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What makes a periphery? The southeastern corner of Tanzania is officially one of the poorest corners of the world and is always presented as a peripheral area. This volume presents a lively discussion on the making of a periphery. The contributors show the interaction between the perceptions of outsiders, the views of local people, and the actual development efforts. The authors perceive development as a negotiated and contested field. Culture is not considered a factor constraining development but is seen rather as an engine which, due to the plurarlity of local and outsider cultures, sets the parameters for the battle. The volume include chapters on the major local economic sectors, social development, and cultural debates. In each chapter, the making of periphery is addressed from a different perspective.

As florestas inundáveis na Amazônia Centrai e suas margens adjacentes sofrem alagações de vários metros de altura por 5-7 meses cada ano, devido ao pulso monomodal de inundação dos rios. Os invertebrados terrestres adaptaram-se à este ecossistema, envolvendo várias estratégias de sobrevivência. A fauna compõe-se de animais terrícolas e arborícolas. Ambos os grupos incluem não migrantes e migrantes. A reação migratória dos animais terrícolas é horizontal (à frente da linha d'água), vertical (subida temporária para troncos ou copas de árvores) ou inclui um vôo temporário para florestas de terra firme. Não migrantes têm estágios ativos ou dormentes abaixo d'agua. Os dormentes passam a inundação em abrigos disponíveis em condições naturais, em abrigos fabricados ou cm estágio de ovo. Animais arborícolas não migrantes vivem e se reproduzem exclusivamente em troncos e copas das árvores, enquanto que os migrantes tem estágios de desenvolvimento os quais vivem também no chão. São dadas as características e exemplos de espécies para cada uma destas categorias. O pulso de inundação é considerado como determinante original da migração. Entretanto, a maioria dos invertebrados se tornaram sensíveis aos ecofatores secundários, na sua maioria abióticos. Somente em algumas espécies, a migração ainda é diretamente relacionada com o pulso de inundação. Inundation forests in Central Amazonia and their adjacent shores are covered by several meters of flood water for 5-7 months each year, due to the monomodal periodic flood pulse of rivers. Terrestrial invertebrates have adapted to this ecosystem by evolving several survival strategies. The fauna comprises both, terricolous and arboricolous animals. Both groups include non-migrants and migrants. Migratory reaction of terricolous animals is horizontal (following the high-water line), vertical (temporal ascent to trunk or canopy of trees) or includes a temporal flight to upland forests. Non-migrants have active or dormant stages under water. The latter pass inundation in naturally available retreats, in self-made retreats or as eggs. Non-migrant arboricolous animals reproduce and live exclusively in the trunk and canopy region, whereas migrants include life stages that live on the ground as well. Characteristics and examples of species are given for each of these categories. The flood pulse is regarded as the original determinant of migration. However, most invertebrates have become sensitive to secondary, mainly abiotic factors. Only in a few species is migration still directly related to the cycle of flooding.

This is the first comprehensive study of Hadendowa Beja pastoralism in Eastern Sudan. The various chapters deal with the effects of drought and of human activities on the natural environment; the effect on pastoral migration patterns, and socio-cultural changes. The authors argue that the recurrent pastoral disasters cannot be blamed only on the pastoralists, but must be related to wider economic and political contexts, in which the pastoralists are becoming increasingly marginalised. Contents: 1. The natural environment of the Red Sea Hills – Lessons in variability / Hassan Abd el Ati, Ole Reidar Vetaas, Leif Manger -- 2. Vegetation dynamics in the Red Sea Hills – Continuities and changes / Knut Krzywinski, Ole Reidar Vetaas, Leif Manger -- 3. Adaptive forms and processes among the Hadendowa – Coping with unpredictability / Sharif Harir -- 4. Beynd the locality – Urban centres, agricultural schemes, the states and NGOs/ Hassan Abd el Ati -- 5. Making ends meet – Some problems of viability in Hadedowa households / Leif Manger -- 6. The Hadendowa way of life – Survival of a cultural tradition / Leif Manger -- 7. The future of Red Sea Hills pastoralism – links and implications for planning / Leif Manger

Work at home (embroidery or sewing) carried out by women is one of the survival strategies of small subsistence farmers of Agreste in Pernambouc. It allows these small commodity farms to resist the pressure of large cattle farms in the region. The author seeks to estimate the contribution of this form of work in the income of peasant families. It shows how the exploitation of women's work by commercial capital is linked to class subordination and that of the subsistence producer to industrial and commercial capital, which has not ceased to increase during the advance of capitalism in outlying areas., Le travail à domicile (broderie ou couture) effectué par les femmes est l'une des stratégies de survie des petits producteurs de subsistance de l'Agreste du Pernambuco. Il permet à ces petites exploitations familiales de résister à la poussée des grandes exploitations d'élevage de la région. Le texte cherche à mesurer l'apport de cette forme de travail dans le revenu des familles paysannes. Il montre comment l'exploitation du travail de la femme par le capital commercial est liée à la subordination de classe, celle du producteur de subsistance au capital industriel et commercial, qui ne cesse de s'approfondir au cours de l'avance du capitalisme dans les aires périphériques., da Silva Marlene Maria, Grandjean Pernette. Travail de la femme et subordination des petits producteurs dans l'Agreste du Pernambouc. In: Travaux de l'Institut Géographique de Reims, vol. 23-24, n°89-90, 1995. Le Brésil. Aspects sociaux, sous la direction de Pernette Grandjean. pp. 157-172.

This paper highlights the main findings of a survey carried out amongst low income groups in Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi's two major cities. The survey covered employment and incomes, expenditure patterns, food and nutritional status, as well as other social and economic aspects of the households. It is found that for many households expenditures exceed regular incomes, and therefore supplementary coping strategies are necessary. The incidence of food insecurity is high, and more than 40 per cent of children under five have some signs of a nutrition problem. Policy recommendations include macroeconomic measures as well as programmes for increased employment and encouragement of the small-scale informal sector.

International audience; The history of the Gooy region (Senegal) since the middle of the 19th century has been characterized by recurrent food crises. If we analyse how the types of crises have evolved, along with the regulation systems and the demographic trends, we can account for the change from the "famine years" of the colonial period to the "difficult years" of our time, according to Soninke terminology. This evolution has been accompanied by the disappearance of high mortality due to crises and epidemic diseases, then by a steady demographic growth. If food crises are less acute today, it is at the cost of a new dependence on migrants' remittances.; L'histoire de la région du Gooy (Sénégal) depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle a été marquée par des crises alimentaires récurrentes. En mettant en perspective l'évolution des types de crises, des systèmes de régulation et des tendances démographiques, on peut rendre compte du passage des " années de famine " de la période coloniale aux " années difficiles " de la période actuelle, pour reprendre les expressions des Soninkés. Cette évolution s'est accompagnée de la disparition des grandes mortalités dues aux crises ou aux épidémies, puis d'une forte croissance démographique. Si les problèmes alimentaires se posent aujourd'hui en termes moins aigus, c'est au prix d'une nouvelle dépendance par rapport aux revenus migratoires.

The history of the Gooy region (Senegal) since the middle of the 19th century has been characterized by recurrent food crises. If we analyse how the types of crises have evolved, along with the regulation systems and the demographic trends, we can account for the change from the "famine years" of the colonial period to the "difficult years" of our time, according to Soninke terminology. This evolution has been accompanied by the disappearance of high mortality due to crises and epidemic diseases, then by a steady demographic growth. If food crises are less acute today, it is at the cost of a new dependence on migrants' remittances., L'histoire de la région du Gooy (Sénégal) depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle a été marquée par des crises alimentaires récurrentes. En mettant en perspective l'évolution des types de crises, des systèmes de régulation et des tendances démographiques, on peut rendre compte du passage des " années de famine " de la période coloniale aux " années difficiles " de la période actuelle, pour reprendre les expressions des Soninkés. Cette évolution s'est accompagnée de la disparition des grandes mortalités dues aux crises ou aux épidémies, puis d'une forte croissance démographique. Si les problèmes alimentaires se posent aujourd'hui en termes moins aigus, c'est au prix d'une nouvelle dépendance par rapport aux revenus migratoires.

It is shown that there is a wide range of structural variation in the habit of the Arundineae and Ehrharteae of the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Region (Cape Province, South Africa). Structural differences in the bases of the fynbos grasses have been classified into four groups: swollen, knotty tillering, weak and annual. Variation in the position of the innovation buds occurs with one group having basal perennating buds, implying that all the culm material is annual, while the second group has cauline innovation buds, leading to the development of a divaricate perennial herb. The recognition of caducous, mesic (orthophyllous) and sclerophyllous leaf blades is also possible, based on leaf morphology and anatomy. These variations in growth forms allow the classification of the Cape grasses into five guilds adapted for survival in the dense fynbos vegetation that develops between the well-spaced fires in these heathlands. The following guilds have been recognized: competition avoiders that grow on rock ledges and outcrops where competition from shrubby vegetation is reduced; reseeders, that survive the protracted interfire period as seed; geophytes, that survive this period as underground organs; coppicers, that survive as small plants; and competitors, that grow tall by means of cauline innovation buds, and so are able to compete with the shrubby heath vegetation.

This paper examines the gathering of wild orchids and its effect on orchid species diversity and abundance in rural communities with high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and high numbers of orphans. The study was conducted in three villages in the Makete District of Tanzania. The study used a triangulation of ethno-botanical, anthropological and sociological methodologies. On the three gathering sites, we found a total of 12 different orchid species (7 edible and 5 non-edible ones) confirmed by an expert botanist, although local gatherers identified many more species. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index significantly differed among the three gathering sites. Analyses of focus group discussions and household surveys revealed that HIV/AIDS orphans and non-orphan children were the main gatherers of wild orchids. HIV/AIDS orphans (n = 55) gathered significantly more frequently (4.1 ± 1.8 times per week) than non-orphan children (n = 49; 1.9 ± 1.3 times per week) (P < 0.01). There was a statistically significant interaction between village and type of gatherer (P < 0.05). Scattered observations of changes in orchid species abundance over time were done using gatherers' indigenous knowledge and opinions. Orchid abundance peaked during May 2006. The study showed increasing abundance of non-edible orchid species and decreasing abundance of edible ones. There were highly significant, linear negative relationships between gathering pressure on the one hand and total number of orchid plants, total number of orchid species, number of edible orchid plants and number of edible orchid species on the other. These relationships were not statistically significant for non-edible orchids. We surmise that gathering edible orchid tubers is likely to become unsustainable, because once its tuber is harvested the plant does not recover or survive.

Working adolescents within the framework of family strategies is an inescapable phenomenon of contemporary Peruvian society and highlights three fundamental social spaces: family, work and school. In the Lima/Callao metropolis, adolescent interactions between these poles of socialization offer a wide range of investigations, and in particular the issue related to school trajectories. This thesis analyzes the school desertion process of some adolescents working in Lima. Based on extensive fieldwork, this study has revealed the heterogeneity and complexity of this social set-up showing daily situations of precariousness and survival., Le travail des adolescents dans le cadre des stratégies familiales est un phénomène incontournable de la société péruvienne contemporaine et met en lumière trois espaces sociaux fondamentaux : la famille, le travail et l'école. Dans la métropole de Lima/Callao, les interactions des adolescents travailleurs entre ces pôles de socialisation offrent une pléiade de questionnements et en particulier celui de leurs trajectoires scolaires. Cette thèse analyse le processus de déscolarisation qui touche une partie des adolescents travailleurs de Lima. Elle se base sur une enquête de terrain approfondie qui a permis d'explorer l'hétérogénéité et la complexité de ce fait social dévoilant des situations quotidiennes allant de la précarité à la survie.

Desde el siglo XIX, la extensión de las grandes explotaciones agrícolas y la incorporación de las nuevas formas de trabajo capitalista hicieron pronosticar a muchos el fin inminente de la conocida como producción mercantil simple en agricultura. No obstante, y a pesar las enormes dificultades que han debido afrontar, los pequeños agricultores se resisten a abandonar su modo de vida, ensayando estrategias de supervivencia que les permitan mantener su independencia y su reconocimiento social, económico, político y cultural. Partiendo de este hecho, y en función de un análisis de tres estudios de caso paradigmáticos de agricultores de la uva de mesa en la comarca del Bajo Guadalentín (Murcia), el propósito de nuestra exposición será mostrar sus distintas estrategias de supervivencia, haciendo frente o coaligándose con las grandes empresas capitalistas, e intentando amoldarse a las cambiantes circunstancias del mercado global, Since the 19th century, the expansion of large agricultural holdings and the incorporation of new forms of capitalist work, made many scientists predict the imminent end of what is known as simple commodity production in agriculture. Nevertheless, despite the enormous difficulties they face, small farmers are reluctant to abandon their way of life, trying survival strategies that allow them to maintain their independence and their social, economic, political, and cultural recognition. Based on this fact, and according to an analysis of three case studies of self-employed farmers of table grapes in the region of Bajo Guadalentín (Murcia), this study seeks to show their different survival strategies, in competition or working with the large capitalist companies, trying to adapt their way of life to the changing circumstances of the global market.

Cet article analyse les stratégies de survie et les formes de luttes pour la reconnaissance menées par les habitants de Cité Lajoie, un bidonville situé en bordure du quai de Port-au-Prince. Fruit d’un travail de terrain réalisé dans la Cité au début de 2007, il remet en question certaines théories relatives à la capacité des populations marginalisées de réaliser des actions collectives ainsi que d’avoir une subjectivité collective et des intérêts communs, et ce, à la lumière des actions entreprises par les résidents de Cité Lajoie., This article analyzes the strategies of survival and the struggles for recognition by inhabitants of Cité Lajoie, a shantytown located on the seaside of Port-au-Prince. It is based on field notes for a survey carried out in this city in 2007. In light of the actions undertaken by the population of Cité Lajoie, I question certain theories relating to the capacity or incapacity of marginal populations to carry out collective actions, to have a collective subjectivity and common interests.