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Magnetic objective lenses, from the point of view of pole piece geometry, can he roughly classified into two types, viz., symmetrical and asymmetrical. In the case of the former, the optical properties have been calculated by several authors1-3) and the results would appear to suggest that, in order to reduce the spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients, Cs and Cc, it is necessary to decrease the half-width value of the axial field distribution and to increase the peak flux density. The expressions for either minimum Cs or minimum Cc were presented in the form of ‘universal’ curves by Mulvey and Wallington4).

A configuration of the JEOL 200CX electron microscope is described that allows direct switching between convergent beam electron diffraction and imaging of the same field of view at ultra high resolution. The usefulness of this configuration is illustrated by: the determination of symmetry elements such as mirror planes, mirror glides, screw axes, and pseudo symmetry in a number of ternary copper sulphides and selenides; the identification of regions within which the phase grating approximation is satisfied; the measurement of lattice parameters; and the assessment of diffuse scattering.

高精細度テレビカメラの固体化を指向した超高解像度CCDイメージセンサを開発した.有効画素数は, 水平1280×垂直970であり, 水平・垂直方向ともにテレビ標準方式の約2倍の解像力を有する.本センサは, インタライン方式であり, 縦形オーバフロードレイン構造を用いてブルーミングを抑制している.また, 水平CCDレジスタ部には, デュアルチャンネル読出し構造を採用して, レジスタ1本当たりの駆動周波数を半減させ, 転送効率の劣化に起因する解像度の低下を防止している.さらに, 出力アンプにはデプレッション型MOSFETを導入して, 広帯域化と低雑音化をはかっている.本センサの水平・垂直解像度は共に960TV本, 標準撮像条件 (2000lx, F8) におけるS/Nは48dBであり, 文書画像読取装置や電子スチルカメラなど, 新しい分野に応用するのに充分な特性が得られた.

We show how ultra high resolution (n, γ ) spectroscopy can be used to determine lifetimes of nuclear excited levels through the observation of Doppler broadening of deexciting transitions. This Doppler broadening is induced by the recoil imparted by feeding transitions and allows the study of lifetimes −11 s.

In high resolution observation of ultra-fine uneven surfaces of specimens, the image of replica films obtained by the normal single-stage replica method on specimen surfaces with uneven structure, less than 10nm in size, is deformed by the evaporated materials, even though the thickness of the evaporated film is only a few nm. Therefore, the smallest size of a replicated square-shaped object, that can be recognized as square shaped one, is about 5×5nm2.In the new method, the unevenness of specimen surfaces is covered with evaporated film by conventional vacuum evaporation. As a result, fine details of surface structures are correctly removed with little deformation and are clearly observed in the replica image.The smallest square shaped object, of 1.12×1.12nm2 size, that appeared in the replica image, is twice as large as the unit cell of NaCl crystal.

For clinical and environmental analyses utilizing capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), increased sensitivity and speed of analysis are highly desirable. These performance advantages are realized using a WCOT column of 100 μm i.d. as compared to the more conventional 200 μm i.d. capillary columns. The improved sensitivity of capillary direct GC/MS with the 100 μm i.d. column for the confirmation of drugs of abuse will be demonstrated. For environmental analysis, the superior efficiency and resolution of the 100 μm i.d. column can be employed for the separation of priority pollutants. This approach is more amenable to capillary direct GC/MS providing a more effective interface to the mass spectrometer. As a result improved sensitivity and a considerable decrease in analysis time is achieved over that obtained with the larger diameter environmental specialty phase columns.

La methode de mesure des gradients de temperature est basee sur le fait que deux resonances quelconques qui ont differentes dependances du deplacement chimique vis-a-vis de la temperature presentent un elargissement de raie spectrale different du aux gradients de deplacement chimique

Crystallographic shear appears to be a defect-controlled type of process for the formation of the oxides in the homologous series such as TiO2-x, WO3-x out of their respective stoichiometric phases TiO2 and WO3. After an introductory chapter on the relation between non-stoichiometry and shear structures, giving a geometrical description of these particular structural edifices, various physical models will be discussed for the formation and transformation of these structures and the propagation of the defects involved. Successively the following models will be taken into consideration : 1° An ordering-and-shear model. 2° A partial dislocation propagation model. 3° A cooperative migration model. 4° A model based on the propagation of hairpin shaped couples of crystallographic planes. These various propositions will be analysed and confronted with the vast amount of knowledge that has recently been acquired from the advent of the improved high resolution electron microscopy observation techniques. The analysis will be mainly illustrated from observations in transmission electron microscopy of the TinO2n-1-system. Some very recent ultra high resolution observations in WO3-x will be discussed as well.

New stationary ultra high resolution grids have been proposed as an alternative to the conventional moving grid techniques for mammography. The physical performance of the new grids resembles those of conventional grids with 1:5 grid ratio. They fail during mammography because of their inability to render fine detail and, in particular, the important shapes of micro-calcification.

For the first time ultra high resolution (to parts 107) resistance measurements have been made on large metallic single crystals ; in every respect, the resistivity of silver and its alloys contradicts current theoretical expectations.

Automated analysis of MRI data of the subregions of the hippocampus requires computational atlases built at a higher resolution than those that are typically used in current neuroimaging studies. Here we describe the construction of a statistical atlas of the hippocampal formation at the subregion level using ultra-high resolution, ex vivo MRI. Fifteen autopsy samples were scanned at 0.13 mm isotropic resolution (on average) using customized hardware. The images were manually segmented into 13 different hippocampal substructures using a protocol specifically designed for this study; precise delineations were made possible by the extraordinary resolution of the scans. In addition to the subregions, manual annotations for neighboring structures (e.g., amygdala, cortex) were obtained from a separate dataset of in vivo, T1-weighted MRI scans of the whole brain (1 mm resolution). The manual labels from the in vivo and ex vivo data were combined into a single computational atlas of the hippocampal formation with a novel atlas building algorithm based on Bayesian inference. The resulting atlas can be used to automatically segment the hippocampal subregions in structural MRI images, using an algorithm that can analyze multimodal data and adapt to variations in MRI contrast due to differences in acquisition hardware or pulse sequences. The applicability of the atlas, which we are releasing as part of FreeSurfer (version 6.0), is demonstrated with experiments on three different publicly available datasets with different types of MRI contrast. The results show that the atlas and companion segmentation method: 1) can segment T1 and T2 images, as well as their combination, 2) replicate findings on mild cognitive impairment based on high-resolution T2 data, and 3) can discriminate between Alzheimer's disease subjects and elderly controls with 88% accuracy in standard resolution (1 mm) T1 data, significantly outperforming the atlas in FreeSurfer version 5.3 (86% accuracy) and classification based on whole hippocampal volume (82% accuracy)., National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (P41EB015896), National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (BIRN002 U24 RR021382), National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (R01EB013565), National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (R01EB006758), National Institute on Aging (AG022381), National Institute on Aging (5R01AG008122-22), National Institute on Aging (K01AG028521), National Institute on Aging (P30AG13846), National Institute on Aging (R01AG1649), National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (U.S.) (RC1 AT005728-01), National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (U.S.) (R01 NS052585-01), National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (U.S.) (1R21NS072652-01), National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (U.S.) (1R01NS070963), National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (U.S.) (R01NS083534), United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Shared Instrumentation Grant Program (1S10RR023401), United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Shared Instrumentation Grant Program (1S10RR019307), United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Shared Instrumentation Grant Program (1S10RR023043), Ellison Medical Foundation, National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Blueprint for Neuroscience Research (5U01-MH093765), United States. National Institutes of Health (P30-AG010129), United States. National Institutes of Health (K01-AG030514)

Simultaneous achievement of atomic resolution, $${0.65_{{\rm{cs}}}}^{1/4}{{\rm{\lambda }}^{3/4}} = 0.18{\rm{nm,}}$$ zone axis alignment of crystals (>5nm), diffraction studies of crystals (>0.5nm), and x-ray analysis of precipitates (>1nm) have been possible in a unique new TEM (EM-002B) in its UHR configuration.

According to the Gabor-Heisenberg uncertainty relation, the spectrum of a MEG recording can be obtained at a frequency resolution ΔF Hz of up to ΔF = (1/T), where T is the duration of the time series. In principle, therefore, a recording of duration 500 sec can be analyzed at a resolution of 0.002 Hz giving, for example, a plot of power versus frequency containing 100,000 lines for a recording of bandwidth DC-200Hz. In practice, however, commercial FFT analyzers give far poorer resolution typically 0.5 or 0.25 Hz for a DC-200Hz bandwidth. This limitation on frequency resolution has not previously been considered serious on the assumption that brain responses to repetitive sensory stimulation (e.g. flickering light or AM tones) consist of frequency components, each of which has a substantial bandwidth due to amplitude variability and latency jitter.

At 250 kW TRIGA MARK II Reactor in Ljubljana two different neutron radiographic facilities are constructed. One facility is primarily used for NR inspection of macroscopic objects, while the other is intended for microneutronography and neutron induced autoradiography. Neutron radiography was used in examination of abnormally elongated Al-clad TRIGA fuel elements and applied for few users in aircraft, chemical, ski and metallurgical industry. Experimental and theoretical study has been done, elucidating the role of back-diffused betas in imaging process with beta-emitting converter screens and the spatial resolution of radiographic techniques has been determined. A comprehensive and fundamental study of neutron radiographic and auto-radiographic properties of various SSNTD-s is in progress. The applications of neutron induced autoradiography with SSNTD-s are presented. Ultra high resolution heavy charged particle relief autoradiography with gelatine as an imaging material was introduced.

We will report on recent progress in the development and improvement of laser methods which can overcome the Doppler broadening of spectral lines of atoms and molecules.

In contrast to the conventional electron microscope, the scanning electron microscope’s utility does not generally lie in the area of ultra high resolution. Rather, it is the process of information transfer which is particularly aided by the scanning microscope.

Omni-directional high resolution surveillance has a wide application range in defense and security fields. The GigaEye-1 system, with 44 single cameras and 22 FPGAs, is capable of recording omni-directional video in a 360o×100o FOV at 9.5 fps with a resolution over (17,000x5,000) pixels (85MP). Real-time video capturing capability is also verified at 30 fps for a resolution over (9,000x2,400) pixels (22MP). The important capacity of GigaEye-1 opens the door to various post-processing techniques in surveillance domain such as large perimeter object tracking, very-high resolution depth map estimation and high dynamic-range imaging which are beyond standard stitching and panorama generation methods.

Abstract This paper reports an environmental assessment of the geohazards and seep phenomena of the Mad Dog field area of the Gulf of Mexico. The Mad Dog block, centered on US GOM block GC782, is located on the Sigsbee Escarpment in the Green Canyon region of the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 310 km south of New Orleans. The study area covers approximately 120 km2 and extends to water depths of 1300 m – 2170 m. The available data included a deep-tow multibeam bathymetry and ultra-high-resolution 2D seismic grid in combination with satellite seepage slick interpretations from the greater Mad Dog area. Hydrocarbon seep phenomena and SAR slick data were cross-examined to determine a relationship; however although some large slicks had been mapped by SAR in the project area, the slick density was lower than anticipated and correlation to sea-bed manifestations was not always well defined. The seabed displayed substantial relief and steep gradients across a salt- related graben structure in the northwest, associated with several potential gas-related seismic wipeout features, and scarps in the central survey area. Substantial geohazards occur in the escarpment region with slope gradients up to 28 degrees and abundant evidence for mass transport deposits. The presence of strong currents that run parallel to the base of the escarpment at up to 1 ms−1 (Bryant et al. 2000) form mega furrows. Associated erosional processes in this current could mask seep phenomena and therefore be lost during bathymetry and subsurface analysis. Eight possible seep structures were observed in the region and one coned shaped mound interpreted as a mud/asphalt volcano. When correlating the locations to SAR slick data it was hard to conclusively establish a relationship between seeps and slicks due to the unknown currents. In order to reduce the uncertainty of slick and seep correlations, sea current data at various depths throughout the water column would be needed at the time of SAR capture, and access to any seafloor cores would help ground truth interpreted seepage phenomena. A better understanding of the plumbing system can only be gained from examining deeper-penetration 3D seismic data that was unavailable for this study.

Induction of plant resistance against pathogens by defense elicitors constitutes an attractive strategy to reduce the use of fungicides in crop protection. However, all elicitors do not systematically confer protection against pathogens. Elicitor-induced resistance (IR) thus merits to be further characterized in order to understand what makes an elicitor efficient. In this study, the oligosaccharidic defense elicitors H13 and PS3, respectively, ineffective and effective to trigger resistance of grapevine leaves against downy mildew, were used to compare their effect on the global leaf metabolism. Ultra high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) analysis allowed us to obtain and compare the specific metabolic fingerprint induced by each elicitor and to characterize the associated metabolic pathways. Moreover, erythritol phosphate was identified as a putative marker of elicitor-IR.

Summary This paper considers the possibilities of simultaneous source technology, the ways of processing data obtained by such sources, and the prospects for using sources of this type in high and ultra high resolution seismic surveys. The method for separation the data for each of the sources is proposed. The resolution power of the technology on the model data is estimated.

The inhomogeneous saturation behavior in stimulated Brillouin scattering is exploited for increasing the resolution in Brillouin spectrometers. Based on a proof of concept experiment we report an optical resolution of 8MHz.

Molecular separations are at the heart of our understanding of the chemical construction of many complex materials. The most powerful methods providing unparalleled capacity for separation of chemical compounds are based on chromatography procedures

Topographic ultra high resolution can now routinely be established on bulk samples in cold field emission scanning electron microscopy with a second generation of microscopes (FSEM) designed to provide 0.5 nm probe diameters. If such small probes are used for high magnification imaging, topographic contrast is so high that remarkably fine details can be imaged on 2DMSO/osmium-impregnated specimens at ribosome surfaces even without a metal coating. On TCH/osmium-impregnated specimens topographic resolution can be increased further if the SE-I imaging mode is applied. This requires that beam diameter and metal coating thickness be made smaller than the SE range of ~1 nm and background signal contributions be reduced. Subnanometer small probes can be obtained (only) at high accelerating voltages. Subnanometer thin continuous metal films can be produced under the following conditions: self-shadowing effect between metal atoms must be reduced through appropriate deposition techniques and surface mobility of metal atoms must be diminished through high energy sputtering and/or specimen cooling.

The recent developments of the in-lens field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM) make it possible to image specimen surfaces with subnanometer resolution by collecting type I secondary electrons, with an incident electron probe size of about 0.5 nm in diameter. A resolution of the same order of magnitude has also been obtained in a STEM instrument with secondary electron signals. Both in-lens FESEM and STEM utilize field emission gun as electron beam source (high intensity and small probe size) and high excitation objective lenses to reduce abberations. The examined samples have to be positioned inside the objective pole-pieces. Thus the emitted secondary electrons will experience a strong magnetic field and spiral around the magnetic field lines (cyclotron orbit) before they are collected by the secondary electron detector. The radius and the pitch height of the cyclotron orbit depend on the secondary electron energy and the emission angle with respect to the magnetic field axis.

Historically, ultra high spatial resolution electron microscopy has belonged to the transmission electron microscope. Today, however, ultra high resolution scanning electron microscopes are beginning to challenge the transmission microscope for the highest resolution.To accomplish high resolution surface imaging, not only is high resolution required. It is also necessary that the integrity of the specimen be preserved, i.e., that morphological changes to the specimen during observation are prevented. The two major artifacts introduced during observation are contamination and beam damage, both created by the small, high current-density probes necessary for high signal generation in the scanning instrument. The JSM-890 Ultra High Resolution Scanning Microscope provides the highest resolution probe attainable in a dedicated scanning electron microscope and its design also accounts for the problematical artifacts described above.Extensive experience with scanning transmission electron microscopes lead to the design considerations of the ultra high resolution JSM- 890.

The resolution of the SEM has been remarkably improved by means of the in-lens SEM with a field emission gun. Consequently, the thin metal coating on the specimen surface for ultra high resolution imaging has become very important. In the age of imaging with 2-3nm resolution at 100,000x magnification, a very thin platinum (Pt) coating on the specimen surface using the magnetron sputter coater has yielded successful results. However, in an ultra high resolution scanning electron microscope with better than 1nm resolution at higher than 200,000: magnification, the fine granularity of magnetron sputter coating of Inra thick Pt will be observed on the specimen surface. Therefore, a thinner metal coating with smaller grain size than that of Pt is strongly required. Recently, we tried tungsten (W) coating on many variety of specimens in argon (Ar) gas atmosphere by using a magnetron sputter coater. Using a W coated carbon film, the granularity of W was examined by both an UHR-SEM and a TEM at a minimum magnification of 250,000x.

Higher voltage is advantageous for better imaging resolution, better EELS performance and easier microscopy. Generally it results in a large scaled instrument with many associated problems. In the analytical area, there is a possibility of optimum voltage when a total performance balance is taken in consideration. We have developed a 300 KV TEM for both ultra high resolution and high performance analytical applications in view of these parameters. We have suceeded in making the instrument as compact as possible in order that it may improve the cost/performance ratio. We have taken full advantage of our ultra high voltage microscope experiences.Fig. 1 is a general view of the instrument. It is only 2.68m high and the same as conventional 200KV instruments. It consists of a 3-stage illumination and a 5-stage imaging lens system. This design allows the orientation matching for the diffraction pattern and TEM image throughout the entire magnification range.

A method is described to obtain ultra high resolution NMR multiple quantum spectroscopy, without any broadening of the different multiple quantum lines, even in solids. All line broadening are eliminated simply by fixing the time during the multiple quantum evolution period, while repeating the pulse sequence each time with incremented either r.f. pulse phase, offset frequency or field gradient.

An electron microscope of the type normally used for analysis has been employed as an experimental beam writing instrument. With this instrument less than 10 nm size structures have been fabricated in a variety of materials by electron beam lithography. The important parameters that determine the resolution limit are: electron beam probe size, electron beam energy, characteristics of the beam sensitive material and the nature of the substrate. These parameters were studied with a Philips 400 T TEM/STEM/SEM modified for external beam control and interfaced to a DEC MINC 11-23 computer for pattern generation. With this microscope's ability to image thick samples by secondary and backscattered electron detection conventional type lithography was done on semiconductor substrates. The general lithographic technique is described, for example, in reference 2. In addition fabrication techniques on thin films were studied. The effect of the resolution determining parameters and several examples of lithographic results are described in this paper.

In recent years great improvements in the resolution of secondary electron imaging have been made possible by (1) using a high brightness field emission gun and (2) putting the specimen inside the highly excited objective lens pole-pieces in a scanning electron microscope. Hence, a resolution of 0.8 nm of SE images obtained with a 30 kv electron microscope has been claimed and atom-high surface steps have been observed by detecting SE signals. In a STEM instrument the SE signals are collected at the exit surface of the sample. The emitted secondary electrons spiral up around the fringe magnetic field lines of the objective lens before they are collected by the SE detector. Only type I secondary electrons contribute to the image formation signal in this detecting configuration. The collection efficiency may be high due to the effect of the pre-collection magnetic field and the signal-to-noise ratio is good with the use of a field emission gun.

In general, various improvements have been made to SEM vacuum systems, and clean high vacuum specimen chambers are now routinely available. However, in the ultra high resolution scanning electron microscope, the prevention or reduction of contamination on the specimen surface has recently become an important subject when SEM imaging is done at higher than 200,000x magnification using a very fine electron probe. Typically, the specimen carries hydrocarbon gas molecules which are the source of the contamination, into the SEM. They adhere not only to the specimen surface but may also incorporated in the specimen, most typically in biological specimens, and cannot be reduced by the anti-contamination device of the SEM. Recently, a specimen heating holder was used in a JSM-890 ultra high resolution SEM, to reduce the contamination deposition on the specimen surface during SEM imaging. Using this holder, the specimen can be heated up to 300°C inside the SEM. Images 1 to 4 in Fig. 1 are the secondary electron images showing the cone-shaped deposition of contamination on a platinum-coated carbon film at different heating temperatures. This platinum-coated film, which had been kept in wet and oily atmosphere for several weeks to insure it was well covered with hydro carbon gas molecules, was irradiated by an electron probe in a spot mode for 30sec. with 1×10−11 Amp. of probe current at 20kV. After the electron probe irradiation, the platinum-coated carbon film was tilted 45° for imaging. Image 1 in Fig. 1 shows the cone-shaped deposition of contamination when the specimen was not heated. Image 2 was at 35°C, Image 3 was at 55°C, and Image 4 in Fig. 1 was at 115°C. At higher than 120°C specimen heating temperature, the cone-shaped deposition of contamination could not be observed any more. On the other hand, we can heat up the specimen outside the SEM before we put the specimen into the SEM. Image 5 in Fig. 1 shows the results of specimen heating by a hair dryer. The same platinum- coated carbon film was heated by a hair dryer for 1 minute before it was intro- duced into the SEM, and was irradiated by the electron probe for 15, 30, and 45sec. in a spot mode. This 1 min. heating by a hair dryer shows almost same result as 55°C specimen heating in the SEM.

Total design concept of EM-002A is to realize the following essential performance, that is, 1) attainment to ultimate high resolution as the conventional electron microscope, 2) complete compatibility of the high resolution mode and the analytical mode, 3) identification of the analyzed region and the observed image with atomic-level resolution, 4) observation of ultra fine structure of the biological specimen with maximum high contrast and so on.[Electron source] Accelerating voltage ranges from 20kV to 120kV in 6 steps Double Cockroft-Walton circuit is used as the high voltage generator and the high frequency ripple voltage is reduced to 0.1V. Electron gun assembly is composed of high voltage alumina insulator, whose shape is so well designed as to suppress micro-discharge to the negligible order.[Objective lens and specimen chamber] The objective lens is a strong symmetrical lens where the specimen chamber is located between the symmetrical upper and lower objective lens magnetic circuits. The objective lens has two powerful pole pieces, one being used for the ultra high resolution mode and the other for the standard mode.

WE wish to report the observation of nuclear resonance absorption (Mossbauer effect1) of the 93 keV., 9.4 µsec. γ-ray2 of zinc-67. The energy width of this line is 4.84 × 10−11 eV., and the fractional energy resolution, defined as the ratio of twice the natural line width to the γ-ray energy, is 1 part in 1015, and is 103 fold narrower than that reported3 for iron-57. By the same token, the resonance is difficult to observe, because it is easily destroyed by small-amplitude sound vibrations and broadened and weakened by nuclear electric quadruple interactions in the crystals4.

The drift behavior and long term stability of an ultra high resolution paramagnetic salt thermometer which operates in the vicinity of the lambda transition of 4He have been studied. Various sources contributing to the total drift are analyzed, and new designs are discussed.