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Medical records of Japanese army hospitals show high death rates during the first influenza pandemic., With the recent outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1), the risk for the next influenza pandemic has increased. For effective countermeasures against the next pandemic, investigation of past pandemics is necessary. We selected cases diagnosed as influenza from medical records and hospitalization registries of Japanese army hospitals during 1918–1920, the Spanish influenza era, and investigated clinical features and circumstances of outbreaks. Admission lists showed a sudden increase in the number of inpatients with influenza in November 1918 and showed the effect of the first wave of this pandemic in Tokyo. The death rate was high (6%–8%) even though patients were otherwise healthy male adults.

Quando os primeiros casos de gripe espanhola começaram a vitimar os paulistanos em outubro de 1918, o Serviço Sanitário do Estado de São Paulo publicou uma série de prescrições com a intenção de esclarecer e instruir os moradores da capital do estado sobre a doença, suas características e algumas formas de combate de uma moléstia também chamada de influenza ou influenza espanhola. Resumidos e reeditados na imprensa, muitas vezes sob o título de "Conselhos ao Povo", os pareceres elaborados pela diretoria de saúde ganharam diferentes nuanças, mas algo permaneceu constante: o apelo à higiene pessoal e ao cuidado com os contatos sociais, como maneiras de se evitar a enfermidade e sua propagação. O objetivo deste texto é recuperar um pouco dessa história, em que as questões de higiene, educação e saúde se mesclavam.

This issue's agricultural articles pertain to the conformation of the Belgian horse, pasteurization of milk, improving Ontario potatoes, and the poultry exhibit at the Ontario Provincial Winter Fair. Wartime articles report on the wartime food situation, the value of Aberdeen Angus cattle during wartime, and a short story regarding war. Another article outlines the practical education provided at the Macdonald Consolidated School in Guelph. The Query column answers agricultural queries send in by subscribers. Campus news features the Peace Parade of November 11, 1918. The College Life column updates the activities of the Y. M. C. A., campus organizations, athletics teams, the fourth year banquet, and the O. A. C. stock sale. The Macdonald Institute column includes articles on The Prom, the Y. W. C. A., the influenza epidemic at Mac Hall, and new student initiation. The Alumni column provides several military letters, news of those killed in action, wedding announcements, and alumni updates. The Belgian horse Reviewing the food situation The Crucible of War Making milk safe Potato improvement in Ontario The practical features of the course of study at the Macdonald Consolidated School, Guelph The Aberdeen Angus in wartime America Poultry exhibit at Winter Fair Query The Veterans Editorial Alumni College life Athletics Macdonald Locals advertising

The agricultural articles in this issue pertain to the Canadian Council of Agriculture, installing lightning rods, selecting pullets for profitable egg production, vegetable breeding at the O. A. C., and transplanting onions. Alumnus T. H. Mason provides a retrospective on the early days of the O. A. C. A student article refutes the public sentiment that O. A. C. graduates are not returning to their farms after graduation. Another student examines the Students' Co-operative Association. Articles on nutrition include the nutrients found in milk, and seasonings used in cooking. A new column highlights the progress of the fundraising for the War Memorial Hall and lists the amounts raised by each graduate class. Continued in this issue is the wartime biographical sketch titled "Apres la Guerre". While the farm power column contains an article on the gasoline engine. The editorial also takes issue with the complaint that O. A. C. graduates are enticed away from practical farming. Campus news contains updates on the casualties of the Spanish Flu, the freshman skating party, campus election and athletic results. The Macdonald Institute column provides reports on the management of the influenza epidemic on campus, the new student initiation, and Y. W. C. A. convention in Des Moines. The Alumni column contains alumni updates and a listing of all O. A. C. graduates who have surnames beginning with the letters "H" and "I". Reaching across Canada The Bulb Early days at the O. A. C. Inspection of lightning rod installations Model farms Results of selection of pullets The Students' Co-operative Association Vegetable breeding at the O. A. C. Milk and human kindness Backyard gardening Transplanted onions Memorial Hall notes Seasonings and flavourings The Gentleman Farmer "Apres la Guerre" Departmental notes Farm Power Editorial Alumni The influenza Macdonald A Ballade of Botany College life Athletics Locals advertising To a Mac Hall Girl

This issue's agricultural articles pertain to root room in crop production, winter injury in fruit trees, the use of gas tractors on the farm, cleaning weed seeds from crop seed, the conformation of the Shire horse, breeding potatoes to be disease resistant, and comparing various crops for the best yields. Other articles include a satirical short story, the potential in the formation of the United Farmers' Co-operative Company, and an opinion on student housing by an alumnus. Campus news features the student's winter social and athletic events. The Macdonald Institute column highlights a visit from alumna Roberta MacAdams who spoke of her work in the Legislature, as a wartime dietician, and women's enfranchisement. The Alumni column contains the first instalment of articles chronicling German occupation in Europe, obituaries, and alumni updates. Root room Winter injury to fruit trees What the Farmer Heard Farm Power Don't sow weed seeds this spring Points for the United Farmers to consider The Shire horse Potato eugenics The comparative yields of the best varieties of crops An ex-student's opinion of student housing Editorial Alumni The March into Germany Macdonald College life Athletics Locals advertising

The theme of this issue of the New Year is livestock judging with articles on the success of the O. A. C. judging team at Chicago and the educational value of livestock judging. Agricultural articles pertain to feeding dairy cattle during milk production, farming as an occupation, field drainage, and egg production. Printed in this issue are the second place winners of the O. A. C. Review's competition in short stories and poems. Campus news addresses the deferred examination due to the Spanish Flu outbreak, the results of the livestock judging competition at the Ontario Provincial Winter Fair, and athletic activities. The Alumni column contains letters, obituaries resulting from the Spanish Flu, and alumni updates. Achievement Are we prepared? A New Year's message Feeding fat into milk A Lapse of Memory Back to the land Conditions requiring drainage How to secure a "baby chick" Educative features of livestock shows To the Spirit in a Violin Ontario first "The live stock situation" Eggs in January Editorial Alumni Macdonald College life Athletics Locals advertising

This expanded special Christmas issue celebrates the end of World War 1 starting with an article by and interview with Dr. Creelman and an address to the alumni who fought. Printed in this issue is the 1914-1918 Honour Roll of over 700 names. The Macdonald Institute column also provides an Honour Roll for the alumnae. Agricultural articles pertain to seed potatoes, Clydesdale horses, and the production of plums in Ontario. The Review celebrates its thirtieth year of publication and includes a historical sketch and the printing of the winners of the O. A. C. Review's competition in short stories and poems. Campus news features college organization results, the sophomore dance, the reorganization of the C. O. T. C., and literary society meetings. The Macdonald Institute column contains a welcome to four new students from South Africa, and reviews of the Halloween dance, stunt night, and alumnae updates. The Alumni column provides several military letters, news of those killed in action, and alumni updates. Memories and musings When Christmas Calls The Kingdom of Lost Youth telegram "When the Boys Come Home" The rational of changing seed potatoes Peace Clydesdales Recompense The Doctor and the Boys Commercial plums of Ontario A historical sketch, 1888-1918 "Our Alumni" Editorial Alumni Honour Roll He Sleeps in Flanders Macdonald College life advertising

The global spread of the coronavirus pandemic has prompted inevitable comparisons with the flu pandemic of 1918-1920. However, in order for such comparisons to be fruitful, it is necessary to acknowledge the similarities between the two outbreaks and their differences. This paper compares different aspects of the "Spanish" flu and coronavirus pandemics in Ireland and the UK during the two periods. The first part of the paper provides a general overview, taking account of the nature of the two diseases and the contexts in which they occurred. The following two sections explore the extent to which both outbreaks exposed underlying social and economic inequalities and the measures taken by central and local government, as well as civil society, to combat the spread of disease. The final section examines the extent to which both pandemics highlighted existing failures and sparked demands to "build back better."

This article provides the first comprehensive overview of the severity and impact of the Spanish flu in Belgium (1918–1919) and thereby makes a long overdue connection with the extensive international literature on pandemics in general and Spanish flu in particular. Leveraging ego documents (diaries), municipal-level excess mortality, and individual-level cause-of-death registers, we present new evidence on the chronology and spatial distribution of Spanish flu mortality in Belgium in 1918 and 1919 as well as social and demographic characteristics of the Spanish flu deaths in the city of Antwerp and discuss the government measures taken in the difficult context of the German occupation. In Belgium, our analysis shows that the chronology and geography of the Spanish flu cannot be seen in isolation from the vagaries of the First World War, in terms of soldiers and evacuees both acting as likely vectors of influenza transmission as well as inflating crude death rates at the municipal level., Historical Social Research. Supplement No. 33 (2021): Epidemics and Pandemics – the Historical Perspective. Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1988, Issues per volume: 1, Volumes per year: 1