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Planners have always emphasized the importance of the neighborhood unit. Ebenezer Howard’s garden city was essentially a confederation of neighborhoods (Fishman, 1982). Traditional residential land use planning has consistently demarcated areas, usually centered on a primary school, that were expected to constitute the focus of people’s everyday lives. But planning for neighborhoods typically occurred within the context of the comprehensive master plan, was conducted by centrally located planners and tended to replicate facilities and design characteristics from one neighborhood to the next. Since most planning concerned itself with development criteria for unoccupied land, the views of neighborhood residents were imputed rather than presented. It was not until urban redevelopment became a focus of planning that existing neighborhoods sought to influence the process and the uniqueness of urban sub-units — defined socially as well as geographically and architecturally — became an issue.

Eastern Grey Squirrels were first introduced to Vancouver in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia in 1909. A separate introduction to Metchosin in the Victoria region occurred in 1966. I surveyed the distribution and habitat selection of Eastern Grey Squirrels in both locales. Eastern Grey Squirrels spread throughout both regions over a period of 30 years and were found predominantly in residential land types. Some natural features and habitats, such as mountains, large bodies of water, and coniferous forests, have acted as barriers to expansion for Eastern Grey Squirrels. Given that urbanization is replacing conifer forests throughout southern British Columbia, it is predicted that Eastern Grey Squirrels will continue to spread as habitat barriers are removed.

金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系, 2004年新潟県中越地震では長岡市、川口町、十日町、小千谷市等の14市町村の宅地が大規模な被害を受けた。宅地所有者に被災宅地の危険度を把握・周知して二次災害を軽減するために、125人の被災宅地危険度判定士によって兵庫県南部地震以来、初めて大規模に3,759件の調査が2004年10月27日～11月30日に渡って行われた。また、大半の調査がなされた段階で被災宅地相談窓口を開催して2004年11月8日～11月30日に渡って地元住民の対応が行われた。この論文では、被災宅地危険度判定士による宅地擁壁、宅地地盤、のり面・自然斜面等の被害状況の判定結果を分析し、今回の地震被害状況とその特徴を明らかにし、今後の宅地防災対策のあり方について検証する., This paper is focusing on damage to residential lands of Nagaoka City, Kawaguchi Town and Tookamachi City in the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake. The safety judgment of residential lands was conducted widely just after the earthquake in the stricken areas. The damage analysis of residential lands is conducted by using the date of the safety judgment. The characteristics of damage are investigated in comparison with the damage done by the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake.

The maximum concentrations of individual contaminants that will be allowed to remain in the environment after cleanup are developed on a case-by-case basis and may depend on site-specific risk analyses as well as stakeholder concerns. A database of cleanup criteria has been established from site-specific agreements at US Department of Energy (DOE) remediation sites and was used to analyse the ranges and variations in surface soil cleanup criteria for selected radiological contaminants (137Cs, 238U, 90Sr, 60Co, and 238Pu) commonly found at DOE sites. Criteria were compared to pre-cleanup concentration, background level, date of agreement, and assumed future land use. The assumption of future residential land use predominates for radionuclide contaminants in the database and suggests a parameter to investigate for cost and policy implications.

The urbanization of rural areas around the large cities accompanied with the national economic development has been conspicuous in Japan since the 1960's. However, it was promoted rather with no plan. Therefore, the newly urbanized areas was not always equipped by the suitable living conditions. New Urban Planning haw was enforced in 1969 in order to adjust the urbanization. According to the law, city planning areas is classified into two categories: the first is the area to promote urbanization positively for next 10 years, and the second is the area to preserve rural land use. However, many farmers and their farm lands still remain in the area to promote urbani-zation due to their hesitation of switching to different jobs, while the trend of urbanization is remarkable. According to the law, the land tax enforced the farmers of this area for their cultivated lands, to pay the same amount of tax to residential land although the income from their farms is not enough to pay for the new tax. In the three major metroplitan areas of Tokyo-Yokohama, Nagoya and Osaka-Kobe, the municipal governments instituted the special agricultural policy to protect farm households from heavy tax through the municipal budget. The author shows in this paper how the program is being realized in each city. (1) The policy is practiced in 117 out of 179 cities where the law is adopted. Almost all the cities in Tokyo and Osaka provide the policy, but, no city is applicable in Nara and Ibaraki prefectures. (2) The application of the policy to the farm lands depends on the farmer' opinion and their situation in the designated area. (3) The farmers who did not apply have the following reasons.: a. The labor shortage to maintain their farms, b. The plan to change their farm land into non-agricultural uses in the near future. (4) It is assured that farm households are protected from heavy tax on their own farm land through this policy. In other words, it is significant that the municipal governments have reflected farmer's request on their urban policy in Japan. This policy is tentative disposal to protect the suburban farmers, and it would be a future problem whether the policy would acquire the solid situation in the city planning.

Dams and reservoirs are often partially justified on the basis of an intangible benefit related to the property value changes that they allegedly induce. This assumption is tested by using the G. Ross Lord Dam and parkland on the west Don River in Toronto. The project had virtually no impact on residential property values in the summer of 1972 while the dam was under construction. The magnitude of the social benefit related to the residential land value changes induced by such a project is considered.

This paper develops a simple spatial equilibrium model of a city served by competing commuter railways and analyses the effects of different transportation policies on their pricing and investment decisions. It is shown that a system of competitive railway companies does not achieve the optimal allocation. We then examine whether or not three types of government intervention, i.e. subsidies to railway companies, a rate-of-return regulation, and the ownership of residential land by railway companies, can achieve the optimal allocation.

Many recent papers have made drastic simplifications in urban residential land-use models, presumably for analytic tractability. In this one, numerical solutions to models embodying varying assumptions of substantive importance are obtained. These solutions are compared with estimated characteristics of 1950 residential population density functions. The comparisons suggest that a CES production function for housing with an elasticity of substitution of land for structures of 0.75 agrees more closely with observed 1950 characteristics than does the Cobb-Douglas function so commonly used for analytic simplicity. Assuming a constant marginal transport cost for commuters at all distances from the Central Business District (CBD), however, yields results agreeing somewhat better with 1950 characteristics used for comparison than does the more complicated model embodying congestion in commuter transport.

The negative rent gradient is a virtually unanimous prediction of urban residential land rent models and a condition of locational equilibrium. This is the result of treating urban rents solely as location rents, where location is defined in terms of accessibility to the CBD. Urban rent may include another component, “externality rent,” which could, for instance, reflect neighborhood externalities in the form of area amenities and pleasant living environments. Introducing externality rent as an element in urban rent makes a positive rent gradient possible, provided that the externality is internalized in the land market. Conditions for a positive rent gradient are determined for both the identical and unequal incomes cases.

This paper examines local government by-laws regulating animal husbandry on residential land in Melbourne, in terms of the ideologies of planning law. The possibilities for agricultural use of residential land are explored in the context of broader economic and social change. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications.

This paper deals with the optimal allocation of land to competing uses, residential and transportation, in a built-up urban structure. The land to be allocated is being produced by an optimal demolition activity of the standing housing stock. The population removed has to be housed on the allocated residential land. Hoyt's sector theory is supported.

The Mills-Muth urban residential land use simulation model is extended to include two residential income classes and a proportion of residential to urban land that varies with distance from the CBD. Land area, population, households, population density and residential property value are simulated for the central city, its suburbs and the Milwaukee urban area for the years 1977, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 2020, for two scenarios that differ primarily with respect to income growth rates and automobile commuting costs. The main finding is the powerful positive effect of even relatively small real income growth on suburbanization.

This article discusses the inflationary effects of local land use controls, and proposes a monitoring system for measuring the demand for and supply of residential land. By monitoring the demand for and supply of land, local land use planners can adjust land development regulations to avoid substantial land price inflation. The steps for creating a local land monitoring system are outlined, and a hypothetical case is presented. The article ends by discussing why local communities would be willing to adopt a land monitoring system.

Recent multi-variate research has isolated several classes of urban residential land value determinants. The relative importance of five selected determinants is examined with reference to residential land values in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging region.

The purpose of this study is to examine the process of the formation of vacant lots in a metropolitan region based on intensive field survey. The term “vacant lots” is defined here as pieces of land visibly idle in urbanized areas.First, the distributional patterns of vacant lots are examined in the Okayama Metropolitan Region. Next, examples of three districts which differ in degrees of urbanization, social institutions and so forth have been presented. Those three districts are located in 1) the suburbs close to the central city, 2) the farm areas, and 3) the suburbs on the fringes of metropolitan regions where many housing complexes are located.The findings are as follows:1) There are two types of vacant lots in the suburbs close to the central city. One type is formed when farmlands are directrectly turned into dwelling areas. The other is formed when farmland is no longer cultivated and turned into wasteland of fallow land. It has been formed that the former type may be caused either by a demand for residential land or a farmer's willingness to non-farming utilization of farmland. Under such circumstances, active trading of farmland is common. One of the reasons why farmland is sold is to raise funds to build rental houses. However, in some cases reclaimed farmland remains idle to fall into the category of “vacant lots”. But these vacant lots may come to be used for residential and other purposes, as landowners change their minds in turn, by changes in socio-economic conditions. The elements of the socio-economic conditions include the progress of urbanization, regional development policies, etc.The other type may be attributable to the shortage of agricultural labor, for most of the farmers living in the suburbs close to the central city are earning income mostly from work other than farming. Many of them are self-employed managing retail stores and houses for rent. However, vacant lots in this category may also be turned into residential lots over time. That is, after a certain period of time, the vacant lots in the latter category may be formed through the similar process as those in the former category.2) The process of vacant land formation in the farming areas is very simple. The vacant lands are caused by the shortage of agricultural labor. The process of vacant land formation is similar to that of the latter type of the vacant lots formed in the suburbs close to the central city. However, the reasons for the decrease in agricultural labor in the farming areas essentially differ from those in the suburbs. That is, the shortage of labor has been brought about either by the fact that farmers can obtain regular employment in the central city or by the fact that they come to engage in more productive sections of agriculture, e.g. dairy and livestock farming.3) The vacant lots on the fringes of the metropolitan region, however, has been caused by developers as well as by those who purchase land for private housing. A number of lots in the housing development areas simply remain unused for a considerable period of time. Some of these lots are purchased for speculative purposes. Farmland around such suburban housing area is little effected by the new development.

The systems nature of the residential land planning has been outlined and an optimization model for minimizing the cost of a layout has been presented earlier. In the present paper, a model for optimal design of the dwelling-layout system, consisting of the dwelling as well as the residential layout, has been developed. In this model, which is also a non-linear programming problem, maximizing the dwelling space has been taken as the objective function. Affordable cost and physical design standards such as density, public open space, circulation interval, have been taken as the constraints in the model. The problem has been solved using the geometric programming technique and the programme developed by the author. Using this model, a dwelling-layout system could be designed directly to achieve the maximum benefit i.e. maximum dwelling space, within the given affordable cost and fulfilling the given physical design standards mentioned above.

To establish optimum land-use policies, it is important that local planners understand the economic implications of various land-use alternatives. Data were collected for two alternative forms of residential housing, single-family detached homes and apartment complexes in Frederick County, Maryland. A benefit-cost analysis was performed to determine the relative profitability of these housing forms in Frederick County. The results compared favorably to a similar study conducted in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the relative importance of factors affecting the benefit-cost ratio. These factors included (1) The property tax assessment rate; (2) the average household income; (3) the average number of school children per dwelling; and (4) the average number of inhabitants per dwelling.

In this paper, we recognize two types of unpure local public goods (LPGs): congestable and pollutable. This paper and the forthcoming one (Clubs in an urban setting, mimeo, 1980) are devoted to congestable LPGs (CLPG). In Part I we define, classify, and characterize CLPGs. CLPGs may vary in their degree of congestability between zero, in the case of a pure LPG, and one, in the case of a private good. Spatially, we recognize two types of LPGs: the dispersed LPG (DiLPG) and the concentrated LPG (CoLPG). The first is distributed throughout the residential ring and the second is provided in specific locations to which households must travel. The second part of this paper is devoted to the investigation of the properties of a CDiLPG in an urban setting. The properties of CoLPG are investigated in (Clubs in an urban setting, mimeo, 1980). A version of Samuelson's rule as to the optimal allocation of pure public goods is extended on one hand to local dispersed public goods and on the other hand to CLPGs. Two corrective Pigouvian taxes are identified: congestion tolls levied on households, and a residential land tax. These two taxes cover total government expenditure on the LPG. The fraction of the expenses on the LPG covered by congestion tolls is α, and that covered by land taxes is (1 − α), where α is the degree of congestability. Efficiency can also be achieved by zoning the residential ring and regulating the housing density in it. This procedure may replace taxation and its advantage is that we can control a large number of externalities by a single set of zoning rules and regulations. An a posteriori rule to guide the local government as to the desirability of its actions is provided.

This report describes the results of assesment of environmental effects which was con ducted at the site of residential land developmentin eastern region of Toyota City, which is located at near the center of Aichi Prefecture and is showing rapid expansion arised fromautomotive industry. As the result of extraction and investigation of factors which affect the environment of the area and its circumference, it was expected that the effluent water during construction work will influence mostly on water qualities of River Tomoe-gawa and River Yahagi-gawa . Hence, mean of protection of environment, following 3 items were considered and carried out .(1) Minimization of effluence of muddy water by division and reduction of working area.(2) Fundamentally, prevent direct flow out of effluent from construction site into water basin, and provide with complere facility for making retention time of effluent longer, and for promoting sedimentation.(3) Watch the change of water quality by conducting monitoring of muddiness and PH of water in construction site and at the fixed places of River Tomoe-gawa

Summary Second homes and the market for residential land in resort areas have received little research attention in Australia. In particular, little is known about location patterns of second homes and subdivisions, characteristics of consumers and their behaviour. Consumers include those who buy cottages for holiday and retirement use, or simply land for speculation. These motives are the key to understanding the role of distance in ordering the nature and behaviour of consumers. The paper relates distances between permanent and second homes to the socio‐economic and behavioural characteristics of buyers, the characteristics of dwellings and the passage of time. The interplay of these variables is argued to entail discrimination between types of second‐home area.

This note presents a theorem on the existence and spatial properties of a unique competitive equilibrium of a pure exchange economy with a continuum of locations, a continuum of identical consumers and a single market place.

This paper presents a dynamic model of the residential land development process with heterogeneous housing capital. Its properties under a regime of competitive developers are examined for three informational scenarios: perfect foresight, myopia and imperfect foresight. A special case is presented where different types of housing construction are halted sequentially as the land supply diminishes rather than simultaneously at the moment it is finally exhausted.

A general-equilibrium model of an urban economy is described. The standard residential land use model is extended to include a well-defined production/employment sector. External scale economies occur in the production of the city's export good. The model is designed for the numerical computation of equilibria and optima.

In these days, we can no longer view urban and rural areas as contradictory, conflicting, or even competing concepts. Instead, these areas must now be studied as a unity coexisting in a complimentary relationship, which hereafter will be referred to as rurban areas.The aim of this paper is to investigate if urband-rural consolidation is possible in Japan, what the prerequisite conditions are, and what means are necessary for planned consolidation in accordance with future changes. Rurban conformity development, conceived to cope with the socio-economic evnironment of the 1960's, including urban concentration, shortage of housing and residential land, soaring land prices, deteriorating urban and rural life environments, wanton mamipulation of real estate markets, sprawlish development, and changing aspirations among the rural population, is examined as one means of achieving such planned consolidation and traditional land-use patterns are studied for possible change. At the same time, asking what characterizes local communities formed through rurban conformity development, the writer reviews agricultural cooperative life, categorizes cooperative approaches to such development into four types, and considers the outlook for regional develpment. Case studies are also provided of land readjustment enterprises Takamatsu region and the “Co-op Town Asahiga-oka” developed Asa-cho in Hiroshima Prefecture.

Housing is a status symbol as well as a protection from the environment. This article looks at the pattern of residential land use and different types of housing in Akure, Nigeria. The older, central areas of the city have the worst housing and the poorest indigenous population live there; the housing estates with higher standards of provision on the outskirts of the city attract the professional, higher earning newcomers. The state government needs to devise an appropriate planning strategy for the city which will take account of its new responsibilities as state capital.

This paper presents a general result on the existence of competitive equilibria for residential land markets in continuous space. Following standard residential land-use theory, such markets are postulated to involve finitely many types of household continua bidding for land within a continuous finite-dimensional space. In contrast to the standard approach of defining an excess-demand correspondence on a price space, the problem here is reformulated in terms of a ‘population excess-supply correspondence’ on a utility space. This approach allows the analysis to be carried out entirely in terms of finite-dimensional methods, and in particular, allows standard types of fixed-point arguments to be employed.

There are more than ten million platted lots on rural land across the United States, most of them created by subdivision prior to modern land use planning review. They are not usable for homesites since they are too small for on-site water and sewage provision, or for productive uses like farming and timber production because they are held in small and diverse ownerships. What can planners do about rural land wasted by “antiquated subdivisions”? Planning officials agreed to allow a group of property owners to develop a portion of an antiquated subdivision on rural land near Portland, Oregon, as small acreage rural residential homesites and converted about two-thirds of it into productive, large acreage, timber producing “woodlots.” The residential value of woodlots subsidizes otherwise uneconomical timber management practices. Planners elsewhere can use the same approach to increase resource productivity in other antiquated rural subdivisions.

Residential land use succession theory is permeated by the “life cycle’ ideas of social ecology, but the leading succession models offer conflicting interpretations of the sequences of change that residential areas are believed to pass through. Models have not been substantiated by analyses of the complete land use histories of all sites in areas of change. An Edmonton stage-model is derived from actual measurements of residential land use change over ten-year periods, from 1921 to 1971. It provides an empirical framework for evaluating the theoretical models, from which it is concluded that the life-cycle concept has little value as an explanation of residential change in a young, rapidly-growing city. The best fit for Edmonton's experience to date is found in the Andrews model, since it is more sensitive than most to changes in the demand environment.

This paper extends the standard, urban, residential land-use model to analyze the effects of Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage insurance. On the demand side, households are differentiated by income and tenure; on the supply side, the cost of housing is related to the asset prices of land and structure and the cost of capital. Hypothesizing that capital cost is a function of household tenure and income, tenure is chosen to minimize this cost. The effect of FHA, then, is to expand the housing consumption of moderate-middle income households, by reducing their capital cost, while displacing those whose cost is not reduced.

Greenwood Lake is a 777 ha lake in the suburban New York metropolitan area. The lake lies in New York State (Orange County) and New Jersey (Passaic County) and comes under the jurisdiction of both States. The 6,000 ha watershed is 80 percent forested and 17 percent in residential land use. Greenwood Lake is a headwater of the Wanaque River in the Passaic–Hudson River Drainage Basin. The lake experiences heavy recreational use including boating, fishing, and swimming. Over the course of the last 30 years the lake's water quality has declined appreciably and recreational usage has dropped as a result. Historically, many different citizens organizatons have been formed to address the problems of the lake then gradually died. One major problem with maintaining an active and viable organizaton to coordinate and implement lake management activities on the lake is that the lake is in two States. Although a single lake and a single watershed, local parochial interests prevented coordinated action. In 197...

This study identifies and evaluates major independent dimensions of the locational decision of residential developers in a rapidly urbanizing region. Data were obtained from a questionnaire distributed to residential land developers operating in Geauga County, Ohio during 1977. Major independent dimensions of the locational decision were identified using factor analysis. They are cost, market location, public utilities, marketability, and land suitability. Although the results are similar to those conducted in other regions of North America, differences in the importance of some factors are evident. Among other differences, cost proved more important than marketability. These results emphasize the need for developer behavior studies in a variety of geographic contexts.

This article introduces public goods into a residential land use model and examines the locational consequences of alternative methods for financing such goods. Public goods are differentiated according to their spatial characteristics and the effects on rent and density gradients examined. The effects on rents and density are shown to differ according to whether the public goods are financed by benefit taxes, income taxes, property taxes, or land value taxes.

The purpose of this study is to formulate a method to improve slopeland's environment through better use of land. It first analyses the relationship between land use factors and environment criteria. Then, using the slope land uses in the Taipei urban fringe as a case study to illustrate this relationship. The third step is to form an improved land use scheme through an empirical modeling process. The process proves useful in providing guidance for various local and regional land use planning applications, including the formulation of a slopeland residential land use scheme in Taipei, which helps to improve slopeland environment around Taipei basin.

This paper examines the effects of various land use and environmental regulations on land and housing markets. Seven widely used techniques for controlling residential development appear to generate four “direct” and two “indirect” inflationary impacts. Land use and environmental controls directly affect the supply and cost of residential land, shift the cost of public services forward to developers, and increase delay and compliance costs associated with project evaluation. Development controls may also inadvertently facilitate monopolistic behavior in the development industry and predispose developers to orient their projects to high income groups onto which they can more easily pass along higher costs. The paper concludes by offering several policies for reducing the inflationary effects of environmental regulations.

This paper presents the results of an application of the Rosen-Freeman hedonic price model to the Perth (Western Australia) residential land market. A sample of over two thousand market transactions is used to estimate the value of residential land attributes. Major emphasis is given to those particular land attributes that are subject to public regulation and to the policy implications that follow.

Seventy-five shantytowns sites of 0.5 hectares and over located in and around the inner-area of Mexico City and selected for eradication in the early 1970s were revisited in 1982. Arguments that sites such as these became prime targets for redevelopment so that land could be freed for more commercial uses were not confirmed. The large majority of sites remain in residential land use and many have improved their physical fabric. Redevelopment, where it occurred, was usually instigated by public sector agencies and not by private commercial agents.

The urban residential land rent function has been studied extensively in the field of urban economics, and the land rent function of Muth and Mills is considered to be one of the typical functional forms which is used in empirical studies. However, the model of Muth and Mills simply assumed the demand function for housing services to be a power function of income, which gives rise to a question. The main purpose of this paper is to derive an alternative form of the urban residential land rent function which is consistent with the utility maximization behavior of consumers and to discuss the estimation procedure of the derived land rent function.

Classical land value theory emphasizes accessibility as a determinant of residential land values as well as of intensity of residential development. Regression and correlation methods are used to e...

Summary The relationship between aviation developments and residential land values in the area of Sydney Airport are examined over the period 1959–73 to ascertain the short‐ and longer‐term effects of aircraft‐based externalities. Two areas in the airport‐affected zone and two non‐affected areas which act as controls are considered. It is shown that in the short run adverse effects on sales prices of residences are noted in the airport areas but in the longer term prices display a similar trend in both airport and non‐airport areas. It is indicated also that areas respond differently to such externality impact according to their socio‐economic character.

An empirical examination of the residential development patterns illustrates that accessibility and the availability of vacant developable land can be used as the basis of a residential land use model. The author presents an operational definition and suggests a method for determining accessibility patterns within metropolitan areas. This is a process of distributing forecasted metropolitan population to small areas within the metropolitan region. Although the model presented is not yet sufficiently well refined for estimating purposes, the concept and the approach may be potentially useful tools for metropolitan planning purposes.

Existing models of urban residential land use do not explicitly allow for the existence of vertical space, though they may easily be adjusted to do so. In this paper a residential land use model is presented that includes a third dimension and introduces the concept of a "high-rise" gradient derived in a manner not unrelated to the familiar rent and density gradients. The approach taken in our analysis is intended as an extension of existing models in which transportation costs exert an important influence and in which only the household sector is examined in detail. Our model is simple and idealized, and we omit characteristics of the housing market that should not be omitted when more complete models are developed.'