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International audience; Amongst all kinds of coffee brews, “specialty coffee” is conspicuous in particular by a unique flavour. “Bourbon Pointu” coffee, Coffea arabica var. laurina, born from a spontaneous mutation of the Bourbon variety in Reunion Island, is a “specialty coffee”. This study aims at identifying potent odorants of “Bourbon Pointu” coffee brew according to its three trade classifications “Grand cru”, “Sublime” and “Authentique”. Solid phase extraction (SPE) permits to extract the volatiles. After their identification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the potent odorants are determined by their odour activity value (OAV). The determination of their \OAV\ allowed one to differentiate coffee brews from the three trade classifications. Aromatic composition of “Bourbon Pointu” coffee is characterised by a predominance of aldehydes with high \OAV\ (e.g. (E,E)-nona-2,4-dienal: 13,600) for coffee brews belonging to “Grand cru” classification, of 2-phenylacetaldehyde (270) for coffee brews of “Sublime” classification and of a group of pyrazine compounds (e.g. 2-methyl-5-propylpyrazine: 16,750) for coffee brews of “Authentique” classification.

Coffee is the most important crop in the national economy of Ethiopia and continues to be still the leading export commodity. Despite the economic importance, productivity and quality of the crop is very low. Improper post-harvest processing techniques largely contribute to the decline in coffee quality. However, lack of information on the effects of post-harvest processing and drying on quality necessitates a comprehensive study. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to determine the effects of sun drying methods, variety and cherry drying layer thickness on quality of coffee at highland areas of Limmu, Jimma zone. Accordingly, on-farm processing experiments were conducted at state owned coffee farms under Limmu Coffee Plantation Development Enterprise (LCPDE) from September up to December, 2010. The experiment was laid out in 3 × 3 × 4 Split-Split-plot design arranged in CRD with three replications. The three factors comprise three drying materials: bricks floor, raised beds with bamboo mats and mesh wires assigned to the main-plots. Three coffee varieties: 744, 74110 and 744+74110 assigned to sub-plots and four levels of cherry layer thicknesses: 20; 30; 40 kg/m2 (uniformly spread) and the farmers’ conventional practices (40 kg/m2) as sub-sub plot treatments. The data were computed by using list significant differences (LSD) procedures of SAS version 9.2. As a result, the interaction effects were highly significant (P = 0.01) for total coffee quality and significant variations were observed (P = 0.05) for drying period, total raw quality, total cup quality and coffee grades. The finding revealed that; processing coffee on raised beds using appropriate layer thickness loads of 20 to 40 kg/m2 at high altitudes produce quality coffee identified as total quality scores ranging 80-89.99 points and can attain “Specialty Grade 1 and 2” classification profiled under grade 2. While, the conventional systems produce low quality coffee identified as commercial grade classifications profiled under grade 3 to 4. Hence, using appropriate dry processing approaches, it is possible to produce specialty coffee.

We present the case study of a fast growing agribusiness cooperative in Ethiopia, Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union (OCFCU). OCFCU was established in 1999 by 34 cooperatives and a capital of US $90,000. Nowadays, OCFCU has 240 cooperatives and a capital exceeding $12,000,000 USD. Well known in the specialty coffee market, OCFCU works with growers across Ethiopia influencing communities economically and socially. Using the GLIMPSE perspective, we investigate the raw-bean procurement, transportation, quality control, economies realized through coordination, on-going initiatives to capture value added in processing, and associated challenges in the East African context of small-holder farmers, credit and infrastructure constraints.

Mr. Steve Aronson, CEO and founder of Cafe Britt, is faced with the decision of how to promote his company's growth and development through international markets, particularly U.S. specialty coffee markets. This case study refers to a highly innovative and creative company. Cafe Britt has developed new market segments within Costa Rica. It leveraged its international marketing effort by turning its coffee roasting plant into a major tourist attraction for the rising number of international tourists who visit Costa Rica each year. Traditionally, developing countries have exported a wide variety of agricultural commodities with little or no value added. Costa Rica's coffee is no exception. For almost 200 years, this country has exported green coffee beans. The export product is later roasted by multinational companies and retailed in international markets under different brands. Domestically, Costa Rica's coffee consumption reflects the consequences of an export-oriented industry. Only the lowest quality coffee was destined for domestic consumption, that is, produce that is not of export quality. As a result, Costa Ricans had not been able to learn to appreciate good coffee. They considered coffee containing “fillers,” such as sugar or corn, to be good. Given local market characteristics, in 1983 Cafe Britt foresaw the opportunity to develop a new, high-quality roasted coffee market niche. Its brand quickly gained unquestioned recognition in the domestic market. In 1993 Mr. Aronson was considering what to do about the limited scope for growth afforded by the domestic market's size and potential. Mr. Aronson is also president of other companies that process and export green coffee beans. These other companies exported U.S. $ 22 million annually. Mr. Aronson felt that given his local success with Cafe Britt, the growth and development potential of his new company could be a key element for the group's growth. In particular, he realized that he could obtain higher prices and margins per ton if he could sell his own packaged brand of roasted coffee in international markets. This management case traces the company's local development since its inception. It also discusses its recent incursion into managing tourism within its facilities. In addition, the case provides information about the company's production and supply capacity, international markets for green coffee beans and roasted coffee, and the recent development of specialty coffees in the United States. Toward the end of the case study, Mr. Aronson considers three specific alternatives to market his product in the United States: sell direct by mail to tourists who visit his facilities in Costa Rica; sell to wholesalers; and contract with a large mail-order company to sell his coffee. The case contains sufficient information for a qualitative and quantitative analysis of all the alternatives, as well as an assessment of other options.

La presente investigación parte de la discusión que entraña el concepto de innovación asociado al tema ambiental. A partir de este punto se evalúa la capacidad innovadora de la organización ASOAPIA, definiendo criterios para analizar la incidencia de la apropiación social del conocimiento ambiental. La importancia de este abordaje radica en la posibilidad que brinda para entender un territorio, y proponer a partir de este un relanzamiento de la capacidad creativa de las cooperativas. This paper builds upon the discussion of the concept of innovation associated with environmental issues. The innovative capacity of the organization -ASOAPIA- is evaluated by defining criteria to analyze the impact of the social appropriation of environmental knowledge. The importance of this approach resides in the possibility offered by the comprehension and understanding of a territory and the ability to propose a relaunching of the creative capacity of the cooperatives. Esta pesquisa parte da discussão do conceito de inovação associado ao tema ambiental. Desde este ponto, avalia-se a capacidade de inovação da organização -ASOAPIA-, definindo critérios para analisar o efeito da apropriação social do conhecimento ambiental. A importância desta abordagem está na possibilidade de entender um território e propor um relançamento das capacidades criativas das cooperativas.

Nicaraguan smallholder cooperative leaders working in partnership with a California-based small-scale roasting company pioneered an alternative approach to confronting the post-1999 coffee crisis. They built coffee tasting laboratories and integrated grassroots organizing efforts to create a national smallholder cooperative association that dramatically improved the quality, consistency, and prices from of the coffee they exported. Cooperative leaders used this development project to gain a more significant share of political economic power in a domestic coffee industry historically dominated by colonial powers, and corporate and domestic elites. This alli.ance between the artisanal small-scale roasting companies and cooperative leaders also proved that smallholders selling into fair trade markets could consistently produce and export high quality coffee. This case study unfolds into Nicaragua's northern mountains, northern California's coastal cities and the commodity trade and solidarity networks that connect them. Beyond following the coffee bean from mountainside farmers, through artisan specialty coffee roasters, and into the hands of Bay Area coffee drinkers, the article recovers the history of political and technological revolutions and the transnational solidarity networks that contributed to sustainability innovations within the coffee value chain. Although the tangible benefits of fair trade coffee to farmers and landscapes have not lived up to the lofty proclamations of its advocates, farmers generally receive higher prices for their coffee and are frequently more secure in their land titles. This political ecology of coffee and solidarity suggests theoretical questions about the role of classic revolutions, and Polanyian double movements in the efforts to practice the alternative values and principles that motivate many of today's sustainability innovations. Key words: Nicaragua, participatory action research, coffee cooperatives, sustainability, innovations.

The Bourbon coffee cultivar has a high potential for producing a quality beverage, which is highly valued in specialty coffee markets. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of more promising genotypes for the production of specialty coffees in three different environments. In addition, the chemical composition of the grains was studied with a view toward relating these compounds to the genotypes and environments and to the interaction of these factors.The experimental design included three Brazilian locations in combination with different Arabica coffees, including eleven bourbon and three commercial genotypes. Trigonelline, caffeine and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) from coffee bean samples were analyzed by HPLC, and sensory analyses were performed by professional cuppers accredited by the Coffee Quality Institute. A group of Bourbon genotypes with potential for the production of specialty coffees was identified for each environment assessed. The trigonelline content allowed for discrimination among the three environments studied.

Recently, most of coffee farmers at Gayo highland (Aceh) are planting various of local varieties, namely Timtim Aceh, Borbor, P 88, BP 542A and Ateng Super. Those varieties have been planted to replace S line and Catimor Jaluk varieties which were damaged by leaf rust and root disease. Research on the performance of those varieties was to investigate superior characteristics of each variety and moreover as based to choose the best one as released variety for Gayo Highland. Research finding revealed that Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were well adapted to Gayo highland conditions with yielding ability 0.956 ton/ha and 0.909 ton/ha, respectively. Although the highest yield was obtained by Ateng Super variety (1.76 ton/ha green coffee), but not stable, therefore it could not be categorized as superior variety. The previous two varieties also had good cup quality (by standard assesment of Specialty Coffee Association of America), then it could contribute Gayo coffee specialty product. The resistance test for leaf rust disease in the field plantation, showed all varieties demonstrated varying in their resistance. BP 542A variety was the most resistant type, whereas Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were moderately. However all varieties become more susceptible if planted at lower altitude, less than 1,000 m asl. The resistance test to coffee berry borer and parasitic nematode showed that Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were ranked into almost resistant to resistant. Based on all result of the superior characteristics testing, Timtim Aceh and Borbor varieties were the best one, and it could be proposed to be released as Arabica coffee varieties that suitable at Gayo highland. Key words: Arabica coffee, Gayo highland, local varieties, variety performance, cup quality, yielding, resistant to leaf rust disease

The objective of this study was to verify the sensorial characteristics of grains of 21 Coffea arabica L. cultivars obtained from EPAMIG Experimental Farm in Patrocínio, Minas Gerais, in the Alto Paranaíba Region. The coffee cherries were husked and dried in wooden trays, until 11 to 12% humidity and sent to three Brazilian Specialty Coffee Association BSCA accredited professional coffee tasters. The data were statistically evaluated by multivariate analysis to compare the cultivars and group them. The following cultivars, listed in decreasing order according to the first principal component with scores above 80 points, thus considered to produce superior beverage based on the attributes with the highest scores (flavor,sweetness, balance, acidity, clean beverage and aspect), for the two methods, during the two – year study was cultivar H419-6-2-5-2. The ascendancy of the cultivars and progenies tested, whether derived or not from the Timor Hybrid, did not affect their qualitative performance. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar as características sensoriais dos grãos de 21 cultivares de café (Coffea arabica L.), provenientes do ensaio de melhoramento da EPAMIG, Fazenda Experimental de Patrocínio em Minas Gerais, na Região do Alto Paranaíba. Frutos cerejas após o descascamento foram secos em bandejas de madeira , com fundo telado de 1 m², até atingirem de 11 a 12% de umidade (b.u.). Após a secagem , os frutos foram encaminhados para três provadores credenciados pela BSCA. Procedeu-se à avaliação estatística multivariada dos dados, com o objetivo de estabelecer comparações entre as cultivares e realizar os agrupamentos das mesmas. As cultivares em ordem decrescente segundo a primeira componente principal , com notas acima de 80 pontos-portanto consideradas como de bebida superior , de acordo com os atributos-com os maiores escores (sabor, doçura, balanço, acidez, bebida limpa e aspecto), durante os dois anos estudados foi apenas a cultivar H419-6-2-5-2. A ascendência das cultivares e progênies testadas, oriundas ou não do Híbrido Timor, não afetou o desempenho qualitativo das mesmas.

This study estimates price determinants for specialty green coffee auctions using records from the 2004-2010 Cup of Excellence programs hosted by the Alliance for Coffee Excellence. While most recent literature on coffee has focused on certifications and sustainability labels, the discussion of price determinants has been limited in the literature. This paper replicates one of the first publications on price determinants (Donnet, et al., 2008) and formulates a new model to more accurately describe the market. We include the necessary additional variables and estimate the model using a truncated maximum likelihood estimation technique. While sensory quality has a strong effect on price, the highest premiums stem from obtaining a top rank compared to other coffees from the same country, and North American buyers are more responsive to sensory quality than buyers in Asian and European markets.

Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed drug with its main source found in coffee. We evaluated the caffeine content of caffeinated and decaffeinated specialty coffee samples obtained from coffee shops. Caffeine was isolated from the coffee by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. In this study, the coffees sold as decaffeinated were found to have caffeine concentrations less than 17.7 mg/dose. There was a wide range in caffeine content present in caffeinated coffees ranging from 58 to 259 mg/dose. The mean (SD) caffeine content of the brewed specialty coffees was 188 (36) mg for a 16-oz cup. Another notable find is the wide range of caffeine concentrations (259-564 mg/dose) in the same coffee beverage obtained from the same outlet on six consecutive days.

The Central America region is a small market. The region contains around 43 million inhabitants (0.6 percent of total world population) who generate around 0.25 percent of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). While the region has successfully embarked on a regional integration agenda and has strong commercial links with the US, extra-regional trade-mainly with large fast-growing emerging economies-remains a challenge. Export performance is analyzed along three dimensions that, together, give a fairly comprehensive picture of competitiveness: 1) the composition, orientation and growth of the export basket; 2) the degree of export diversification across products and markets; and 3) the level of sophistication and quality of their main exports. This analysis allows exports dynamics at the different margins of trade (intensive, extensive, and quality) to be evaluated and individual countries' to be benchmarked with peers in the Central American region. The results of this report allow policy makers to identify key areas to explore in the overall discussion of export competitiveness in the Central American region. This paper relates to the literature on challenges and opportunities that trade liberalization can bring to the Central American region. Much of the recent literature focuses on the role of the free trade agreement negotiated by Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, with the US.

The coffee quality, either of arabica (C. arabica L. var. arabica) or robusta (C. canephora Frohener. var. robusta) is an outcome of genetic behaviours performed under various environmental conditions and post-harvest processing techniques. The combination of these factors in an appropriate proportion produces the coffee quality to the degree of merit. Therefore, to study the genotypic influence on beverage quality and its relationship with morphological traits, 15 F1 arabica hybrids were experimented at Coffee Research Sub Station, Chettalli, Kodagu District, Karnataka, India. The morphological parameters were recorded and correlated with the coffee quality parameters assessed by the Coffee Board, Quality Control Division, Bangalore. Results indicated the superiority in cup quality of an interspecific hybrid progeny of an arabica variety ‘Cauvery’ (Catimor) × (CxR) a robusta cultivar among all the hybrids and graded as ‘specialty coffee’ by the tasters. Sln.5B × Sln.9 scored the second place in quality rating parameters. Though, the other crosses such as Sln.6 × Cauvery, Tafarikela × S.4179 (Catimor progeny) and Sln.5B × S.795 had good liquor aroma, body acidity and other components but indicated low flavour intensity. The progeny of Sln.9 × Sln.11 recorded the lowest rank among the F1 progenies probably due to introgression of diploid genes from liberica coffee being one of the parents in evolution of Sln.11. An interesting finding revealed that the plants with thick stem produced low flavour, and the thick primary induced low acidity in the cup. Besides this, internodal length, leaf length and breadth and size of fruit cluster exhibited positive correlation with other quality parameters like mouthfeel, aftertaste, flavour and overall as well as with 100 bean weight. The F1 hybrids derived from the parents with robusta genetic background expressed lower acidity in the liquor. The findings of the present study revealed that the coffee plant with its inherent quality characteristics could easily be identified based on its phenotypic parameters such as stem girth, thickness of the primary branches, internodal length, leaf size and tightness of the fruit cluster. Further, the study also widened the scope to use these traits as quality markers to produce coffee to the consumers’ choice through genetically blended arabica and robusta varieties rather than physical blends of beans of both the varieties.

Origin matters. This has been shown by numerous studies using either discrete choice or hedonic approaches to derive implicit prices for origin as a product attribute. In most of the hedonic studies, intercept dummies were introduced for specific regional origins and statistically significant coefficients of those variables were seen as an indication of either a superior or inferior reputation compared to products from other origins. We argue that hedonic pricing models of this type may be too simple to detect the true origin effects if assessments of a product’s sensory quality are available and interact with prior beliefs on reputation. Based on a supply-and-demand framework to explain auction prices, a reduced-form hedonic pricing model is suggested that includes intercept- as well as slope-dummy effects of the regional origin. As reputation and the objective product quality are particularly important on markets of differentiated, high-quality foods and beverages we analyze auction markets of specialty coffees. The findings for the Cup-of-Excellence data reveal that it is important to distinguish reputation, sensory quality and their interaction as determinants of coffee auction prices as well as varying origin impacts across market segments.

The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive method for the evaluation and selection of suppliers’ offers in food industry. The supplier/vendor selection is a decision-making problem at the strategic management level that involves a semi-structured process. The inclusion of both tangible and intangible criteria in evaluation and selection of the best among the offers provided by various suppliers is a complex problem. Along with this the complexity of supply chain relationships and enterprise strategies especially within enterprise clusters aggravates decision making. Application of supply chain concepts has been made in service industry as no such work has been attempted earlier. Personnel qualification roster (PQR) coffee company is selected which is offering specialty coffee along with fusion food through its more than 130 outlets. Food and drink supply chain is relatively new domain and in India not much work has been done. Analytic hierarchy process (ANP) is solved with the help of software “super decisions”. The case study validates the applicability of proposed models and provides insight in to the role of intangible factors in decisions related to supply chain. The recommendations made will not only result in stream lining of supply chain processes in PQR coffee company but will result in substantial savings also due to reduced lead time, reduced inventory level, better service level and effective control and coordination among the partners.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:54:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JeronimoGiacchetta-dissertacao.pdf: 123302 bytes, checksum: 63be44e212c0159e0f8d06a996cb5f7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-06 A company engaged in special coffee production was evaluated regarding the main aspects of the strategic business management in order to obtain competitive advantage in the specialty coffee market. The research was conducted at Fazenda Ponto Alegre, in the rural area of the city of Cabo Verde, Coelhos district, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A semi-structured interview was carried out when the interviewees were instructed by two questionnaires with a basic guide. One of the questionnaires asked about the work methods and business management at the time when the farm used to produce commodity-type coffees before 1992; the other approached the present situation of the company in the specialty coffee production. Based on the questionnaires, a comparative analysis of the two approaches was made to verify the business advantages and disadvantages. According to information gathered through questionnaires and extraction models of the five competitive forces, the Fazenda Ponto Alegre used sound business strategies to position themselves ahead of the competition in the special coffee market, reaching the goal of getting competitive advantage in business, such as reputation, brand, top quality product, and customer value. The Ponto Alegre farm is recognized by the specialty coffee buyers as a reliable supplier, which contributed for the company to continue their activity in being a model of excellence that generated value to their owners and collaborators. Analisou-se uma empresa que atua no setor de produção de cafés especiais, levantando-se os principais aspectos relativos à gestão estratégica da empresa na busca de se obter vantagem competitiva no mercado de cafés especiais. A análise foi realizada na Fazenda Ponto Alegre, empresa constituída para atuar com fins específicos de empresa rural. A Fazenda se localiza no município de Cabo Verde, bairro Coelhos, estado de Minas Gerais. Para a análise da empresa usou-se o método da entrevista semiestruturada, onde os entrevistados foram orientados por dois questionários com um roteiro básico. Um questionário foi voltado para como eram os métodos de trabalho e gestão da empresa quando se produzia cafés tipo commodities, até o ano de 1992, o outro abordou a situação atual da empresa, na produção de cafés especiais. Os questionários foram a base para uma análise comparativa do que mudou nas duas abordagens e o que isto trouxe de vantagens e desvantagens no negócio. De acordo com as informações levantadas através dos questionários e do modelo de extração das cinco forças competitivas, a Fazenda Ponto Alegre utilizou estratégia empresarial para se posicionar de maneira diferenciada no mercado de cafés especiais, alcançando o objetivo de se conseguirem as fontes de vantagem competitiva no meio empresarial como reputação, marca, produto de qualidade superior e geração de valor ao cliente. A fazenda Ponto Alegre é hoje reconhecida pelo mercado comprador de cafés especiais como um fornecedor de confiança, o que contribuiu para que a empresa continuasse na sua atividade, sendo um destaque de excelência que gerou valor aos seus proprietários e aos seus colaboradores.

The current edition of the Rwanda economic update is titled seeds for higher growth and specially features the agriculture sector. The importance of agriculture's contribution to growth in Rwanda remains considerable, despite the emergence of other significant growth drivers, such as services. Rwanda's agriculture sector will play an essential role in attaining the country's development vision of sustainable growth and increased poverty reduction, due to its employment weight. The agriculture feature of this update edition outlines key channels through which agriculture contributes to the economy. The second part of the update provides the regular overview of recent macroeconomic developments. While the special feature on agriculture will analyze the evolving role of the sector over the past five years, the second part on recent economic developments will focus on events during 2010.

We posit that comparative advantage is discovered via alternative transactional regimes of trading. Transactional regimes are performative, based on different forms of embedded agency. The theory is applied on a study of Brazilian coffee business which manifests the increasing importance of specialty coffee. Innovations in the transactional regime have created new forms of agency which triggered new ways to produce coffee and to activate the hidden potential of variety in consumer tastes. Comparative advantage, though still driven by endowments with natural resources, relates with very different product characteristics and forms of market organization. This constitutes the performativity of comparative advantage.

Cultivation, processing, and consumption of coffee are dynamic processes that connect coffee farmers and agro-ecosystems with coffee drinkers spanning the globe. As a cash crop, coffee cultivation gained popularity in the Old and then the New world, and flourished under colonial regimes of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Coffee production patterns and management styles have changed ­drastically in the past two centuries and continue to shift, with the greatest recent expansions in East Asia. Traditionally, coffee is cultivated under a canopy of shade trees, a practice that ensures the longevity of the farm, supports biodiversity, and provides communities with a broad array of ecosystem services. However, many modern management schemes abandon shade practices. On the other hand, specialty coffee markets, like certified organic, certified shade (Bird Friendly), Fair Trade, and other certified coffees have gained recent popularity, though they still represent a small fraction of the global coffee economy. The global coffee economy is comprised of a wide array of coffee value chains that connect farmers with consumers, and thus impact farmer livelihoods at multiple spatial scales. Key players in the coffee value chain include local cooperatives, national government agencies, and global certification agencies. Similarly, ecosystem services provided by shade coffee occur at local, regional, and global scales, including pollination, erosion-control, and carbon sequestration, respectively. While the ecological and socio-economic costs and benefits associated with shade coffee are clear, this review reveals that there are many challenges to bridging sustainable coffee management with livelihood security. Furthermore, in this review we identify existing gaps in the literature and a number of promising research directions concerning the ecological and socio-economic impacts of coffee production.

Coffee is an ecologically and economically significant crop for Haiti. It is not only the main source of income for more than 100,000 farmers, but the coffee ecosystem also sustains a large part of the remaining tree cover (currently at less than 1.5 percent of land) of the country. This report does not aim to detail the structural constraints impacting upon the Haitian coffee sub-sector. Instead, it describes the risks affecting the existing supply chain in terms of their potential impact and prioritizes the risks and areas requiring attention for risk management, investment, and capacity building. The Haitian coffee industry is constrained by significant systemic problems which have contributed to its decline over the years. Some of these major constraints include: (1) the structure of the coffee creole garden which contributes to low on-farm coffee productivity; (2) a land tenure system which inhibits long term investment; (3) poor transportation and logistics infrastructure; (4) limited access to credit and high interest rates; (5) aging coffee trees and farmers; (6) waning government interest and support for the coffee sub-sector; (7) lack of industry level coordination; and (8) a lack of international and domestic promotion of the Haitian coffee industry.

An increasing product differentiation coupled with an increasing availability of electronic data has boosted the number of hedonic price analyses applied to food and agricultural products. Most of these studies estimate the first stage of a complete two-stage model as proposed by ROSEN. However, there are also a few studies that estimate the second stage, i.e. supply and demand functions for characteristics. The present paper reviews both the theoretical and applied literature on Rosen’s two-stage model in the context of food and agricultural economics. Based on these findings, a theoretical model for specialty coffee auction data is proposed and tested empirically. The empirical model comprises non-linear hedonic bid functions at stage one and an inverse demand function for one characteristic, the sensory quality score (SQS), at stage two. The first-stage results indicate a high variability of the marginal price of the SQS across different auctions, i.e. across time and space. The second-stage results suggest that the marginal prices of the SQS increased in the analysed period 2003- 2009 and that country-of-origin and buyer effects are important. The highest marginal prices are paid for Rwandan and Honduran coffee. At first glance, this is surprising, since at the first stage Honduran coffees are almost always sold at discounted prices compared to coffees of other origins. However, it seems that the SQS is a much more important quality cue for a coffee origin with a low reputation than for a coffee origin with a well-established reputation in the marketplace. Die zunehmende Produktdifferenzierung und Verfügbarkeit elektronischer Datensätze hat zu einer stetig steigenden Zahl hedonischer Analysen für Agrarprodukte und Lebensmittel geführt. Die Mehrzahl dieser Studien schätzt hierbei die erste Stufe des von ROSEN theoretisch hergeleiteten zweistufigen hedonischen Modells. Es gibt jedoch auch einige wenige Studien, die auch die zweite Stufe, d.h. Angebots- bzw. Nachfragefunktionen für Eigenschaften schätzen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die bisherige theoretische und empirische Literatur zu zweistufigen hedonischen Modellen im Kontext der Agrar- und Ernährungsökonomie und leitet darauf basierend ein theoretisches und empirisches zweistufiges Modell für Spezialitätenkaffee ab. Das empirische Modell besteht aus einer nichtlinearen hedonischen Preisfunktion auf der ersten Stufe und einer inversen Nachfragefunktion für eine Produkteigenschaft, der sensorischen Qualitätspunktzahl (SQS), auf der zweiten Stufe. Die Ergebnisse der ersten Stufe weisen eine hohe Variabilität der impliziten Preise dieser Eigenschaft sowohl über die Zeit als auch über Regionen hinweg nach. Die Ergebnisse der zweiten Stufe belegen einen Anstieg der impliziten Preise der sensorischen Qualitätspunktzahl in der betrachteten Zeitperiode 2003-2009 und signifikante Anbauländer- und Käufereffekte. Kaffee aus Honduras erzielt hierbei neben Kaffee aus Rwanda die höchsten impliziten Preise. Dieses Ergebnis erscheint zunächst überraschend, da Kaffee aus diesen Ursprungsländern typischerweise auf der ersten Stufe diskontiert wird. Auf den zweiten Blick erscheint dieses Ergebnis aber durchaus plausibel. Für Kaffee aus Ländern mit einer bisher nur gering ausgeprägten Reputation für Qualität ist die Qualitätsbewertung signifikant bedeutsamer als für Kaffees aus Ländern mit einer etablierten Reputation für Qualität.

Supply relationships and e-auctions are complementary procurement forms that specialty coffee roasters can utilize when designing a procurement strategy. We model the roaster's optimal choice of procurement strategies using an extended newsvendor model. By comparing the optimal strategies in a benchmark case solely based on relationships to a case in which auctions can be utilized, we derive the impact of e-auctions on the procurement quantity and profit under conditions of demand uncertainty. The two-stage model predicts that the adjustment of procurement using e-auctions is most beneficial under market circumstances of high demand variability and small firm size. We use industry data to illustrate the market conditions for specialty coffee and discuss the potential impact of e-auctions on procurement strategies for specialty coffee based on our model. The theoretical propositions in conjunction with current industry data suggest that e-auctions have great potential to become an integral part of and shape roasters’ procurement approaches in the specialty coffee market. Les ententes avec les fournisseurs et les encheress electroniques sont des moyens complementaires que les torrefacteurs de cafe de specialite peuvent utiliser pour elaborer une strategie d’approvisionnement. Nous avons modelise les strategies d’approvisionnement optimales des torrefacteurs a l’aide d’un modele etendu du marchand de journaux. En comparant les strategies optimales d’un cas fonde uniquement sur les relations avec les fournisseurs avec celles d’un cas ou des encheres ont pu etre utilisees, nous avons calcule l’impact des encheres electroniques sur la quantite des approvisionnements et les profits en presence d’incertitude de la demande. Selon le modele a deux etapes, l’ajustement des approvisionnements a l’aide des encheres electroniques est plus benefique lorsque la variabilite de la demande est forte et la taille de l’entreprise est petite. Nous avons utilise des donnees de l’industrie pour illustrer les conditions du marche du cafe de specialite et avons examine, a l’aide de notre modele, l’impact potentiel des encheres electroniques sur les strategies d’approvisionnement de cafe de specialite. Les propositions theoriques combinees avec les donnees de l’industrie actuelles autorisent a penser que les encheres electroniques pourraient tres bien modifier l’approche d’approvisionnement des torrefacteurs sur le marche du cafe de specialite et en devenir partie integrante.

2006/2007 Questa tesi indaga, sotto il riferimento teorico della Value Chain Analysis e della Teoria delle Convenzioni, i dispositivi di qualificazione di prodotto e le corrispondenti forme di coordinamento che gli attori del contesto produttivo caffeicolo brasiliano e del Minas Gerais hanno, nel corso della storia, adottato come strategia di sopravvivenza prima e, in seguito, di crescita. In questa analisi, particolare rilevanza viene data allo spazio e al ruolo della referenza territoriale, quale dispositivo di qualificazione del prodotto caffè e strategia di sviluppo nella storia caffeicola brasiliana. Il fine ultimo è di analizzarne una sua specifica dimensione, quella del terroir, presentandone concetti, definizioni, e mettendo in luce, in via descrittiva, possibili approcci per la sua caratterizzazione pedologico - spaziale. Chiude un’indagine conoscitiva di caratterizzazione climatico – produttiva del terroir di una zona rinomata per la produzione caffeicola del Minas Gerais. XIX Ciclo 1979

Economic restructuring has led to the emergence of new socio-economic arrangements in cities based on the cognitive-cultural economy. Furthermore, the arrival of new middle classes in inner-cities has contributed to a renaissance of interest in urban culture and new consumption spaces. Focusing on specialty coffee bars (SCBs), the study explores their spatial patterns and spatial distributions in Amsterdam in order to find the spatial correlations between new urban consumption spaces and their locational economic strategies in terms of the cognitive-cultural opportunities. By employing geographic information system (GIS), the findings suggest a positive spatial correlation between urban areas involved in the cognitive-cultural economy and the concentration of SCBs. Although the argued correlation does not imply causation, it provides distinct insights related to the interconnectedness of new urban consumption spaces and their contextual urban economy. The paper also slightly touches upon some of the capabilities of GIS in the field of urban studies and poses some questions for further investigations.

La producción de café es un renglón económico de importancia significativa en Colombia, que cobra cada vez más relevancia por la declaratoria de la UNESCO de “Paisaje Cultural Cafetero Colombiano”, generando oportunidades para el sector productivo, pero también implica nuevos retos asociados a la calidad del café que le permita acceder a los mercados especializados, destacando la dinámica económica creciente de los cafés especiales. Existe una relación entre las prácticas agronómicas – incluyendo el origen y características del suelo - y la respuesta de la bebida en taza y la perfilación con relación a la expresión de los cafés especiales definidos por la SCAA (Specialty coffee assotiation of America). Por lo anterior, en este proyecto se realizó una clasificación de los suelos de la región de Calarcá (pH, materia orgánica, elementos mayores, clase textural, hierro y aluminio). A partir de análisis multivariado se encontraron dos tipologías de suelo determinados principalmente por el pH, concentración de calcio y los niveles de aluminio del suelo, así como el uso de semisombra, siendo parámetros relevantes para de dicho tipo de café.

This qualitative, inductive study of sustainability in the specialty coffee market examines how the patterns of interactions among actors in a supply chain alter the way sustainability is understoo...

An increasing interest in geographical indications of origin (GIs) as a tool of product differentiation can be observed in the so-called specialty coffee sector. Similar to the approach for wine in France and Italy, more and more coffee-producing countries try to establish appellations systems for coffee. Whereas some countries and regions such as Colombia or Jamaica have already legally protected GIs for coffee, most coffee GIs are still informal meaning that no legal protection has been obtained so far. But the recent acceptation of the term Café de Colombia as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) in the EU and the Ethiopian Trademark Initiative document the increasing engagement of coffee-producing countries to achieve an appropriate legal protection for their GIs. From an economic point of view, data from US online retail stores indicate that single-origin coffees receive significant higher retail prices, with 100% Kona coffee from Hawaii and Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee being the most expensive ones. Furthermore, results from a hedonic pricing model based on internet auction data for single-origin coffees show that the country and the region of origin is already an important determinant of prices paid by importers and roasters.

The US specialty coffee industry has grown from $1 billion in 1990 to $11 billion in 2006 and is expected to continue to grow into the foreseeable future. This growth particularly depends on prices coordinating the specialty coffee supply chain through two-way information exchange between roasters and producers. We analyze the determinants of specialty coffee prices by estimating a hedonic price function for specialty Central and South American coffees traded at e-auctions. We hypothesize that since specialty coffee is a differentiated product, prices will be determined by both sensory and reputation attributes. The results show that prices are influenced by the quality rating, which is a sensory variable, and by the quality rankings established in the cupping competition previous to the auction, the country of origin and the coffee variety, which are reputation variables. In addition, the macro variables, harvest year and commodity price were found to be significant.

The US specialty coffee industry has grown from $1 billion in 1990 to $11 billion in 2006 and is expected to continue to grow into the foreseeable future. This growth particularly depends on prices coordinating the specialty coffee supply chain through two-way information exchange between roasters and producers. We analyze the determinants of specialty coffee prices by estimating a hedonic price function for specialty Central and South American coffees traded at e-auctions. We hypothesize that since specialty coffee is a differentiated product, prices will be determined by both sensory and reputation attributes. The results show that prices are influenced by the quality rating, which is a sensory variable, and by the quality rankings established in the cupping competition previous to the auction, the country of origin and the coffee variety, which are reputation variables. In addition, the macro variables, harvest year and commodity price were found to be significant.

Garut is one of producing areas of Arabica coffee that has a distinctive flavor and aroma, which could potentially be a specialty coffee. The objective of this study was to determine the quality attributes of Arabica coffee grown at three different altitudes. The experiment was conducted at smallholder coffee plantations in Garut, West Java Province from April to October 2014. Arabica coffee that ripen physiologically (red color), which were used as sample in this study, were harvested from three different growing altitudes: A = 1,200 m above sea level (Simpang Village, Tarajuk Sub-District), B = 1,400 m above sea level (Margamulya Village, Cikandang Sub-District), and C = 1,600 m above sea level (Kramatwangi Village, Cisurupan Sub-District). Coffee berries were subsequently processed using wet processing procedure. Green beans resulted from those wet processing were then subjected to analysis of protein, caffeine, lipid, and ash content (conducted at Integrated Laboratory of Indonesian Industrial and Berverage Crops Research Institute) as well as organoleptic testing (cupping test) (performed at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute). Flavor attributes, including aroma, flavor, body, acidity, aftertaste, sweetness, balance, clean cup, uniformity, and overall were assessed. The results showed that the total score of Arabica coffee flavor that grow at three different altitudes was 81.25–83.00 (meet the criteria as a specialty coffee). Arabica coffee that grows at an altitude of 1,600 m above sea level have the highest value of protein, caffeine, fat, and ash content as well as total score of flavors with a character of spicy, strong fragrance, and chocolaty.

Diplomová práce se zabývá analýzou mezinárodního úspěchu společnosti Starbucks. Příčiny tohoto bezprecedentního úspěchu jsou nejprve detekovány ve vnějších faktorech a v odvětví samotném. Následuje pozorování strategických kroků společnosti od založení až po mezinárodní expanzi a podrobná deskripce interních praktik společnosti. V analytické části je pak vymezen a aplikován model, který byl vyvinut na Bocconské univerzitě v Miláně. Jednotlivé předpoklady modelu jsou porovnávány s postupem společnosti Starbucks. Vyhodnocením shodností a odlišností reality a modelu se pak dochází k závěrům, které vysvětlují příčiny extrémně pozitivních výsledků společnosti Starbucks a její schopnosti přeměnit stagnující neatraktivní odvětví na lukrativní obor s vysokými maržemi.

There have been few field studies of caffeine consumption patterns, especially outside of the United States. However, it is obvious that there is considerable variation in this consumption among individuals and populations. Some overall observations can be reliably made: Age: Caffeine consumption increases progressively with age until stabilizing in middle age and decreasing slightly in old age (1). This increase of use with age, until middle age, is one of the most bedeviling confounders in long-term studies of the health effects of caffeine consumption. Gender: There is little or no gender difference in consumption levels, and it is uncertain which gender consumes more (2). Many studies focus on caffeine exposure levels, because women weigh so much less than men, and exposure is a function of body weight. Abstainers: At least 90% of people surveyed consistently state that they regularly drink coffee or tea. The prevalence of caffeine use is even higher if soft drinks and other dietary sources are considered (3). Fewer than 5% of survey participants are abstainers, because they never consume caffeine from any source. This leaves approx 5% in the category of occasional users. The average daily consumption among caffeine consumers in the United States is approx 280 mg. Generations: Over the centuries attitudes toward different beverages have varied widely from one era to the next. In America, alcohol consumption, which peaked in 1980, has declined more than 15%, the biggest drop found in distilled spirits and smaller decreases in wine and beer. Caffeine use has exploded in the last few decades, even though industry data indicate that there was a progressive decrease in coffee as a source between 1962 and 1982. However, because of increases in specialty coffee consumption, use is once again increasing and the decline in alcohol consumption continues (2).

Free radicals in two cultivars of Indian monsooned coffee beans, gamma-irradiated for hygienic and quarantine purposes, were examined by entrapping the small amount of samples in potassium chloride powder in ESR quartz tubes. In contrast to a prominent free radical signal at g = 2.002, observed in spermoderm (silver skin) and cotyledon (whole seed without skin) parts of normal coffee beans, the same was not discernible in monsooned coffee bean parts of both cultivars. The ESR signal was found to be more prominent in the spermoderm than in the whole seed portion of the normal coffee beans. Common practices of roasting and powdering were found to generate quantitatively more free radicals in coffee beans than gamma-irradiation alone. Phenols, contributing maximally to observed free radical signals in coffee beans, were significantly different in normal and monsooned coffee beans. These observations on insignificant free radical population in irradiated monsooned coffee beans may be attributed to their inherent possession of high water activity, favoring decay of free radicals produced. Textural studies with monsooned coffee beans, before and after mild heat treatments, supported these findings.

Current coffee prices are at record lows and below the cost of production for many producers in Central America. Moreover, the coffee crisis is structural, and changes in supply and demand do not indicate a quick recovery of prices. So, coffee producers in Central America are facing new challenges-as are coffee laborers, coffee exporters, and others linked to the coffee sector. Coffee plays a major economic role in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The coffee crisis is actually part of a broader rural crisis caused by weather shocks (such as Hurricane Mitch and droughts), low international agricultural commodity prices, and the global recession. These challenges call for new strategies for Central American countries aimed at broad-based sustainable development of their rural economies. The authors deal with the impact of the coffee crisis and strategies to deal with it. They include an analysis of the international coffee situation and country-specific analyses. The authors explore options and constraints for increased competitiveness and diversification, and discuss social, environmental, and institutional dimensions of the crisis. The authors conclude that there are specific solutions that can be pursued for the coffee sector. Some are already being applied, but more can be done in a more systematic way. Also, there is a need for safety nets to deal with the short-term impact of the crisis. Longer-term solutions are to be found in increased competitiveness and diversification in the context of broad-based sustainable rural economic development.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality with regard to coffee consumption of college students in Incheon. The data were collected with a self-reports questionnaire with a total of 190 subjects, comprised with 101 male and 89 female college students. We classified these subjects into three groups using percentile of coffee intake to assess the nutrients intake and dietary quality. The correlations among coffee intake, food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality were evaluated. The average coffee intake of male and female college students were 156.8 mL and 157.4 mL, respectively. The coffee preferences with respect to specialty coffee were caramel macchiato, cafe latte, americano, cafe mocha, and cappucino in male college students, and caramel macchiato, americano, cafe mocha, cafe latte, and cappucino in female college students, in preference order. The coffee intake motivation score of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was higher than that of the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in emotion motivation and utilitarian motivation. The highest scores were ‘flavor and aroma’ in emotion motivation, and ‘prevention of sleepness’ in utilitarian motivation. The average food habits score of “I often eat the natural food” was significantly higher in the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake compared with the other groups (p ＜ 0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between coffee intake and ‘I purchase the processed food after examining nutrition labels’ of food habits score (r = 0.280; p ＜ 0.01) in female college students. The energy intake of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was significantly higher in that of the moderate 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in male college students (p ＜ 0.05). Therefore, it may be necessary for college students to undergo a well-planned nutrition education regarding proper coffee intake, choice of coffee, energy intake related to coffee intake, and dietary habits.

This article introduces a rather unfamiliar literature to management scholars called platform firms and multi-sided markets. It does so while exploring the case of one of the most globalized commod...

This case illustrates how a small US specialty coffee company is striving to go international. It provides an opportunity to analyse and comment on the company’s international market entry strategy. Relevant information has been compiled from publicly available sources. Osiris database has been used to generate the company’s financial data. Caribou first expanded to regional US states and then entered the Middle East through franchising. Although coffee is popular in the Middle East, Caribou, a late mover, has not been able to achieve its target primarily because of stiff competition. This is perhaps the first case on a coffee company that entered the Middle East. It provides an insight into company’s leadership, strategies, organisational and cultural realities as well as franchising issues. Academics and practitioners will find this case interesting and useful.

Las comunidades indígenas caucanas poseen sistemas de organización que connotan una base comunitaria para establecer un orden y un control social que se ve reflejado en sus sistemas productivos surgidos de emprendimientos colectivos, mediante producción agroecológica, bajo el concepto de cadenas productivas, autonomía alimentaria, sistemas de financiamiento alternativos, formas de comercialización locales y externas, formación de personal propio, investigación local, organización administrativa, gestión y planeación productiva, en renglones como turismo, cafés especiales, frutales, apicultura, plantas medicinales y aromáticas, quinua, amaranto, maderas, fique, leche, entre otros, bajo un concepto de participación, gobernabilidad local, sostenibilidad ambiental, equidad de género y generacional, y cuya finalidad es el fortalecimiento de su desarrollo endógeno y la participación justa en los mercados globales.

Customer satisfaction is the extent to which a product's perceived performance matches buyers' expectations. The key to successful and profitable business rests with identifying the needs and wants of the customer and providing goods and services to satisfy these needs and wants. This paper examines how environmental analysis can help Starbucks, the leading specialty coffee brand and retailer in the world, to achieve customer satisfaction in its recently targeted market of Cyprus. The paper concludes that the company should pay particular attention to its customers' cultural preferences and should offer the host market not just coffee but a real coffee experience.

Specialty coffees can be differentiated in various ways, including the environmental conditions in which they are produced and the sensory composition of the drink. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude, slope exposure and fruit color on the sensory attributes of cafes of the region of Matas de Minas. Sampling points were georeferenced in four altitude ranges (< 700 m; 700 ≤ x ≤ 825 m, 825 < x < 950 m and ≥ 950 m) of the coffee crop; two fruit colors of var. Catuaí (yellow and red); and two slope exposures (North-facing and South-facing). Coffee fruit at the cherry stage were processed and submitted to sensory analysis. The sensory attributes evaluated were overall perception, clean cup, balance, aftertaste, sweetness, acidity, body and flavor, which made up the final score. The scores were examined by ANOVA and means were compared by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). From the sensory standpoint, coffee fruits of both colors are similar, as well as the coffees from both slope exposures when these factors were analyzed separately. However, at higher altitudes, Yellow Catuaí produces coffees with better sensory quality. Similarly, coffees from North-facing slopes, at higher altitudes produce better quality cup. The altitude is the main factor that interferes with coffee quality in the area. All factors together contribute to the final quality of the beverage produced in the region of Matas de Minas. RESUMO Os cafés especiais podem ser diferenciados por diversas formas, incluindo as condições ambientais em que são produzidos e a composição sensorial da bebida. Objetivou-se avaliar neste trabalho o efeito dos fatores altitude, face de exposição solar e cor do fruto nos atributos sensoriais dos cafés da região das Matas de Minas. Nas lavouras, pontos amostrais foram georreferenciados em quatro extratos de altitude (< 700 m; 700 ≤ x ≤ 825 m, 825 < x < 950 m e ≥ 950 m); duas cores de fruto da variedade Catuaí (amarelo e vermelho); e duas faces de exposição solar (Noroeste e Sudeste ). Foram utilizados cafés no estádio "cereja", que foram beneficiados e submetidos à análise sensorial. Foram avaliados os atributos sensoriais percepção geral, bebida limpa, balanço, retrogosto, doçura, acidez, corpo e sabor, compondo assim o escore final. As notas foram submetidas à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Do ponto de vista sensorial, os frutos de café de ambas as cores se mostram semelhantes, assim como os cafés localizados em ambas as faces quando esses fatores foram analisados isoladamente. Entretanto, em maiores altitudes o café Catuaí Amarelo produz cafés de melhor qualidade sensorial. Da mesma forma, os cafés da face Noroeste, em maiores altitudes produzem cafés de melhor qualidade. A altitude é o fator que mais interfere na qualidade dos cafés da região. A atuação em conjunto de todos os fatores contribui para a qualidade final da bebida produzida nas Matas de Minas.

This paper addresses the understandings of quality recognized by diverse actors along the coffee chain with focus on specialty coffee producers. In the specialty coffee niche, the assessment of (physical) quality acts as a coordination device among chain actors that enables the identification of divergences on how quality is practiced. This paper aims to uncover how quality attributes (e.g., physical, symbolic) are understood (perceived) by value chain actors and are interwoven with quality conventions (e.g., market, green). Explorative interviews were carried out with Colombian producers located in selected coffee regions. A cupping exercise (tasting of coffee) was organized with producers. Afterwards, another informal cupping was done with roasters in Vienna, Austria. By coupling the concepts of quality attributes and conventions, the paper proposes a theoretical framework that connects quality attributes, conventions and the links to value addition (i.e., from parchment coffee to roasted coffee). Results show that the understandings of quality produce risky battles and ruptures among producers to follow certain conventions. The divergences, risky battles and ruptures in the understandings of quality acknowledged by producers are not only based on “roaster-driven” quality definitions penetrating the producers’ community, or the (individual) knowledge gained by producers, but also on the regulatory framework pursued by producers in a country with a strong coffee federation aiming to legitimize and safeguard the product’s reputation. To what extent is sound experimentation allowed, and direct exchange and interaction between producers, buyers and roasters desirable? Specialty coffee represents a differentiation alternative for small producers located in remote rural areas. Therefore, a transparent and inclusive dialogue between chain actors is required to reduce the divergences in the understandings of quality to balance the value appropriation along the chain.

The main Arabica coffee breeding programmes in Latin America have so far focused on the selection of varieties adapted to intensive full-sun farming systems. Meanwhile, little attention has been paid to breeding varieties specifically adapted to shade which is the main characteristic of agroforestry systems (AFS). Yet the Specialty Coffee sector is currently expanding and seeking specific sensory qualities related to exotic varieties. There is no breeding program to create new varieties for this type of market. For the first time we report an experiment for comparing the selection at full-sun compared to a selection under shade. F1 hybrids and their parents (pure lines and Ethiopian accessions) were studied in a factorial-crossing plan. Two trials were set up: one in full sun and the other under shade. We measured the tree volume, the yield (3 years), the bean size, the bean NIRS signature and the final cupping score. Beans size and final cupping score seemed relatively unaffected by shading and we observed a strong maternal heritability for bean size. In both trial, the F1 hybrids produced 75-80% more than the maternal lines and 40-50% more than the male parents in the shade and sun trial, respectively. By opting for F1 hybrid, it is possible to increase productivity under both shade and full-sun while at the same time achieving good sensory qualities. Selecting a F1 hybrid with ‘Specialty coffee’ seems exceptional. This raises a fundamental issue concerning the maternal heritability of seed biochemical composition. We conclude that selection under shade is essential for the selection of varieties adapted to AFS.