain hyaline with age. Podoscypha is composed of species which have a relatively more complex structure. The basidiocarps are laterally stipitate to infundibuliform and have a more or less coriaceous texture, particularly when dry. In the field these sporocarps may be white to deep reddish-brown; the former become reddish-brown in age and in drying; the latter do not change or only become darker. A well-developed cuticle is present, composed of thick-walled hyphae with the pigment localized in the hyphal walls. Thin-walled hyaline, branching hyphae with clamp-connections and thick-walled seldom-branched hyaline hyphae compose the context. The thick-walled hyphae are the skeletals. These skeletal hyphae, especially adhymenially, often produce short branches and twist and turn among the other hyphae. In this, they appear nearly as binding hyphae. The pseudocystidia (gloeoeystidia) arise from generative hyphae within the context and project from the surface of the stalk and pileus and into the hymenium. Those projecting from the stalk and from the abhymenial suriace of the pileus often thicken considerably, become pigmented, and form the pileo-and caulocystidia. Those which project into the hymenium remain thin-walled or thicken only slightly, but remain hyaline. Basidia and basidioles compose the hymenium. The basidia, which may become

THE usual forms of Rhizoctonia when grown on agar culture remain sterile, and are differentiated mainly on the basis of vegetative characters. During a study of the occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in England, a number of isolates falling within the limits of the form genus Rhizoctonia regarding vegetative characters formed basidiospores freely on agar cultures. These isolates were afterwards identified as Corticium praticola Kotila1, although the measurements of basidia, sterigmata and spores were all slightly larger than those given by Kotila.

Gautieria Vittadini, Monogr. Tuberac. 25-27. 1831; Klotzsch in Dietr. Fl. Boruss. (Fl. Konigr. Preuss.) 7: No. 764. pl. 464. 1839; Tulasne, Fung. Hypog. 62-63. 1851; Zobel in Corda, Icon. Fung. 6: 33-34. 1854; Winter in Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2, 1: 873-874. 1884; DeToni in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 7: 177-179. 1888; Hesse, Hypog. Deutschl. 1: 105-110. 1891. -Gautiera Endlicher, Gen. P1. 30. 1836-1840; Corda, Anleit. z. Stud. Myc. 114. 1842; Icon. Fung. 5: 28. 1842; Rabenhorst, Deutschl. Krypt.-Fl. 1: 252. 1844; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 435. 1849.-Not Gautiera Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 1 : 202. 1828. The type species of the genus is Gacuitieria morchelliformis Vittadini. Fructifications globose to somewhat irregular, with a simple or branched rhizomorph; columella variable in size and shape; peridium thin, fugacious; gleba white at first, becoming colored by the masses of spores; cavities variable in size, often elongated, labyrinthiform; septa homogeneous, composed of closely interwoven, parallel hyphae, not conspicuously gelatinized at maturity; basidia clavate, usually 2-spored, with long filiform sterigmata; spores ellipsoidal to citriform, unicellular, with longitudinal thickenings of the cell wall. Although Gauqtieria was originally described as lacking a peridium, it has been reported2 to have one in its early stages of development. For this reason we are inclined to consider Chamonixia Rolland as synonymous with Gautieria, but since

In 1895, Moller described the genus Prolohydnum 1 from Brazil, with the single species P. cartilagineum, described as resupinate, yellowish white, and thickly beset with blunt spines attaining a length of 5 mm. This description is confirmed by an accompanying photographic illustration (plate 3, fig. 1). The basidia are divided longitudinally into four cells, each cell producing an epibasidium tipped by a sterigma and bearing an elongated, oval spore 9 X 4-5 jx. In 1903 Bresadola doubtfully attributed to this genus a second species, found in Poland, as ?Protohydnum lividum.2 This species was clearly distinct from Moller's, being livid fuscous to vinaceous fuscous, waxy membranous in texture and with small, acute spines about 0.5 mm. in length, with sterile tips, the spores subglobose to obovate, depressed on one side and with a large guttule, 5.5-8 X 4-5 jx. In 1907 von Hohnel described the genus Protodontia3 to accommodate a fungus with the aspect of Odontia but charac? terized by longitudinally septate basidia. This species, named P. udd, was described as yellowish or reddish yellow, with short spines 0.2-0.4 mm. long, and with broadly ovate spores, flattened on one side, 6-8 X 4-5 jx. Rea 4 reports this species as rare in Britain, using von Hohnel's name, but noting that it is pure white when fresh, and giving the spore measurements as 6-8 (-9) X 3-4 jx. Bourdot and Galzin,5 on the other hand, regard this species as identical with that of Bresadola, use his name, and report its occurrence in France. They describe the color as "grayish hyaline, a trifle bluish," the spines livid-fawn when dry, the spores ovoid, somewhat depressed laterally, 5-9 X 4-6 jx. They also describe a form microdon with slender, short spines 1 Protobasidiomyceten 131. 1895. 2 Ann. Myc. 1: 117. 3 Sitzungsber. Acad. Wien. 116: 83. 4 British Basidiomycetae 736. 1922. 5 Hymenomycetes de France 1: 34. 1927. 508

Septobasidium Patouillard, Jour. de Bot. 6:61. textf. 1892; Essai Taxon. Hym. 7. 1900; Sacc. Syll. Fung. 11:118. 1895; ibid. 14:215. 1900; ibid. 16:184. 1902; ibid. 17:203. 1905; ibid. 21:445. 1913. Jola M6ller, A., Bot. Mitth. a. d. Tropfen 8, Protobasidiomyceten 22-29. pl. 4. f. 4. 1895; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. I.1**:84. 1897; Sace. Syll. Fung. 14:245. 1900. The genus was founded upon Septobasidium. pedicellatmurn Pat. and Septobasidium velutinurn Pat. Fructifications resupinate, effused, coriaceous, producing probasidia upon the hyphae at or near the hymenial surface; the probasidia remain attached to the hyphae and either produce at the apex a few-celled, hyaline, spore-bearing filament, or elongate, become septate, and differentiate into such a filament, usually termed a transversely septate basidium; spores simple, hyaline, even, borne one to each cell by the terminal cell and next lower cells. The spores are apparently produced in succession upon the spore-bearing organ rather than simultaneously, for in only two instances have I observed two spores present at the same time upon the same organ; in these the two spores were very unequal in size. One sees a spore attached to the terminal cell more frequently than to lower cells but perhaps

The hitherto unknown fungus here described grows as a parasite on the hymenium of a minute, inoperculate discomycete superficially resembling the genus Mollisia. The host ascocarp, scarcely exceeding half a millimeter in diameter, is barely discernible; the parasite, occurring on only occasional apothecia, is nearly imperceptible to the naked eye, can be detected under the hand-lens only because of its whitish color, and even under the highest magnification of the dissecting binocular appears as no more than a white nap, somewhat convex in profile, covering the gray hymenium of the host. The first collections were the accidental result of bringing the ascomycete into the laboratory, and the few subsequent collections were possible only through persistent search for the host. The fungus must be sought as an alien fuzz on a small discomycete (Hyaloscypha atomaria), and is accordingly named Xenolachne (from OSEos, a stranger, and Aadxvl, down or fuzz). The fructification consists of a layer of ovoid or ellipsoid basidia supported on a scanty subiculum of clamp-bearing mycelium, the whole resembling, except for the absence of gelatinous texture, an extremely minute Sebacina. The young basidia (FIG. 1, A-E) are like those of most species of Sebacina except that they develop only one longitudinal septum; and even in this they resemble those of at least one species (unpublished) of Sebacina, or those of Tremella simplex Jackson & Martin (Martin 1940: 687) or of some gatherings of Phlogiotis Helvelloides (Martin 1936: 628), or some of the basidia of Hyaloria Pilacre (Moller 1895: 139). Each of the two segments puts out from its apex a tubular or bluntconic epibasidium (FIG. 1, F, G) in no essential different from that of any of the Tremellaceae which possess epibasidia, and the

A former paper on Podaxis 1 by the writer concluded with the hope that the relationships of this genus would yet be fully worked out. This hope is in course of realization. Very young material from the Colorado Desert was supplied by E. V. C. Northrop, El Centro, Calif., to both Fischer and Brasfield who agreed that very early stages of Podaxis and Secotium 2 are similar. Brasfield found that in Secotium the hymenium consists of closely compacted basidia which cover the surface of crumpled gills, whereas the writer found in Podaxis that the gleba develops into capillitium, basidia, and variable spores, with no suggestion of lamellae; furthermore, Secotium has no capillitium. The classifications of Podaxis and Secotium made by Brasfield and Fisher are quite different; the former places them together in Secotiaceae in Hymenogastrales. In Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Vol. 7a, 1933, Fischer makes a separate " Unterreihe " for Podaxis-Podaxineae-to include two families in equal rank, Podaxaceae and Secotiaceae-Podaxis being the sole representative in its family. The writer favors Fischer's disposition of this genus. The powdery gleba of Podaxis at maturity points to relationship with Lycoperdaceae proposed by Lloyd and accepted by Clements and Shear. The phylogenetic position of Podaxis still remains in doubt, as in the time of de Bary (1887), although some progress has been made towards its determination.

Living material of Exidia nucleata was stained with the HCl-Giemsa technique for observations of nuclear behavior in the basidium. The study represents the first cytological examination of a member...

IN December 1943 through the kindness of Dr. K. P. Biswas, superintendent of the Lloyd Botanical Gardens of Darjeeling, I obtained a few specimens of green leaflets of a Macrozamia sp. from the Darjeeling garden bearing tiny fructifications of Polystictus sanguineus (Linn.) May. on their back surface (see accompanying illustration). Sections of the fructifications showed normal basidia and white and oval spores (4–6 × 3–4 mic.) of P. sanguineus. In sections of leaflets under the microscope partial disintegration of chloroplastids at places and formation of tannin drops were detected though the leaflets were quite green to the naked eye.

The genus Muribasidiospora Kamat & Rajendren (Rajendren, 1968), was established to accommodate Muribasidiospora indica Kamat & Rajendren, which parasitizes Rhus mysorensis, because of its muriform thick-walled basidiospores (FIG. 1). The genus was placed in the Exobasidiaceae. But the Exobasidiaceae are characterized by transversely septate basidiospores, and incite malformation of and hypertrophy in the host. According to Graafland (1960), species of Exobasidium produce yeastoid, mucilaginous colonies that consist of blastospores with no mycelium. This is similar to species of Taphrina, yeasts and smuts. The genus Muribasidiospora gives rise to profuse radial fanshaped mycelium with abundant blastospores, as well as sclerotial bodies (Rajendren, 1969). This behavior is characteristic of the higher Basidiomycetes. Thus, the genus Muribasidiospora is distinct in morphological characters, parasitic habit and cultural behavior from the Exobasidiaceae. Besides, the basidia emerge through stomata and do not cause hypertrophy (FIG. 1, A). Consequently, we establish the family Muribasidiosporaceae, with the following diagnostic characters.

Exobasidium Woronin, Naturforsch. Ges. Freiburg Verhandl. 4: 397-416. pl. 1-3. 1867.-Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 6: 664. 1888.-Hennings, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (I.I'*): 103. 1897. The type species of the genus is Exobasidium Vaccinii Fuck. ex Wor. Fungi parasitic in leaves, shoots, and flowers, which they deform more or less, producing on the surface of these organs an effused hymenium, rarely composed of basidia alone and more usually felt-like and composed chiefly of interwoven hyphae bearing basidia and conidiophores; Wasidia simple; spores white, simple or septate. Exobasidium resembles so closely in the thinness of its fructifications such species of Corticium and Peniophora as Corticium byssinum, Peniophora asperipilata, P. pilosa, and P. subalutacea that I follow Saccardo and include it with the above genera in the Thelephoraceae. Hennings in Engler & Prantl's 'Die Natuirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,' has raised Exobasidiuttm to ordinal rank but this is not justified by the structure of the many fructifications of Exobasidium which I have sectioned; the illustrations in text-books of the structure in section of the fructification are decidedly diagrammatic and simplified. In his work already cited, Woronin gives a detailed account of the morphology and life history of Exobasidium Vaccinii and illustrates this account with three double plates. The interest in this fungus which Woronin's work aroused has

Species of Neurospora are very adaptable for class demonstration of sexuality, life histories and Mendelian inheritance in ascomycetes. Biology teachers need comparable material for illustrating basidiomycetes. During the summer of 1932, members of the Department of Dermatology, P. & S., Columbia University, studying the fungi arising on plates exposed in rooms where patients were suspected of having contracted asthma or hay fever, isolated what appeared at first to be a good hyphomycetous species. The plate was evenly covered with " conidiophores " each bearing a crown of from three to seven spores. More careful examination, however, proved that the erect spore-bearing structures were really basidia, which invariably arose from clamps along the surface hyphae or from clamps in a more or less erect proliferating system. This fungus was not found to be the cause of asthma in any patient, but it has been kept in culture by the writer because of the ease with which it can be grown and the origin of basidia from clamps demonstrated.

The genus Sebacina was established by L. R. and C. Tulasne (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 13: 36. 1871) to accommodate two species, Corticium incrustans Pers. and C. caesium Pers. The next year the Tulasne's paper was printed in French (Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V. 15: 215-235. 1872) and the illustrations added. The first species, Sebacina incrustans (Pers. ex Fries) Tulasne, is a well-known and widely distributed spe? cies exhibiting great variation, which has led students to apply additional names to it (see Martin, Univ. Iowa Stud. Nat. Hist. 19(3) : 53. 1952). Clements and Shear (Gen. Fungi 342. 1931) cite Sebacina laciniata [Bull.] Bres. as the type of the genus. It is true that the Tulasnes cited Clavaria laciniata Pers. as a synonym, but there can be no doubt that the species the authors had in mind in describing the new genus was what they had previously referred to Corticium incrustans. Cor? ticium caesium is less fully described, appears to be much less common and its identity is by no means so firmly established. Bourdot and Galzin (Hymen. Fr. 41. 1928) cite Sebacina caesia (Pers.) Tul. as a subspecies, following 5". laciniata (i.e., S. incrustans) ; the spore size as given and the notation that clamp-collections are lacking tend to support this disposition. The Tulasnes had never, of course, heard of the com? bination S. laciniata. It seems clear that the type of Sebacina must be Corticium incrustans Pers., as indicated by Burt (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 2: 749. 1915). The genus has been widely accepted, but the generic limitations have varied very greatly. Although certain phases of Sebacina incrustans bear free lobes, and thus approach in this respect, as in the nature of the hyphae and basidia, the species of Tremellodendron, the species is usually resupinate, and the tendency has been to include in Sebacina all resupinate fungi with cruciate-septate basidia and with a waxy or gelatinous texture. Patouil? lard (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 8: 120. 1892) established the genus Heterochaete for Sebacina-like fungi with spine-like clusters of sterile hyphae

Meiosis II in Boletus versipellis Fr. yields four nuclei which extrude their nucleoli before they enter the basidiospores. A third nuclear division subsequently takes place in the basidiospores and one daughter nucleus from each division returns to the basidium. The same sequence of events has been observed in other boleti.

ARCANGELIELLA Arcangeliella Cavara, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. N. S. 7:117128. 1900; Saccardo & Sydow in Sacc. Syll. Fung. 16:255256. 1902. The type species of the genus is Arcangeliella Borziana Cavara. Fructifications gregarious, hypogaeous or emergent, fleshy, lactiferous; peridium thin, separable with difficulty, extending to the base in young specimens but evanescent and disappearing below at maturity; columella simple or branched, often extending to the peridium above; base more or less sterile, usually attenuated and leading to rhizomorphs, generally lactiferous; gleba fragile, lactiferous; cavities minute, irregular, radiating more or less from the columella and base; basidia 2-4-spored; cystidia present; spores globose to ellipsoidal, echinulate to verrucose, tinted. This is a distinct genus which is closely related to Macowanites Kalchbr. The description has been emended here to include some variation in characters which evidently Cavara did not have the opportunity to observe in the type species and which are necessary to include Arcangeliella caudata and A. Soderstromii.

A needle rust of Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh, Gymnosporangium gaeumannii Zogg spp. albertense Parmelee, can sporulate annually on the same site of a needle for up to three or possibly more years. The first sorus develops subepidermally and sporulates by pushing up the epidermal layer. In the second year, a new sporogenous layer develops under the old one and sporulates by pushing it up as the epidermal layer was pushed up a year before. Occasionally, a third sporogenous layer is produced under the second a year later. Six morphologically distinct spores are present in this fungus: (1) pedicellate, 1-celled, multipored, verrucose spores, (2) pedicellate, 2-celled multipored, verrucose spores, (3) pedicellate, 1-celled, single-pored, smooth spores, (4) pedicellate 2-celled, single-pored, smooth spores, (5) pedicellate, 2-celled spores with one multipored, verrucose cell, and one single-pored, smooth cell, and (6) nonpedicellate, verrucose, hyaline spores. Regardless of the number of cells in a spore, the multipored, verrucose cells have two nuclei, which upon germination migrate into the germ tube without nuclear fusion or division. The single-pored, smooth cells have one large nucleus and germinate to produce basidia and basidiospores. Thus the 2-celled, multipored spores should be called urediniospores rather than teliospores.

The only tremellaceous fungus previously described in which the basidium is characterized by the formation of incomplete septa is Metabourdotia, found by Olive (1957) in Tahiti. During a collecting tour in Guatemala in the summer of 1963, the writer found the fungus to be described in this paper as a new genus. It is at once apparent that the new fungus and Metabourdotia are related by virtue of the incomplete septation of their basidia, but whereas Metabourdotia forms sterigmata 2 that show a close affinity with similar structures of the Tremellaceae or of the Ceratobasidiaceae, the basidia of the Guatemalan fungus produce sterigmata that are diagnostic of those found in the Tulasnellaceae. The Guatemalan collection is therefore closely identified with this family but is distinguished from all other members thereof by its partially septate basidia. A new genus is therefore proposed to accommodate it.

The genus Physalacria was established by Peck in 1882 when he showed that the fungus described by Fries as Mitrula inflata and later by Cooke as Spathularia inflata was actually a Basidiomycete (6). In an excellent description, Peck stated that the surface of the bladder-like head is everywhere covered by the hymenium; and on this basis he included the genus in the family Clavariaceae, where it is generally placed at the present time. He also mentioned that he could find but two sterigmata on the basidia. Krieger (3), examining fresh specimens, claims to have found several characters at variance with Peck's description. He asserts that the cap is differentiated into distinct upper and lower surfaces, and that the hymenium is borne only on the latter. The upper surface, he finds, shows a looser cell arrangement, with hair-like and encrusted cells scattered about the transition from hymenial to sterile surface. Moreover, the hymenial surface is described as typically thrown into gill-like folds, each ending at the stipe in a decurrent tooth, much as do decurrent gills. The specimens studied by Krieger apparently all grew erect and the hymenium was in the same relative position as it is in a stalked agaric. Because of this restriction of the hymenium to the lower surface and the resemblance of the folds on the lower surface to gills, Krieger proposed to remove the fungus from the Clavariaceae to the Agaricaceae, renaming it Eoagaricus inflatus. He states (3, 4) that the stipe is always laterally attached, so that the radiately folded, gill-like hymenium, borne on one side of the stipe, faces downward in the young basidiocarp. As maturity is reached the bladder-like cap is erected by contraction of the tissues of the stipe on one side. The figure illustrating this (4, p. 192) is contradictory, however, in that the folds shown are not radiate and do not appear to terminate at the stipe in decurrent teeth.

Last year Professor F. L. Stevens sent to the author specimens of coffee branches collected at Mayaguez, Porto Rico, August, 1915, which were infested with the Pellicularia fungus, and requested that study be made to determine whether this fungus is not one of the Thelephoraceae. In compliance with this request, preparations were made from the material, which finally afforded simple basidia bearing hyaline, even spores 12X4 , flattened on one side. This fungus is a Corticium with habit of growth and structure greatly resembling the Hypochnus ochroleucus Noack which Dr. Stevens studied in 1907. Upon looking up the literature of the Pellicularia fungus complications developed as follows: 1. Pellicularia koleroga was published by M. C. Cooke, in 1876, as a hyphomycete having solitary, globose, echinulate spores situated here and there along the sides of the hyphae. In the article in Popular Science Review 15: 164165. 1876, Cooke expresses doubt as to whether the globose bodies are spores, because they do not become detached from the hyphae, and believes that their true nature will have to be decided by germination experiments. The material upon which Cooke based his species was collected at Mysore, India. 2. Dr. A. Ernst studied diseases of coffee in Venezuela and published a paper in 1878, entitled "Estudios sobre las Deformaciones, Enfermedades y Enemigos del Arbol de Cafe in Venezuela," pp. 1-24. Caracas. One of the diseases consid