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EnglishThis paper presents the results of a study dealing with the wind regime and the potential of the wind resource of eastern Morocco for power generation.It is based on the daily observations of thesynoptic station of Oujda-Angad. The mean wind speed at 10 m varied between 3.6 and 5.8 m/s and the potential of the wind resource, estimated by Weibul's distribution, varied from 57 to 244 W/m2. francaisNous presentons ici les resultats d'une etude sur les regimes des vents et le potentiel eolien au Maroc oriental. Ce travail est base sur les observations meteorologiques journalieres de la station d'Oujda-Angad pour la periode 1974-1989, ainsi que sur des observations triquotidiennes plus anciennes de cette station. La vitesse moyenne annuelle du vent a 10 m varie de 3,6 a 5,8 m/s tandis que le potentiel eolien, estime par la loi de Weibull, varie de 57 a 244 W/m2.

The recent success of the California Wind Farms has demonstrated the feasibility of generating large quantities of electricity from the wind. It has brought a growing demand from developers and utilities for larger machines to improve land utilisation and simplify installation and maintenance. In 1985, the James Howden Group installed a 25MW wind farm in the Altamont Pass Area of California. The wind farm mainly comprises 75 Howden 330kW turbines and one Howden 750kW machine. The main pre-requisite for a successful wind farm is an adequate wind resource. In addition, the siting of the individual turbines has to be considered to maximise the energy capture. The paper will describe the methods used to assess the overall wind resource and to decide on the final turbine locations. The paper will also review the development of Howden Wind Turbines to suit the methods of construction and maintenance applicable to wind farms, and to suit operation in various wind climates around the world.

The prospects for wind farm development in any area depends upon the wind resource, the electrical utility, and institutional issues such as financial incentives, tax regime, planning permission, and legislation governing generation and supply of electricity. These factors are discussed in relation to the Republic of Ireland, and show significant possibilities for long term windfarm development.

An important parameter, which is directly influencing the feasibility of a wind energy project is the energy production, which depends largely upon the wind resources. Using a wind resource map in sitting studies makes it possible to select the locations with the highest wind resource in an easy way. The CE developed a methodology to make wind resource maps of (parts of) the Netherlands. This methodology has been automized in a very high degree. The terrain roughness will be digitized with a resolution of 100 × 100 metres. A kilometer grid is put over the region concerned. The annual average windspeed at 30 metres will be calculated for each grid point. Isolines of windspeed are calculated and the region concerned will be divided in windclasses: the wind resource map is born. Recently the CE made a wind resource map of the province of Friesland.

The economic feasibility of wind farms dos not only depend on the turbine costs and the local wind resource. The turbine costs take 50 to 75 percent of the investments. The non-turbine costs are: • - cable works, connection to the local grid • - foundation and road constructions • - purchase costs of ground • - engineering costs These costs will be discussed and methods will be presented to select low cost locations and to make optimal use of these locations. These methods will result in an optimal wind farm configuration of single lines.

Hourly wind data of Quetta airport (Samungli) for 1984 and 1985 are analysed on the basis of speed frequency curves, diurnal variations and of the speed duration curves. In this paper, we conclude that the speed frequency curves give more reliable information as compared to speed duration curves, from the view-point of the wind energy utility, i.e. the estimation of the average power output. However, wind-tunnel testing is required to observe wind flow over the topography of Quetta and to estimate the longterm wind power. We conclude, in addition that the location of data collection as well as the accuracy of input wind data becomes critical to wind resource assessment; which required computer simulation of wind data over at least a period of 10 years by numerical analysis and mathematical models.

This paper presents an assessment of wind energy potentials of six selected locations in the Gujarat, India, by using a 19-year (1995-2013) ERA-interim wind speed data subjected to two-parameter Weibull distribution function. The results showed that the annual wind speed at a location of Okha and Motisindholi is having an average of 7.1 m/s and 7.0 m/s respectively, and Sanodar has lowest annual wind speed of 3.8 m/s. The maximum and minimum average wind power density and energy are 280.55 W/m 2 , 2469 kWh/m 2 /year at Okha and 54.51 W/m 2 , 479 kWh/m 2 /year at Sanodar respectively. Furthermore, Okha and Motisindholi are suitable for the wind turbine applications where as Jafrabad, Veraval and Dandi can be considered for marginal wind power development development based on their respective annual mean wind speeds and power densities.

In order to analyze the effects of environmental regulation on wind power dissemination quantitatively, the country's inland wind resource potential has been estimated using the Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map and the South Korea Wind Resource Map. The evaluation matrix of wind resource potential is formed by classifying environmental regulations into strong, intermediate, and weak, and economic feasibility into high, middle, and low. The purpose is to estimate inland wind resource potential in order to mitigate the environmental regulation needed to attain the national dissemination target of wind power and determine the most suitable level of the incentive policy.

The Great Lakes Region atlas assimilates six collections of wind resource data, one for the region and one for each of the five states that compose the Great Lakes region: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin. At the state level, features of the climate, topography, and wind resource are discussed in greater detail than in the regional discussion and the data locations on which the assessment is based are mapped. Variations over several time scales in the wind resource at selected stations in each state are shown on graphs of monthly average and interannual wind speed and power, and of hourly average wind speed for each season. Other graphs present speed, direction, and duration frequencies of the wind at these locations.

This atlas of the wind energy resource is composed of introductory and background information, and assessments of the wind resource in each division of the region. Background on how the wind resource is assessed and on how the results of the assessment should be inerpreted is presented. An introduction and outline to the descriptions of the wind resource for each division are provided. Assessments for individual divisions are presented as separate chapters. Much of the information in the division chapters is given in graphic or tabular form. The sequences for each chapter are similar, but some presentations used for Hawaii are inappropriate or impractical for presentation with the Pacific Islands. Hawaii chapter figure and tables are cited below and appropriate Pacific Islands figure and table numbers are included in brackets ().

The purpose of this report is to discuss the status of Bonneville Power Administrations wind monitoring program and the data collected from June 1988 through May 1989. The wind monitoring program has been on-going since 1976. The annual summary of this data provides BPA with a periodic status report on both the equipment and wind resonance being measured. There were nine active sites this year. Three sites were instrumented at more than one level. One site, Hampton Butte, apparently failed in November of 1988 and was removed in May of 1989. The data recovery rate for all nine sites over their entire period of record was 82%. For each site, data are summarized for the past year in the body of the report. The statistics used to characterize the wind resource include: mean wind speed; peak gust; available energy; Weibull parameters; available energy; data recovery rate; and estimated turbine energy output for eight selected wind turbines. The appendices include summarized data for the entire period of record at these sites. These summaries provide the most important wind speed statistics required by potential wind developers. 8 refs., 29 figs., 18 tabs.

This atlas of the wind energy resource is composed of introductory and background information, a regional summary of the wind resource, and assessments of the wind resource in each subregion of Alaska. Background is presented on how the wind resource is assessed and on how the results of the assessment should be interpreted. A description of the wind resource on a state scale is given. The results of the wind energy assessments for each subregion are assembled into an overview and summary of the various features of the Alaska wind energy resource. An outline to the descriptions of the wind resource given for each subregion is included. Assessments for individual subregions are presented as separate chapters. The subregion wind energy resources are described in greater detail than is the Alaska wind energy resource, and features of selected stations are discussed. This preface outlines the use and interpretation of the information found in the subregion chapters.

This atlas of the south central region combines seven collections of wind resource data: one for the region, and one for each of the six states (Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas). At the state level, features of the climate, topography, and wind resource are discussed in greater detail than that provided in the regional discussion, and the data locations on which the assessment is based are mapped. Variations, over several time scales, in the wind resource at selected stations in each state are shown on graphs of monthly average and interannual wind speed and power, and hourly average wind speed for each season. Other graphs present speed, direction, and duration frequencies of the wind at these locations.

The Southern Rocky Mountain atlas assimilates five collections of wind resource data: one for the region and one for each of the four states that compose the Southern Rocky Mountain region (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah). At the state level, features of the climate, topography and wind resource are discussed in greater detail than is provided in the regional discussion, and the data locations on which the assessment is based are mapped. Variations, over several time scales, in the wind resource at selected stations in each state are shown on graphs of monthly average and interannual wind speed and power, and hourly average wind speed for each season. Other graphs present speed, direction, and duration frequencies of the wind at these locations.

This report, which focuses on the meteorological aspects of siting large wind turbines (turbines with a rated output exceeding 100 kW), has four main goals. The first is to outline the elements of a siting strategy that will identify the most favorable wind energy sites in a region and that will provide sufficient wind data to make responsible economic evaluations of the site wind resource possible. The second is to critique and summarize siting techniques that were studied in the Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Energy Program. The third goal is to educate utility technical personnel, engineering consultants, and meteorological consultants (who may have not yet undertaken wind energy consulting) on meteorological phenomena relevant to wind turbine siting in order to enhance dialogues between these groups. The fourth goal is to minimize the chances of failure of early siting programs due to insufficient understanding of wind behavior.

A research and development program in hydrogen production by means of wind energy has been initiated at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI). An analysis of the wind resource is presented and the wind energy development activities in Hawaii are reviewed. Discussed is the contribution that hydrogen can make toward the acceptance of more wind-generated electricity by the utility as well as hydrogen's role in providing fertilizer, chemical feedstocks, and, perhaps of greatest importance, future transportation fuels.

In this scoping study, approaches to the evaluation of the Irish wind resource were investigated. Data requirements of potential users were considered and gaps in the existing data identified. In particular, the statistical aspects of data collection, analysis and presentation were examined.

A growing number of electric utilities in the United States are considering using wind energy as a power generation source. Currently, many utilities are investigating potential wind machine sites in their areas. Identifying suitable sites for large wind machine clusters, or wind farms, requires more than finding a location with an adequate wind resource, however. Consideration must also be given to the legal and regulatory questions raised by wind energy system siting. The purpose of this report is to examine the early experiences of several utilities in dealing with the legal and regulatory issues that were raised in the process of siting wind energy installations. The report also makes recommendations as to how utilities can begin to address many of the identified issues.

An estimated 20 utilities in the United States are now investigating potential wind machine sites in their areas. Identifying sites for wind machine clusters (wind farms) involves more than just finding a location with a suitable wind resource. Consideration must also be given to the proximity of sites to existing transmission lines, environmental impacts, aesthetics, and legal concerns as well as the availability of and alternative uses for the land. These issues have made it increasingly difficult for utilities to bring conventional power plants on-line quickly. Utilities are now required, however, to give careful consideration to specific legal, social, and environmental questions raised by the siting of wind energy conversion systems (WECS).

The Puerto Rico/US Virgin Island atlas assimilates three collections of wind resource data: one for the region as a whole and one each for both the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. For the two subregions, features of the climate, topography and wind resource are discussed in greater detail than is provided in the regional discussion, and the data locations on which the assessment is based are mapped. Variations, over several time scales, in the wind resource at selected stations in both subregions are shown on graphs of monthly average and interannual wind speed and power, and hourly average wind speed for each season. Other graphs present speed, direction and duration frequencies of the wind at these locations.

Work performed in FY81 on Wind Energy Assessment Studies in the Goodnoe Hills and Cape Blanco Areas is summarized. The research centers on defining the extent of the wind resource at site specific locations that have been documented earlier as having good wind power potential. The work consists of spatial wind surveys in the Goodnoe Hills and Cape Blanco area, wind turbine generator wake measurements at the Goodnoe Hills site, and developing a methodology for sampling the wind flow using a kite anemometer. (LEW)

International audience; The POWWOW project (Prediction of Waves, Wakes and Offshore Wind, a EU Coordination Action) aimed to develop synergy in the fields of wind and wave predictions from short to resource timescales by integrating modelling approaches currently used by the communities separately. The project aimed to help these research communities by establishing virtual laboratories, offering specialised workshops, and setting up expert groups with large outreach in the mentioned fields. In this paper, the main results of POWWOW are summarised.

Presentation at the NEWA Final Workshop in Bilbao. The Rödeser Berg forested hill experiment near Kassel is presented leading to two rounds of blind tests for wind flow models in different stability conditions. A follow up benchmark is underway related to the assessment of annual energy production (AEP).

Presentation at the NEWA Final Workshop in Bilbao. Overview of SAR and Scatterometer satellite wind maps useful for quantification of coastal effects, wind farm effects and for the validation of models for pre-site assessment.

A methodology to construct a wind potential atlas for mainland Portugal is presented. A long term simulation with the popular MM5 mesoscale weather model was made with a whole year of reanalysis data (1999 year) in order to compute a mean wind annual cycle. Results were corrected by an intra annual variability factor and compared with four reference wind masts monitored by INETI for 12 years for validation purposes. The results obtained in this work are expected to present the wind energy developers a first estimate of the wind potential in mainland Portugal. Other useful applications can also be considered such as Tourism, territory planning and management, among others.

Exploiting wind resource is a good alternative in spite of using traditional not renewable and polluting energy sources. However, besides landscape restrictions and administrative practice complexity, it is generally hard to locate a site eligible for aeolic exploitation as well as to assess its related wind resource. As a matter of fact, an expensive wind measuring campaign should be carried out for that, through at least one year long period, at the height aeolic plants typically work (60 to 80 m), or to vertically extrapolate data collected by a 10-m anemometer. The present paper is the sequel of one previously carried out, which proved the use of meteorological model wind estimations to provide aeolic efficiency performances being comparable with those based on experimental data. In particular, the WRF-NMM prognostic meteorological model has been used to calculate wind estimations, which actually are part of a meteorological archive which was developed at LaMMA laboratory starting from numerical elaborations provided by the weather forecasting service. A sample application was performed through the installation of an aeolic plant in the industrial harbour of Livorno, Italy. After the wind resource pattern has been analysed by using typical distributions and statistical indicators, a site energy efficiency assessment has been carried out by comparing three different kind of wind turbines basing on rated power: the sizes of 1300, 2000 and 3000 KW have been taken into account. In particular, the comparison has been made between NORDEX N60, ENERCON E82 and ECOTÈCNIA 100 wind turbines.

Presentation at the NEWA Final Workshop in Bilbao. The use of stationary cellular communication masts for wind speed measurements provides a valid option for significantly reducing the time and material resources required to study the potential of wind energy at the height of up to 100 meters above ground level. This study show how to set up wind assessment campaigns using these masts and the how to account for directional-dependent flow distortion due to the presence of the tower.

Presentation at the NEWA Final Workshop in Bilbao.The use of stationary cellular communication masts for wind speed measurements provides a valid option for significantly reducing the time and material resources required to study the potential of wind energy at the height of up to 100 meters above ground level. This study show how to set up wind assessment campaigns using these masts and the how to account for directional-dependent flow distortion due to the presence of the tower.

A systematic analysis of the sensitivity of a wind turbine's output to changes in observed wind statistics between different sites in Scotland over available wind records of up to 43 years length was performed. The analysis was performed in the context of observed variability on time scales longer than a year. The findings are discussed in the context of the ability to predict the long-term wind energy potential reliably both for wind farms as well as small turbines. In the analysis, some measures are defined to quantify the forecast accuracy and the long-term prediction error. One of the items of discussion was motivated by the observation in the wind industry that the year 2010 was a poor year, with hopes that it was just an exceptional year and fears that it might be an indicator of continuing climate change. The result of this discussion is that 2010 can only be seen as an outlier if one assumes that the past decades represent a constant wind climate. A linear regression, however, suggests that this assumption may not be correct and that 2010 may have been a low-wind year but consistent with generally observed fluctuations around a changing wind climate.

Traditional wind resource maps include wind distribution, energy density and potential power production without wake effects. Adding wake effect to such maps is feasible by means of a new method based on Fourier transformation,and the extra computational work is comparable to that of the basic wind resource map. The method is mainly intended for mapping inter-farm wake effects. It will work for all linear wake models and may even be extended to complex terrain by certain simplifying assumptions. The method is implemented for the Park model and Fuga models. A test example shows that these models predict different wake development on an inter-farm length scale.

Presentation at the NEWA Final Workshop in Bilbao. Overview of SAR and Scatterometer satellite wind maps useful for quantification of coastal effects, wind farm effects and for the validation of models for pre-site assessment.&nbsp

Presentation at the NEWA Final Workshop in Bilbao. The Ryningsnäs atmospheric boundary-layer experiment in a Swedish forested landscape is used to set up a benchmark for wind energy flow models to simulate the flow above a forest canopy that is characterized using aerial laser scans. The footprint characteristics of the canopy are visible in the profiles. The benchmark includes results from RANS and LES models showing good consistency in the mean velocity profiles and less agreement in TKE profiles.