Search

In Santa Catarina State (South Brazil), after Brazilian Constitution, 06 Metropolitan Regions had been created trying to improve urban and regional structure in a ideological and unreal modernization. We elaborate a diagnosis of the metropolitan process, integration degree and urban structures of Greater Florianópolis and it‘s central agglomeration (Florianópolis, São Jose, Palhoça and Biguaçu), as well as the difficulties to implement a Metropolitan Region in Santa Catarina State. We use, for this purpose, statistics of the cities from 1991 and 2000 and the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil. The Greater Florianópolis illustrates that in Santa Catarina exists a lack of conceptual definition and a complex juxtaposition of regional divisions, overlapping some laws. The Greater Florianópolis has a strong physical process of conurbation and a medium functional integration (Florianópolis is dependent of Curitiba and Porto Alegre). We verify that the institutionalization of the Metropolitan Region of Florianópolis, as well the other five in the Santa Catarina State, was based on political criteria and not in geographical definitions. Em Santa Catarina, a partir da regulamentação da Constituição de 1988, foram criadas 06 Regiões Metropolitanas, configurando-se numa tentativa de modernização da estrutura urbana do Estado. Buscando compreender este processo recente de metropolização imposta pela legislação estadual, elaboramos um diagnóstico do processo de metropolização de Florianópolis, com destaque para o grau de integração e as estruturas urbanas nos municípios que compõem a aglomeração central (Florianópolis, São José, Palhoça e Biguaçu), bem como as dificuldades encontradas na implementação efetiva de uma Região Metropolitana em Santa Catarina. Utilizamos dados censitários referentes aos municípios de 1991 e 2000 e do Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. O caso da Grande Florianópolis mostra que em Santa Catarina existe uma falta de clareza conceitual na definição do que é uma Região Metropolitana e também uma complexa e pouco operacional justaposição de divisões territoriais regionais. Classificamos Florianópolis dentro de um forte processo de conurbação entre os municípios e medianamente funcional (caracterizado pela concentração de funções em Florianópolis, que ainda é dependente de Curitiba ou Porto Alegre). A institucionalização da Região Metropolitana de Florianópolis, assim como as outras cinco criadas no Estado de Santa Catarina, esteve baseada em critérios políticos e não em definições geográficas.

Background The advancing urbanisation in Europe, the social fragmentation of Europe's metropolitan populations, the poor social conditions in parts of the inner-cities, and the concentration of inpatient care make the place of death in West European metropolitan regions a point of interest. The aim of this study is to examine metropolitan - non metropolitan variation in place of death in Flanders (Belgium), the Netherlands, and England. Methods We gathered data from death certificates of patients who died after chronic diseases in Flanders, the Netherlands and England in 2003 and linked these data to health services data and census data. Place of death in 2 Flemish, 3 Dutch and 9 English metropolitan regions (+/- 500,000 inhabitants or more) was compared to the non-metropolitan parts of the countries. Results Place of death differs significantly between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions in all countries, with less home deaths and more hospital deaths in metropolitan regions and, except for England, more care home deaths. The contrast remains limited in the Netherlands and England, but is striking in Flanders with 15,6% home deaths and 64,5% hospital deaths in metropolitan regions against 28,7% home deaths and 52,3% hospital deaths in the non-metropolitan part of Flanders. Home death in the Dutch metropolitan regions equals hospital death. In England and the Netherlands 12,2% and 3,0% of the chronic patients dies in an institution other than a hospital or a care home. Conclusions Metropolitan populations in Flanders, the Netherlands and England have less favourite odds of dying in the preferred place of death after chronic disease, which is home for most people, compared to non-metropolitan populations. Metropolitan populations die more often in an inpatient setting: a hospital or, except for England, a care home. The metropolitan non-metropolitan contrast is most striking in Flanders with much more hospital deaths and far less home deaths. Funded : Brussels CapitalRegion

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telma Vasconcelos Felix.pdf: 592204 bytes, checksum: 9cca23cdd91a5a42373997fe293e240f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 SUFRAMA - Superintend??ncia da Zona Franca de Manaus The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of scale and absorbed by the municipalities that make up oil spill region Metropolitana de Manaus as Iranduba, Manacapuru, Careiro da V??rzea, Rio Preto da Eva, Presidente Figueiredo, Itacoatiara and Novo Air??o, in the period 1995-2005, situated in the surroundings of Manaus on behalf of its economic growth. To do so, used primarily as a theoretical basis, studies of economic agglomeration to compose a list of the region's economic situation and the theories of regional development, who analyze the dynamics of economic growth between cities and surrounding regions. In order to scale the overflowing effects were compared data generated in Manaus with those generated in the other seven remaining municipalities that make up the metropolitan area, among them is the number of formal jobs, energy supply, Human development index (HDI), education, gross domestic product (GDP), agricultural production, population growth and financing fund, which received through statistical analysis of the Pearson Correlation in order to measure the existence of relationship between these variables, where he came to the conclusion that there was some overflow of Manaus to the other municipalities of the metropolitan area, however it can be said that the economic externalities created from Manaus were restricted to a few municipalities, among them President Figueiredo and Itacoatiara. O objetivo deste trabalho ?? dimensionar e analisar os efeitos de transbordamento absorvidos pelos munic??pios que formam a Regi??o Metropolitana de Manaus como Iranduba, Manacapuru, Careiro da V??rzea, Rio Preto da Eva, Presidente Figueiredo, Novo Air??o e Itacoatiara, no per??odo 1995-2005, situados no entorno de Manaus por conta de seu crescimento econ??mico. Para tanto, utilizou-se primeiramente, como base te??rica, os estudos da economia de aglomera????o para compor uma rela????o da situa????o econ??mica da regi??o e as teorias do desenvolvimento regional, que analisam a din??mica do crescimento econ??mico entre cidades e regi??es vizinhas. A fim de dimensionar os efeitos de transbordamento foram comparados os dados gerados em Manaus com os gerados nos outros sete munic??pios restantes que comp??em a regi??o metropolitana, entre eles est?? o n??mero de empregos formais, fornecimento de energia, ??ndice de desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), educa????o, Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), produ????o agr??cola, crescimento populacional e fundo de financiamentos, que receberam an??lise estat??stica por meio da Correla????o Pearson, para medir a exist??ncia de rela????o entre essas vari??veis, aonde se chegou ?? conclus??o que houve algum transbordamento de Manaus para os outros munic??pios da ??rea metropolitana, no entanto pode-se dizer que as externalidades econ??micas criadas a partir de Manaus ficaram restritas a poucos munic??pios, entre eles Presidente Figueiredo e Itacoatiara

In the thematic of relations between transport networks and territorial processes, in particular that of metropolisation, we locate as spatial planners. Thus, we tend to consider transport networks as a tool for territory planning and construction. According to this point of view, this essay lies in an analysis of transport service in a metropolitan region. Applied to the case of Lille metropolitan region, the work address for opportunities of territorial and metropolitan construction offered by transportation service. Furthermore, the goal is to work out proposals of organization improvements, in an action-oriented approach. To do so, measures of accessibility are used. They are developed in software which models transport networks in a scheduled graph, using graph theory and shortest path algorithms. This equipment allows simulations, part of a forecasting approach.

This note assesses the range of options considered by GLA Economics for defining a geographic boundary for London that will permit robust comparisons with other cities for economic purposes. Based on the GEMACA method of defining a Functional Urban Area, it concludes that the best estimate of the population of London using mid-year and LFS-based estimates from 2005 and 2006 respectively, based on a core density of 1813 per square mile, using NUTS4 regions and a commute intensity of 10%, is 12,660,000 and of the workforce, 6,304,000, corresponding to a geographical extent of 4,104 square miles. The paper was originally published, and should be cited, as Freeman, A. 2007. Defining and Measuring Metropolitan Regions. GLA current issues note 17. London: GLA.

This paper reproduces, in citable form and, for scholarly purposes, the report of the same name produced by the author for the Greater London Authority. GLA Economics prepared its interim dataset on the output and population of 35 European cities, for use within the GLA group when London is benchmarked against these cities. The need for this dataset arose because there is no agreed standard, either worldwide or in Europe, for measuring a city, or even for defining where it begins or ends. Existing estimates differ widely. In a previous working paper, we compared estimates of city productivity growth available from three sources, and found that the differences between these sources were greater than between the cities themselves. These differences affected such basic questions as, for example, whether German cities were growing faster, or slower, than British cities. Economic conclusions about cities in Europe, in short, depend on who provides the data. Although a number of international agencies are working on this problem, with whom GLA Economics works closely,at the time of publication no agreed standard exists. The GLA therefore prepared this dataset for its own purposes, as a standard against which to judge others and as the basis for its own decisions.

Entender o conceito região é essencial para analisar a dinâmica espacial, neste sentido, o con-ceito de região evoluiu no decorrer dos anos e das diversas escolas da geografia. Hoje um dos conceitos mais aceitos está relacionado a diferenciação de área, ou seja, a superfície da Terra é constituída por áreas diferentes entre si. Desta forma para compreendermos região metropolitana é necessário fazer uma análise sobre o processo de urbanização brasileira, além da construção da topologia da rede urbana, da identificação e classificação das aglomerações urbanas. Neste contexto o objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar a evolução do conceito de região, o processo de urbanização brasileira e de região metropolitana. Como metodologia realizouse levantamento bibliográfico sobre a temática em questão. Ressaltase que a urbanização brasileira foi extrema- mente dinâmica, durante o século xx, momento em que as metrópoles cresceram extremamente, onde algumas cidades passaram a ter mais de um milhão de habitantes. O principal atrativo nestas regiões consistia em poder oferecer à sua população mais oportunidades de trabalho e melhor qualidade de vida. Entretanto com o exagerado crescimento das cidades, essas áreas passaram a apresentar graves problemas sociais. Porém deve-se ressaltar que estes problemas não se restringem ao território de um único município, ao contrário os efeitos se alastram pelos municípios circunvizinhos. Neste sentido uma das soluções na época foi a criação das Regiões Metropolitanas, através do planejamento integrado, administração e execução dos interesses comuns. As primeiras oito Regiões Metropolitanas Brasileiras criadas foi em 08 de julho de 1973, pela Lei Complementar N° 14, sendo as seguintes: São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Recife, Salvador, Curitiba, Belém e Fortaleza. Atualmente o Brasil possui 26 regiões metropolitanas e 3 Regiões Integradas de Desenvolvimento Econômico (RIDE). Entretanto deve-se ressaltar a importância do planejamento urbano para resolver os problemas das cidades,porém desde que baseado nos princípios de continuidade, flexibilidade e gestão participativa. Entender el concepto de región es esencial para analizar la dinámica espacial. En este sentidoel concepto de región ha evolucionado a través de los años en las diversas escuelas de geografía. Actualmente, uno de los conceptos más aceptados es el de diferenciación de áreas, o sea que la superficie de la tierra está constituida por diferentes áreas entre sí. De esta manera para comprender nuestra región metropolitana es necesario hacer un análisis sobre el proceso de urbanización brasileña, así como de la topología de contsrucción de la red urbana, de identifi cación y clasificación de las aglomeraciones urbanas. Dentro de este contexto, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución del concepto de región, el proceso de urbanización brasileña y de región metropolitana. La metodología se basa en recopilación de información bibliográfica sobre el tema. Se hace notar que la urbanización brasileña fue muy dinámica durante el siglo xx, época en la cual las metropolis crecieron de manera extrema y algunas ciudades pasaron a tener más de un millón de habitantes. El principal atractivo de estas regiones consistía en poder ofrecer a sus habitantes más oportunidades de trabajo y mejor calidad de vida. Como resultado del exagerado crecimiento de las ciudades aparecieron grandes problemas sociales. Por lo tanto, se debe resaltar que estos problemas no solo se presentaron en un municipio sino que arrastraron a los municipios vecinos. Esto llevó a buscar soluciones, siendo una de ellas la creación de las regiones metropolitanas, mediante el planeamiento intregrado, administración y ejecución de intereses comunes.La primeras ocho regiones metropolitanas brasileñas se crearon el 8 de julio de 1973, por la Ley Complementaria N° 14, y fueron las siguientes: São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Recife, Salvador, Curitiba, Belém, y Fortaleza. Actualmente, Brasil tiene 26 regiones metropolitanas, y tres Regiones Integradas de Desarrollo Económico (RIDE). Aqui se resalta la importancia del planeamiento urbano para resolver los problemas de las ciudades basado en los principios de continuidad, flexibilidad, y gestión participativa. In order to understand the concept of region it is essential to analyze the spatial dynamics ofterritories. The region as a concept has changed along time in the diverse schools of geogra- phy. Now, one of the more acepted concepts is the diferentiation of areas, that is, the earth surface is formed by differing territories. Then, to understand our metropolitan region it is necessary to make an analysis of the Brazilian urbanization process and metropolitan region. The methodology is based on the recopilation of bibliographic information about the topic in question. It was found that the Brazilian urbanization process was very dynamic during the xx century, when metropolis grew exorbitant and many cities passed to have more than one million inhabitants. The main attractive of these regions was to offer more job opportunities and therefore better living conditions. But, as result of the metropolitization appeared many social problems, which not only affected the core cities but their surrounding areas. This fact led to look for solutions and one of these was the creation of the metropolitan regions, by the integrated planning, administration and application of common interests. The first eight metropolitan regions were created on July 8, 1973 by the Ley Complemen-taria N° 14, and were: São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Recife, Salvador, Curitiba, Belém, and Fortaleza. Now, Brazil has 26 metropolitan regions and three Integrated Regions of Economic Development (RIDE). Here, we emphasize the importance of urban planning to solve the city problems based on principles of continuousity, flexibility, and participativemanagement.

Entre mondialisation économique et diffusion des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de Communication, la région métropolitaine de Bangalore connaît depuis une quinzaine d’années d’importantes mutations qui en font un laboratoire remarquable pour la communauté scientifique. Après avoir montré comment Bangalore est entrée dans une division internationale des tâches de production abstraite (économie de l’information), cet article analyse les transformations de la structure productive, de la géographie métropolitaine, des modes de vie et enfin de la manière dont la région urbaine est développée et aménagée. L’essor d’une classe moyenne enrichie et d’une élite économique encourage une convergence d’intérêts avec certains élus de l’Etat fédéré pour promouvoir une métropole « internationale » suivant un « modèle » d’urbanisation en enclave. On observe en bout de chaîne la formulation d’une nouvelle forme de gouvernance métropolitaine.During the last fifteen years at least, both globalisation and ICTs have favoured a dramatic transformation of the Bangalore metropolitan region which has thus become a laboratory for the scientific community. This paper first considers the determinants of these changes, focusing for instance on the international division of « abstract » production activities (information economy) before moving to the analysis of changes in the economic structure, in the regional geography and last in the way the metropolitan region is developed and planned. The upcoming of both a middle-class and an economic elite resulting from global changes met some State policy-makers goals into promoting an « international » metropolis following the « model » of an enclave urbanisation. This goes as far as to formulate a new form of metropolitan governance.

This paper was presented an OECD working group of city measurement, in Paris, in November 2006. It presents the rationale for, and a method for measuring, the ‘Functional Urban Region’ of London which establishes an estimate of its true economic extent, independent of its actual or historical boundaries. Noting that there is no consistent definition of the boundaries of ‘economic’ London, and that different suppliers of data work on the basis of definitions that not only conflict, but produce inconsistent and widely different data about London, it applies the FUR-based method developed by the GEMACA group for defining and measuring cities. This system, similar to the SMSA system employed in the USA by the Office of Management and Budget, calculates a core, defined either as a densely populated area or an area with a high job density, and a ‘commuting field’ containing people that regularly travel into or communicate with the core for economic purposes, principally work. It differs from the Urban Audit system in use at the time that this paper was presented, insofar as the UA system uses a mix of administratively defined cores and economically defined commuting fields, and varies the parameters used for both in accordance with local views, leading to a lack of comparability. The paper exhibits the effect of various choices for defining the core and commuting field, and shows that the population of London in 2000 lay somewhere between 12,250,000 and 13,920,000. The final choice of parameters – and the eventual estimate of population – should pay due regard to issues of international compatibility, but the method itself is eminently practical.

O enfoque do presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral o estudo ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do arroio Kruze, localizada entre as latitudes de 29º 45’ e 29º 50’ sul e longitudes de 51º 03’ e 51º 09’ oeste, entre os municípios de São Leopoldo, Sapucaia do Sul e Novo Hamburgo, os quais pertencem à região metropolitana de Porto Alegre - RMPA, capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para atingir o objetivo geral deste trabalho, desenvolveram-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: análise do quadro geomorfológico, geológico e pedológico; levantamento do processo de urbanização, em âmbito regional; no nível local : elaboração e análise dos mapas geomorfológico, de declividade, hipsométrico e do modelo 3D do terreno, representando as diferentes formas do relevo e os processos a ele relacionados; elaboração e análise do mapa de uso e ocupação do solo; correlação do uso e da ocupação do solo com os dispositivos legais e/ou institucionais (Plano Diretor e o Código Florestal). A metodologia de trabalho compreendeu revisão bibliográfica, buscando a relação dos diferentes itens analisados com a realidade regional e local; trabalhos de campo para o levantamento e a aferição das informações obtidas; e a elaboração dos mapas acima citados, todos em ambiente computacional de SIG - Sistema de Informações Geográficas. No âmbito regional, a bacia hidrográfica do arroio Kruze, pertence às unidades geomorfológicas Planície Lagunar, Patamares da Serra Geral e Depressão do Rio Jacuí, quanto à geologia, insere-se na Província Costeira com depósitos do Quaternário e, na Província Paraná com as Formações Botucatu e Sanga do Cabral. Os solos pertencem ao nível categórico do neossolo e do argissolo, esse com presença do B textural, susceptível à erosão. Localmente, verificou-se que a bacia hidrográfica do arroio Kruze, possui cerca de 80% de sua área com até 100 metros de altitude. A maior parte da ocupação encontrase na área próxima ao trecho inferior e parte do trecho médio do arroio Kruze, com altitudes de até 80 metros, correspondendo, em parte, aos Patamares Planos (10 a 40 metros) e, as áreas de colinas (40 a 80 metros). A urbanização local tem relação com o processo imigratório europeu e, com o extravasamento do crescimento de Porto Alegre, com o surgimento da região metropolitana da mesma. A partir dos levantamentos e das análises elaboradas, constatou-se que os problemas mais significativos da bacia hidrográfica do arroio Kruze são as ocupações irregulares, a poluição hídrica, a impermeabilização do solo, a extração mineral irregular, a erosão, o assoreamento e a destruição dos banhados. Devido ao problema histórico de enchentes no local, controladas de forma significativa pela construção dos diques de proteção, o mapa de uso e ocupação do solo, no perímetro urbano, foi classificado em áreas de uso adensado, com maiores taxas de impermeabilização e, áreas de uso rarefeito. Da área total da bacia, 60% localiza-se em área urbana. A partir da análise do mesmo mapa, constatou-se na área de estudo presença significativa de áreas de florestamento; e no perímetro rural, especificamente, uma produção agrícola, na sua maioria, de cunho familiar, com pouca representatividade local e regional. Com a elaboração de um mapa baseado no Código Florestal, verificou-se que menos de 10 % da vegetação ciliar encontra-se preservada, identificou-se também ocupações irregulares, a partir do mesmo parâmetro. A partir de todos os itens analisados e pelo fato do Plano Diretor estar em construção, para a área de estudo, foram elaboradas algumas propostas, tendo como enfoque parâmetros ambientais, exemplos: a importância de se considerar o perímetro rural, em relação a questões como a preservação de mananciais e a destinação do lixo doméstico; o controle do adensamento urbano, evitando o aumento da impermeabilização do solo, estipulando taxa máxima de construção de calçadas. The present work has as general objective the environmental study of arroio Kruze hidrographic basin, located between latitudes 29º.45’ and 29º.50’ S and longitudes 51º 03’ and 51º 09’W, comprising the municipalities of São Leopoldo, Sapucaia do Sul and Novo Hamburgo, which belong to Porto Alegre metropolitan region (RMPA). To get the general purpose of this work, the following specific objectives were developed: geomorphologic, geologic and pedologic analysis; research about regional and local urbanization process, elaboration and analysis of geomorphological, slopes gradients and hypsometric maps, and digital elevation models, representing the different landforms and processes; elaboration and analysis of land use and soil occupation maps, correlation between soil use and occupation with its respective legal and/or institutional mechanisms (Director Plan and Forest Code). The methodology of the this work corresponds to bibliographic revision, searching the relationship between the different analyzed issues and the local and regional reality; gathered informations in field works; and the final elaboration of all above mentioned maps using GIS methods. At the regional scale, the arroio Kruze hydrographic basin belongs to geomorphological units of Planície Lagunar, Patamares da Serra Geral and Depressão do Rio Jacuí, the geology is dominated by quaternary deposits of Província Costeira and by Formações Botucatu e Sanga do Cabral of Província Paraná. The soils belongs the category of neosoil and claysoil, the later has the presence of textural B Horizon, susceptible to erosion processes. Locally, it has verified that the arroio Kruze hydrographic basin has approximately 80% of its area situated beneath 100 m high. The most occupied area corresponds to the lowest and part of the middle sector of the arroio Kruze, which terrains are until 80 m high, corresponding to the Patamares Planos (10 to 40 m high), and hill zones (40 to 80 m high). The local urbanization is related to European immigration process, and to excessively growth of Porto Alegre metropolitan region. Through the gathered and analyzed informations and data, it has verified that the most significant problems found in arroio Kruze hydrographic basin are irregular occupations, hydro pollution, soil impermeabialization, irregular mineral extraction, erosion, assoreament and destruction of wetlands. Due to historic local problems of flooding, significantly controlled by barriers, the use and occupation soil map was classified, inside the urban perimeter, in intense used areas with higher impermeabilization rates, and low use areas. Through the map analysis, it has ascertained in the study area the significant presence of reforest areas, and in rural perimeter, specifically, familiar agricultural production, with low regional and local representatively. Urban area represents 60% of the total area. Elaborating a map based on Forest Code, it has observed that less than 10% of ciliar vegetation is preserved, and it has also observed irregular occupations. Through all analyzed issues, and due to Director Plan of area of study is still being developed, some proposes were elaborated using environmental parameters: the importance of rural perimeter and its related issues, such as watersource preservation, domestic waste, urban growth control, avoiding in this way the soil impermeabilization by the control of maxima constructed area according the terrain size.

This paper assesses to what extent it is possible to construct standardised geographical definitions of cities that will allow American and European cities to be compared in a consistent manner. It reproduces, in citable form and, for scholarly purposes, the report of the same name produced by the author for the Greater London Authority.

Measuring and Comparing World Cities studies the economic performance of a shortlist of 27 cities, as estimated by seven sources. The article reproduces, in citable form and, for scholarly purposes, the report of the same name produced by the author for the Greater London Authority. The report finds that estimates of even the most basic indicators, such as the level and growth of city productivity, diverge so much between the providers of estimates, that no single estimate of any indicator of city performance can be relied on. It explains why. The findings of this paper led GLA Economics to the conclusion that a world standard for comparing cities was required, leading to its work in defining a Functional Urban Region (FUR) for London, and to joint work with the Greater European Metropolitan Areas Comparative Analysis (GEMACA) project, with Eurostat’s Urban Audit, and with the territorial working group of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), to attempt to define a world standard The lack of such a world standard led GLA Economics to produce the benchmark dataset reproduced in this paper. This specifies output, employment and productivity for 27 cities, derived from standardised geographical definitions and harmonised data. The dataset serves as a reference for the GLA group and is used to compare and assess data commissioned from other private and official sources. This working paper outlines a procedure to extend this dataset to a wider range of cities and indicators. It also specified a framework for the GLA group to use when commissioning further data on cities.

Sur la base d’une rétrospective des politiques régionales et municipales qui ont façonné l’organisation politico-territoriale québécoise, nous montrerons d’une part qu’un cadre a progressivement été défini dont la révision en profondeur est aujourd’hui annoncée. Alors que ce cadre est demeuré depuis les années soixante essentiellement articulé autour d’un ensemble de grandes régions administratives, incluant Montréal, un nouveau scénario avancé met l’accent sur un petit nombre d’agglomérations métropolitaines ou de villes-régions. S’y profile une nouvelle représentation à deux paliers, plutôt que trois, du territoire québécois. Les effets d’un tel recadrage sont discutés, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les régions dites périphériques. D’autre part, certains phénomènes politico-identitaires de repli territorial sont aussi entrevus. En conclusion, nous esquisserons quelques pistes de réflexion pour un renouvellement de l’organisation politico-territoriale de l’espace québécois.Considering the evolution of regional and municipal policies which have shaped the politico-territorial organisation in Québec, we first demonstrate that a framework has been defined for which a redefinition is forseen. Although that frame has remained since the sixties essentialy structured around a group of large administrative regions, including Montréal, a new vision focuses on a small number of metropolitan areas or city-regions. A new two level representation - instead of three - of Québec territory is emerging. The possible effects of such a crucial reframing process are discussed especially for the so-called peripherical regions. Risks of territorial withdrawal are also anticipated and illustrated through two shorts prospectives narratives for the purpose of underlining the issues of the reform and the importance of a public debate.

Este trabalho consiste em uma anáhse das alterações ambientais decorrentes da urbanização a partir da evolução da cobertura vegetal e do uso da terra em uma subbacia pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Dilúvio situada na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Estado do Rio Grande do Sul para a realiação deste estudo fez se necessãrio conhecer os mais importantes elementos indicadores das condições ambientais da ãrea ao longo do seu processo de ocupação. Para tanto, procurou-seresgatar as condições ambientais em diferentes fases temporais: antes ou durante a expansão urbana: imediatamente antes e durante as principais intervenções antrópicas e depois das principais intervenções decorrentes do processo de expansão urbana. Com isso, o processo de evolução da cobertura vegetal e o uso ela terra expressaram as relações sócio-econômicas do território, revelando a apropriação da natureza pela sociedade e suas alterações ambientais. O reconhecimento das condições ambientais no momento de ruptura das direções processuais naturais foi fimdamental para a avaliação das alterações dos processos antrópicos em relação aos processos naturais originais. This work consists in an analysis of ihe environmental alterations deriving from ihe urbanization from the vegetation and soil use in a sub-basin belonging to the Dilúvio Stream's Hydrographic Basin located in Porto Alegre city metropolitan region, state of Rio Grande do Sul. To carry out such study it was necessary to know the most important elements that indicate the environmental conditions of the studied area along its process of occupation. For such purpose it was necessary to reclaim the environmental conditions in different time phases: before or during the urban expansion: immediately before and during the main anthropological interventions and after the main interventions resulting from the urban expansion process. Consequently, the process of vegetation and soil use evolution showed the social and economical relations of the tenitory. revealing the appropriation of the nature by the society and its environmental alterations. The recognltion of the environmental conditions at the rupture moment of the natural processing directions was essential to evaluate the alterations of the anthropological processes conceming the Oliginal natural process.

Problems of the economic structure of metropolitan region and its socioeconomic develonment. Territorial structure, demographic situaction and consequences of the degradation of the environment. A set of solutions is included., Problemas de la estructura económica de la región metropolitana y de su desarrollo socioeconómico. Estructura territorial, situación demográfica y consecuencias sobre la degradación del medio. Se presentan una serie de alternativas de solución.

Izdvojena je i analizirana metropolitanska regija Zagreba. Utvrđena je tendencija njezinog razvoja s osobinama tzv. relativne decentralizacije., The metropolitan region of Zagreb has been separated and analysed. A tendency towards its development with the characteristics of a so-called relative decentralisation has been determined.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar e analisar os níveis de centralidade existentes entre as cidades da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC). Em 1974, o governo estadual instituiu a Coordenação da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (Comec), com o objetivo de coordenar as ações e planejar o desenvolvimento integrado dos 29 municípios que compõem a RMC. A RMC tem 3.493.742 habitantes, correspondendo a 33,45% do total da população do Paraná, a densidade demográfica é de 153,06 habitantes por km² e é composta, em sua maioria, de cidades consideradas pequenas no que se refere ao número de habitantes. A abordagem metodológica adotada foi a Teoria do Lugar Central, proposta por Walter Christaller. Essa pesquisa foi realizada com os dados sobre população, valor adicionado fiscal e sobre os empregos na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba divididos por ramos de atividade econômica para melhor identificar quem mais contribui para o crescimento regional. Foram estimados indicadores de análise regional para complementar a análise, tais como o quociente locacional, base econômica, multiplicador do emprego e o índice de centralidade. Os resultados apontaram que na década de 2000 o lugar central da RMC foi e continua sendo Curitiba, com índice de centralidade bem superior às demais cidades. Foi constatada uma hierarquia dos lugares relacionada com as áreas de mercado, definidas tanto pelo contingente populacional quanto pela capacidade de multiplicar empregos. O município de Curitiba emprega 71,8% dos trabalhadores da RMC, apresenta um índice de centralidade alto e influencia de maneira significativa os municípios circunvizinhos. E essa centralidade não apresentou alterações nos últimos anos, mas se fortaleceu. This paper aims to identify and analyze the levels of centrality among the cities of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (MRC), Paraná state, Brazil. In 1974, the Government established the Coordination of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (Comec) in order to coordinate actions and plan the integrated development of the twenty-nine cities that comprise the MRC. The MRC has 3,493,742 inhabitants, representing 33.45% of the total population of Paraná state; the population density of the area is 153.06 inhabitants per km², composed mostly by cities considered small in relation to the number of inhabitants. The "Central Place Theory" proposed by Walter Christaller was adopted as the methodological approach. This research was carried out with data about population, value added tax, and jobs in the MRC, divided into types of economic activity, aiming to identify the largest contributors to regional growth. Indicators of regional analysis, such as locational quotient, economic base, employment multiplier, and centrality index were estimated to complement this analysis. Results showed that, in the 2000s, Curitiba was and still remains the central place of the MRC, with a centrality index much higher compared with the other cities. Hierarchy of places related to the market areas was observed, defined not only by the population quota, but also by the ability to multiply jobs. The municipality of Curitiba employs 71.8% of the workers in the MRC, presents a high centrality index, and significantly influences its surrounding municipalities. This centrality has not changed in recent years, but it has grown stronger.

x

Within the article, new observations on the gap between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions are presented. The economic performance of a country mostly emanates from its metropolitan regions. As these regions profit from a highly dynamic routine, they are growing rapidly. From the outside, assumptions about the prosperity of a nation is often presumed to stay in steady proportion to the development of its economic lead. However, not only the gap between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions is in no steady proportion, this difference also varies when observing capital city metropolitan regions and second-tier metropolitan regions, meaning metropolitan regions of a country other than the capital. The article concludes that differences between these categories are slightly shrinking, but the gaps are still enormous. Nevertheless, the dynamics of these gaps are largely overseen and the assumption that non-metropolitan regions of a country are developing in a fixed relation to metropolitan regions needs a closer investigation.

Spatial transformation in peri-urban areas has provided an emerging picture of the growth of many metropolitan regions in developing countries, In this paper, we present a new perspective on this transformation from the viewpoint of the developing and transitional countries of East Asia, and suggest its potential implications for planning and governance. First, we reveal the uniqueness of pen-urbanisation in these countries in relation to its dependence on the metropolitan centres, capital accumulation and dynamic coexistence of urban and rural livelihoods, Although we acknowledge the growing contribution of peri-urban areas to regional economies, this is still at the expense of spatial cohesion, regional sustainability and quality of the physical environment. It is argued that these undesirable consequences have been a reflection of fragmented institutional landscapes, particularly at the regional level. In order to address this institutional fragmentation, we suggest a need to transform current domestic planning systems, strengthen collaborative approaches, promote innovative institution-building and consider rescaling of governance.

Background With the recent increase in the prevalence of mental disorders in developing countries, there is a growing interest in the study of its consequences. We examined the association of depression, anxiety and any mental disorders with incremental health expenditure, i.e. the linear increase in health expenditure associated with mental disorders, and lost days of normal activity. Methods We analyzed the results from a representative sample survey of residents of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (n = 2,920; São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey), part of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative, coordinated by the World Health Organization and performed in 28 countries. The instrument used for obtaining the individual results, including the assessment of mental disorders, was the WMH version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 (WMH-CIDI 3.0) that generates psychiatric diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. Statistical analyses were performed by multilevel generalized least squares (GLS) regression models. Sociodemographic determinants such as income, age, education and marital status were included as controls. Results Depression, anxiety and any mental disorders were consistently associated with both incremental health expenditure and missing days of normal activity. Depression was associated with an incremental annual expenditure of R$308.28 (95 % CI: R$194.05-R$422.50), or US$252.48 in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). Anxiety and any mental disorders were associated with a lower, but also statistically significant, incremental annual expenditure (R$177.82, 95 % CI: 79.68–275.97; and R$180.52, 95 % CI: 91.13–269.92, or US$145.64 and US$147.85 in terms of PPP, respectively). Most of the incremental health costs associated with mental disorders came from medications. Depression was independently associated with higher incremental health expenditure than the two most prevalent chronic diseases found by the study (hypertension and diabetes). Conclusions The fact that individuals with mental disorders had a consistent higher health expenditure is notable given the fact that Brazil has a universal free-of-charge healthcare and medication system. The results highlight the growing importance of mental disorders as a public health issue for developing countries.

x

Los nuevos espacios de la producción y el consumo en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona muestran un cambio en sus “geografías localizativas” y la emergencia de una configuración reticular organizada según principios de complementariedad y de sinergia. Las modalidades de localización en relación al sistema urbano o a la infraestructura existente, los tipos de utilización, así como los patrones morfotipológicos con que se presentan, constituyen los contenidos principales de este artículo. El análisis asume un enfoque proyectual, en la búsqueda de posibles estrategias para la ordenación de la región metropolitana, respecto a la localización y el modelo infraestructural y ambiental, y en relación a las modalidades de los propios espacios de la producción y el consumo., The new spaces of production and consumption in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona show a change in their “location geographies”, and the emergency of a reticular configuration organized according to principles of complementarity and synergy. The modalities of location in relation to the urban system or to the existing infrastructure, the types of use, as well as its morphotypologic patterns, constitute the main contents of this article. The analysis assumes a project approach, in the search of possible strategies for the arrangement of the metropolitan region, with respect to the location and the infrastructural and environmental model, and in relation to the modalities of the own spaces of production and consumption.