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The article discusses the significance of economic and non-economic factors in women's Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and their contributions to women's empowerment in Jammu & Kashmir State, India. Particular focus is given to an analysis of the impact of microfinance on women's empowerment using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). According to the authors, economic factors are the most significant factor in the empowerment of SHG members, but social factors such as autonomy and attitudinal change also contribute towards empowerment. It is suggested that income generation for women in low-income households should continue to be the primary objective of India's SHG programme. Other topics include Self-Help Group Promoting Institutions (SHPIs), data ordinality, and networking.

The study concludes the outcome of an ex-post evaluation study of the SHGs promoted by Gramudyog Hastakala Kendra & Priyadarshini Indira Mahila Block Society, NGO's working for the promotion of SHGs in Jammu & Kathua District of Jammu region, India. A sample of 20 SHGs consisting of 282 members have been taken to study the various aspects of the SHGs viz. educational profile, economic status and occupational pattern etc. pre and post SHG formation. It is found that most of the members of SHGs are economically weak. The overall findings of the study suggest that SHG - Bank Linkage Programme has considerable positive impact on the social conditions. It has also empowered women members substantially and has contributed to increased self-confidence and positive behavioral changes in the post-SHG period as compared to the pre-SHG period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic periodontitis is seen in majority of population and is responsible for the high tooth morbidity as well as mortality. Materials and Methods: One thousand and twenty-six subjects were selected by multistage stratified randomized sampling technique. They were examined in free dental camps organized in preselected rural areas by using community periodontal index of treatment need. The impact of known risk factors for periodontal disease, e.g., oral hygiene habits, age, gender, smoking, and pan + tobacco chewing, was also observed. Results: Deep pockets were observed in 52.7% of the subjects and 17.8% of the sextants. Shallow pockets were observed in 37.4% of the subjects and 36.4% of the sextants. Calculus had the highest score in 9.8% of the subjects and 43.8% of the sextants. None of the subjects and negligible number of the sextants was found to be having bleeding or healthy periodontium as the highest score. Conclusion: Periodontal disease severity was found to be increased with increasing age. Severity was also more in smokers and in the subjects using finger and powder to maintain their oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operation Sequencing Problem (OSP) is a typical NP complete problem, of which the search space increases with the number of operations. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is an efficient optimization algorithm characterized with explicit parallelism and robustness, applicable to OSP. In this paper, we will solve a problem of operation sequencing using GA. But, we will not use simple GA; will use Greedy Crossover instead of simple crossover. Finally experimental results show that the new Greedy Crossover algorithms perform much better than the other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nutrition is an important tool in the field of sports practice; once well oriented it may reduce fatigue, which allows the athlete to train longer or recover better between the training sessions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a carbohydrate drink (Gatorade) on the recovery heart rate and blood lactate levels. 20 healthy men were recruited as subjects. Flavoured water or Gatorade was given randomly to the subjects 20 minutes prior to exercise. The subjects were made to exercise under Bruce treadmill protocol. The peak exercise heart rate and blood pressure were recorded, when the subjects underwent passive recovery in supine lying, and the recovery heart rate was recorded. The post exercise blood sample was analyzed for blood lactate and glucose concentrations. The same subject was followed up after 48 hours for the second trial. The findings of the study indicate statistically significant differences between Gatorade and Placebo drinks (p<0.05) in post exercise lactate (t=3.04) and glucose levels (t=3.52). Significant differences were also recorded in heart rates at the 3rd, 5th and 8th minutes of passive recovery with (F=4.47), (F=5.60) and (t=4.35) respectively. Gatorade increases performance by limiting lactate accumulation and improves cardiovascular responses by keeping a low heart rate thereby delaying the onset of fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain is a sensitive organ with numerous essential functions and complex mechanisms. It is secluded and safeguarded from the external environment as part of the central nervous system (CNS), serving as a sanctuary. By regulating their selective and specific absorption, efflux, and metabolism in the brain, the CNS controls brain homeostasis and the transit of endogenous and foreign substances. The mechanism which protects the brain from environmental chemicals, also prevent the entry of therapeutic chemicals to it. The delivery of molecules to the brain is hindered by several major barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and blood‐tumor barrier. BBB is formed by the combination of cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, neurons, pericytes and microglia. It is a tight junction of capillary endothelial cells, preventing the diffusion of solute into the brain. BCSFB is the second barrier, located at the choroid plexus, separating the blood from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is comparatively more permeable than BBB. An uneven distribution of microvasculature across the tumor interstitial compromises drug delivery to neoplastic cells of a solid tumor, resulting in spatially inconsistent drug administration. Nasal drug delivery to the brain is a method of drug delivery that tries to deliver therapeutic substances directly from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system including the brain. In this review, besides the role of barriers we have discussed in detail about approaches adapted to deliver drugs to the brain along with mechanisms through nasal route. Further, different commercial formulations, clinical trials and patents have been thoroughly elaborated to date. The findings suggest that the nose‐to‐brain drug delivery method holds promise as an evolving approach, potentially contributing to the specific and targeted delivery of drugs into the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of toxicity data for DHA-rich oil from Schizochytrium sp. (Strain ATCC-20889) leads to its exclusion from the Qualified Presumption of Safety list. Therefore, present study addresses toxicity evaluation of DHA-rich microalgae oil using ex-vivo (cytotoxicity assay) and in-vivo methods (acute (OECD 423 guidelines), sub-chronic (OECD 452 guidelines), and genotoxicity assay). The ex-vivo results showed >90% cell viability of Caco-2 cells after 48 h of treatment (200 µg/mL of DHA). Additionally, the in-vivo acute toxicity study found that microalgae oil was nontoxic and classified under category 5 molecule according to OECD 423 guidelines with a highest degree of safety at 2000 mg/kg b.w. The in-vivo sub-chronic study revealed no significant mortality and changes in feed intake, body weight, haematological, biochemical, neurological, and urine parameters after repeated 180-days administration of DHA-rich microalgae oil at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg. Moreover, histopathology evaluation, comet assay, chromosomal aberration, and micronuclei assay also confirmed the nontoxic behavior of DHA-rich oil. Thus, the results from the ex-vivo and in-vivo studies indicate that DHA-rich oil from Schizochytrium sp. (Strain ATCC-20889) is safe for use as a novel food, and can be included in infants, adults, pregnant women, and children formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim(s): This article explores the application of mesalazine-loaded nanoparticles (MLZ-NPs) encapsulated in Abelmoschus esculentus plant polysaccharide-based pellets (MLZ-NPs-Pellets) for ulcerative colitis. Methods: MLZ-NPs were prepared and evaluated for diameter, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. In-vitro efficacy study was conducted on Caco-2 cells. MLZ-NPs were encapsulated in polysaccharides to form MLZ-NPs-Pellets and characterised for efficacy in animals and targeting efficiency in human volunteers. Results: Optimised batch of MLZ-NPs were characterised for diameter, PDI, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency which was found to be 145.42 ± 6.75 nm, 0.214 ± 0.049, −31.63 mV and 77.65 ± 2.33(%w/w) respectively. ROS, superoxide and NF-kβ were well controlled in Caco-2 cells when treated with MLZ-NPs. In-vivo data revealed that some parameters (body weight, colon length, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione) recovered significantly in the DSS-induced mice model treated with oral MLZ-NPs-Pellets. Gamma scintigraphy revealed that the formulation can effectively target the colon within 600 min. Conclusion: MLZ-NPs-Pellets can be effectively used for microbial-triggered colon targeting approach in treating ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thermoplastic polyester is durable, formable material that is widely used to manufacture consumer products like sailcloth, sailing spinnakers, food-grade containers, etc. for commercial and engineering applications. The recycling of PET is still a challenge because of its abundance, especially in low-income/developing countries. The present study reports the recycling of PET by utilizing the primary (1°) recycled PET (R-PET) for 3D printing-based sensor applications with the idea of converting waste to wealth. The investigations were performed on PET-based waste collected from institute campus canteens (in form of used food containers/soft drink bottles) after ascertaining their rheological, mechanical, morphological, bonding, and sensing capabilities. The sensing capabilities of R-PET were explored by performing a ring resonator test of a 3D-printed substrate using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The result of the study outlined that R-PET-based sensors may be used in sailcloth, and sailing spinnakers to monitor the location of boats in a shipyard/dock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades’ significant studies have been reported on electrically conducting thermoplastic composites of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc. for the fabrication of novel energy storage devices (ESD) by 3D printing. But hitherto little has been reported on online condition monitoring of ESD prepared by secondary (2°) recycling of ABS. This study reports the investigations on mechanical and electrical properties of NH4Cl–ZnCl2 (electrolyte) reinforced ABS composite (as 3D printed sensor) for online condition monitoring of ESD. In a typical dry cell, the electrolyte is one of the integral parts, and the change in its dielectric properties with the time/ applied electric load has been used to ascertain the health of ESD (online) as the internet of things (IoT) based solution (Bluetooth application) in industry sports and medicine (ISM) band (2.4 GHz). Based on melt flow index (MFI), 10% NH4Cl and 10% ZnCl2 (by weight%) were reinforced in ABS for preparing 3D printed rectangular substrates as ring resonators for calculating dielectric constant (εr) and loss tangent/dissipation factor (tanδ) for the resonant frequency. Transmission line parameters (S21) were observed using a vector network analyzer (VNA), and a high-frequency structure simulation (HFSS) software package. The results are supported by morphological analysis of ABS composite based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), 3D rendering, surface roughness (Ra), area mapping, current (I)–voltage (V), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease, which is primarily associated with atherosclerosis, remains one of the primary causes of death worldwide. Age, male gender, smoking, systemic hypertension, plasma fibrinogen, white blood cell count, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia are the main risk factors for atherosclerosis. The initiation of atherosclerotic plaque is ascribed to the focal accumulation of lipids. This explains the importance of plasma lipids in the development of atherosclerosis. Other reports have focussed on the role of infection as an additional etiologic factor in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Over the years, studies have pointed out a possible association between periodontal disease and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Thus, periodontitis and cardiovascular disease may share common risk factors, such as smoking, diabetes, behavioral factors, aging, and male gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a discussion about biomimetics. It defines biomimetics as the field of scientific endeavor that attempts to synthesize materials and design system through biomimicry. It offers the biomimetics principles in restorative dentistry and dental implant. It discusses the development of artificial salivary gland.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is one of the various chemical factors that facilitate periodontal destruction. HGF affects nervous system, immune system and reticuloendothelial system. It is a protein secreted by mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, and promotes motility and matrix invasion of epithelial cells. HGF - a pluripotential regenerative cytokine - is a key factor in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease, mostly through its over-stimulation of gingival epithelial cell growth and impairment of the regeneration of collagenous structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 21 year old girl who had a complaint of an ailing upper tooth which resulted in sporadic swelling, pain and discoloration. She underwent an intra-oral examination and found that all her permanent teeth had erupted. She enquired for post-extraction options for filling the space. Further discussions are presented on the re-implantation and extraction of teeth.

Fracture toughness (FT) and Tensile strength (TS) of epoxy reinforced amine-functionalized MWCNTs (A-MWCNTs)/graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) composites are investigated in cryogenic environment. Simplex centroid design is employed to decide the composition of samples. FT and TS of epoxy improved significantly on incorporating 0.25 wt% of either A-MWCNTs or GNPs, but increasing the content of nanofillers beyond 0.25% showed lower enhancement in the mechanical properties. Simultaneous addition of nanofillers in epoxy demonstrated synergistic effects, with the maximum FT (121%) and TS (132%) noticed for hybrid composite containing 0.17% of each nanofiller. It is attributed to the presence of well interconnected 3D network between nanofillers and epoxy, which yield uniform dispersion of nanofillers and strong adhesion between nanofillers and epoxy. Regression analysis suggested quadratic models for estimating FT and TS. Multiple response optimization yields the maximum FT (0.907 MPm1/2) and TS (20.6 MPa) for hybrid composite containing 99.67% epoxy, 0.17% A-MWCNTS and 0.16% GNPs. • Reinforcement of nanofillers (MWCNTs/GNPs) in epoxy enhances cryogenic properties. • Hybrid MWCNTs/GNPs/epoxy nanocomposites demonstrate highest mechanical properties. • Well interconnected 3D network of nanofillers and epoxy exists in Hybrid composite. • Toughening mechanisms noticed: crack pinning, deflection and plastic void growth. • Toughness improvement of MWCNTs/epoxy: due to high specific surface area of MWCNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D graphene and its derivatives are used as potent high strength filler materials contributing in the enhanced mechanical properties of resulting polymer composites. However, the full potential of these filler reinforcement materials has not been explored yet due to the weak interface interactions between the filler and polymer matrix. Various functionalities can be introduced during the synthesis of graphene to improve interface interactions but strong covalent bonding between the filler and matrix is still a nascent area. Present report proposes a new route to covalently attach 2D graphene oxide (GO) sheets with poly allylamine (PAA) resulting in a multifold improvement in the mechanical performance of PAA. A theoretical study in this work has been performed to identify possible functionalities on GO sheet and bonding with PAA. The study has proposed a possible route of covalent amide bond linkage of –COOH groups (at GO edges) with free –NH 2 (groups on PAA polymer). The molecular dynamics model has shown enhancement in mechanical properties of the resulting composite. Next in the experimental synthesis, GO has been covalently attached to PAA through covalent amide bonding between of –COOH group (on GO) with –NH 2 group (on PAA) using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/ N -Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry. The chemical bonds in the synthesized samples were characterized using FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy. Mechanical properties of the composite samples have been studied using nanoindentation technique. The proposed scheme has great potential of enhancing the mechanical performance of other polymers through covalent cross-linking. Image 1 • A covalent attachment route to crosslink filler GO with polymer matrix [poly allylamine (PAA)] proposed. • Theoretical prediction of the conjugate carried out under the framework of DFT along with molecular dynamics (GO-PAA). • Covalent crosslinking of GO with poly allylamine (PAA) (EDC/NHS mediated) accomplished. • Experimental as well as theoretical study displayed multi-fold improvement in mechanical properties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dry needling (DN) for Myofascial trigger points (MTrP's) can be done on superficial or deep tissue levels for the management of a range of neuromusculoskeletal pain disorders. There is still much to learn about dry needling, despite the fact that it has been demonstrated to be useful for a variety of illnesses. The aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of DN with stretching on pain and disability in the treatment of athletes with iliotibial band (ITB) tightness., Design: A Clinical Trial., Methods: For this study, 38 athletes both male and female, aged between 18 to 28 years, with tight iliotibial bands were divided into two groups: DN (n = 19) [Mean age (Years) 21.11 ± 2.96, Height (Cm) 171.16 ± 8.97, Weight (Kg) 63.73 ± 14.12, BMI (Kg/m 2 ) 21.68 ± 3.53] and control group (n = 19) [Mean age 20.26 ± 2.37 (Years), Height (Cm) 166.31 ± 7.97, Weight (Kg) 56.02 ± 9.49, BMI (Kg/m 2 ) 20.17 ± 2.39] who received ITB stretching. As outcome measures both before and after the treatment, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) were used., Results: The difference in pain and functional scale was assessed using paired and unpaired t-tests. Post-treatment, individuals who received DN showed statistically greater improvements in pain (p = 0.000) and disability (p = 0.001) than those who received stretching., Conclusion: According to this trial's findings, three sessions of DN with stretching are more effective at reducing pain and enhancing iliotibial band functionality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aceclofenac (ACE) is a drug that was precisely devised to circumvent the shortcomings associated with diclofenac. However, ACE too corresponds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-related adverse effects, but with a lower amplitude. The present investigation seeks to develop liposomes loaded with ACE adopting a central composite design (CCD) and formulate a chitosan-based hydrogel for synergistic anti-inflammatory efficacy and improved ACE dermal administration. On the basis of preliminary vesicle size, Poly Dispersity Index (PDI), and drug entrapment, the composition of lipid, cholesterol, and vitamin E TPGS were chosen as independent variables. The formulation composition met the specifications for an optimum liposomal formulation, with total lipid concentration (13.5% w/w), cholesterol concentration (10% w/w), and surfactant concentration (2% w/w). With particle size and PDI of 174.22 ± 5.46 nm and 0.285 ± 0.01 respectively, the optimised formulation achieved an entrapment effectiveness of 92.08 ± 3.56%. Based on the CCD design, the optimised formulation Acec-Lipo opt was chosen and was subsequently transformed to a chitosan-based gel formulation for in vitro drug release, penetration through the skin, in vivo analgesic therapeutic activity, and skin irritation testing. % age oedema inhibition was found to be greatest with the Acec-Lipo opt gel formulation, followed by Acec gel. These results reinforce the notion that the inclusion of chitosan resulted in a synergistic effect despite the same strength of the drug. The findings suggested that Acec-Lipo incorporated in chitosan gel for skin targeting might be an effective formulation for topical ACE administration in clinical subjects., (© 2024. Controlled Release Society.)

The distinct and specialized movements performed in different sports disciplines may significantly influence nerve performance, potentially affecting nerve responses and the overall function within the respective athletic activities. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of forearm supination and pronation across the elbow joint on ulnar and median nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in throwers, archers, and non-athletes. A total of 34 participants both male and females were recruited with a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m 2 . Nerve conduction study (NeuroStim NS2 EMG/NCV/EP System) was used for measuring ulnar and median NCV across the elbow joint at different angles with the forearm in supination and pronation. Repeated measure analysis of variance (RMANOVA) revealed that there are statistically significant differences in mean values of forearm positions, angles, nerves and groups (p < .05). This study illuminates distinctive NCV variations across diverse athletic groups during forearm supination and pronation movements. Pronation consistently exhibited faster ulnar NCV compared to the median nerve across throwers, archers, and non-athletes, while in supination specific joint positions revealed notable differences within sports groups and nerve function.

Odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) in the maxilla are rare. Although destructive, their clinical presentation can mimic inflammatory conditions like radicular cysts and osteomyelitis. OKCs originate primarily from odontogenic sources. On radiography, they present a unilocular to multilocular radiolucency and may involve the maxillary sinus. Enucleation with chemical cauterization is the best treatment for limiting cyst recurrence. However, superaided infections, such as fungal sinusitis, can adversely affect the condition and require a more comprehensive treatment plan. The present case report describes an OKC of the upper jaw involving the maxillary sinus in a 42-year-old male with a superadded fungal infection. The treatment plan included enucleation with chemical cauterization along with inferior meatal antrostomy. In addition, an antifungal protocol was instituted. A follow-up period of one year was not associated with any complications., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Singh et al.)

Introduction: Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is also called soleus syndrome because the resultant periostitis is localized to the medial insertion of the soleus muscle. This study explores the effectiveness of dry needling (DN) targeting soleus myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in managing MTSS., Aim: To assess the impact of DN on pain reduction and ankle range of motion (ROM) improvement in athletes with MTSS., Study Design: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) included 50 university-level athletes. (DN group = 25; control group = 25)., Method: Outcome variables, pain, and ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and universal goniometer, respectively. The trial used statistical analyses like Wilcoxon rank test for within-group comparisons and Mann-Whitney U test for between-group comparisons. The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India; CTRI/2023/10/058837., Result: There were 24 Females (Age = 21.4 ± 2.06) & 26 Males (Age = 20.5 ± 2.35). DN significantly reduced pain in the intervention group from NPRS 7 ± 1.30 to 2 ± 0.87 ( p  < 0.001), but in the control group, the pain increased from NPRS 7 ± 0.99 to 7 ± 1.05 ( p  = 0.009). There was no improvement in ankle ROM., Conclusion: DN effectively alleviated MTSS-associated pain in the short-term but was not effective in improving ankle ROM.

Graphene oxide, a derivative of graphene, has recently emerged as a promising nanomaterial in the biomedical field due to its unique properties. Its potential as a nanocarrier in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease represents a significant advancement. This abstract outlines a study focused on utilizing graphene oxide to reduce the toxicity of Alzheimer's proteins, marking a revolutionary approach in treatment strategies. The pathological features of Alzheimer's disease, primarily focusing on the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid-beta proteins, have been described in this review. These proteins are known to form plaques in the brain, leading to neuronal damage and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The current therapeutic strategies and their limitations are briefly reviewed, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. Graphene oxide, with its high surface area, biocompatibility, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, is introduced as a novel nanocarrier. The methodology involves functionalizing graphene oxide sheets with specific ligands that target amyloid-beta proteins. This functionalization facilitates the binding and removal of these toxic proteins from the brain, potentially alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary findings indicate a significant reduction in amyloid-beta toxicity in neuronal cell cultures treated with graphene oxide nanocarriers. The study also explores the biocompatibility and safety profile of graphene oxide in biological systems, ensuring its suitability for clinical applications. It calls for further research and clinical trials to fully understand and harness the benefits of this nanotechnology, paving the way for a new era in neurodegenerative disease therapy., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: An autoimmune-mediated dermatological ailment featuring recurrent episodes is acknowledged as psoriasis. Around the world, 2-3% of people suffer from this autoimmune skin condition., Objectives: The primary goal of the current review is to analyse and determine the effectiveness of conventional and emerging nano technological strategies to alleviate psoriasis and discuss future perspectives., Methods: A thorough search of numerous electronic databases, including Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials, Google Patents, Research Gate, and PubMed, yielded all the data used in this review paper about the management of psoriasis via various anti-psoriatic agent and nanotechnology approaches. Keywords such as topical, liposomes, niosomes, micro needles, clinical trials, patents, pathogenesis, biosimilars, cytokines, and other pertinent words were investigated., Results: Nano technological approaches are gaining prominence since they enable targeted delivery, rapid onset of action with limited systemic exposure. Researchers have investigated innovative, alternative therapeutic approaches that are both secure and efficient for treating psoriatic conditions. Further, the potential role of numerous psoriatic conventional therapies has been explored. The patents granted or in process to address psoriasis via topical route have been well explored. Modern nanotechnology has made it possible for pharmaceuticals to be delivered with improved physical, chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic qualities. Despite extensive research complete cure for psoriasis is hampered., Conclusion: Relying on the extensive literature review, it can be inferred that nanoparticles based novel delivery strategies have the possibility of enhancing the pharmacological activity and eliminating or resolving problems associated with this ailment. The different drug delivery systems available for the treatment of psoriasis along with the clinical trials in different stages, patents in process and granted, the commercialized status of therapeutic molecules, and the future of research in this area have been thoroughly reviewed., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The landscape of cancer therapy has witnessed a paradigm shift with the emergence of innovative delivery systems, and Guanidinium-based Peptide Dendrimers have emerged as a vanguard in this transformative journey. With their unique molecular architecture and intrinsic biocompatibility, these dendrimers offer a promising avenue for the targeted delivery of therapeutic cargo in cancer treatment. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate world of Guanidinium- based Peptide Dendrimers, unraveling their structural intricacies, mechanisms of action, and advancements that have propelled them from laboratory curiosities to potential clinical champions. Exploiting the potent properties of guanidinium, these dendrimers exhibit unparalleled precision in encapsulating and transporting diverse cargo molecules, ranging from conventional chemotherapeutics to cutting-edge nucleic acids. The review navigates the depths of their design principles, investigating their prowess in traversing the complex terrain of cellular barriers for optimal cargo delivery. Moreover, it delves into emerging trends, such as personalized therapeutic approaches, multimodal imaging, and bioinformatics-driven design, highlighting their potential to redefine the future of cancer therapy. Crucially, the review addresses the pivotal concerns of biocompatibility and safety, examining cytotoxicity profiles, immune responses, and in vivo studies. It underscores the importance of aligning scientific marvels with the stringent demands of clinical applications. Through each section, the narrative underscores the promises and possibilities that Guanidinium-based Peptide Dendrimers hold and how they can potentially reshape the landscape of precision cancer therapy., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The current work aims to provide a complete sojourn on gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) along with formulation methods, polymer selection, and in vitro/ in vivo challenges with finished dosage forms. Ideally, a biopharmaceutical-hindered drug has a rapid clearance and erratic bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility and permeability. Additionally, it also suffers from high first-pass metabolism and pre-systemic gut wall clearance. Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems have become an emerging technology where newer methodologies and scientific approaches have been used to provide the controlled release of drugs and provide a protective mechanism in the stomach. By the virtue of utilizing GRDDS as a dosage form, these formulations increase Gastroretention time (GRT) which prolongs the controlled release of the drug in the dosage form. GRDDS contribute to increased drug bioavailability and targeting at a site of action, which enhances therapeutic action and offers significant patient compliance. Furthermore, the present work also highlighted the critical role of polymers in favoring drug retention across GIT with the mechanism of gastro-retention and recommended concentration ranges. The emerging technology is also highlighted by the approved drug products and patented formulations in the recent decade which is depicted in a justified manner. GRDDS formulations have demonstrated clinical efficacy, which is supported by a compilation of patents for cutting-edge innovations in dosage forms that can be held in the stomach for an extended period of time., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Psoriasis is an auto-immune condition with high keratinocyte hyperproliferation due to lower p53 and p22 levels. Tacrolimus, an immune suppressor, is considered one of the most effective drugs in suppressing psoriasis. Systematic administration of tacrolimus often leads to challenging side effects, namely increased infection risk, renal toxicity, neurological symptoms such as tremors and headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, hypertension, skin-related problems, etc. To address this, a nanocarrier-based formulation of tacrolimus along with inclusion of hyaluronic acid was developed. The optimization and formulation of ethosomes via the ethanol injection technique were done based on the Box-Behnken experimental design. The results revealed hyaluronic acid-based tacrolimus ethosomes (HA-TAC-ETH) had nanometric vesicle size (315.7 ± 2.2 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) (0.472 ± 0.07), and high entrapment efficiency (88.3 ± 2.52%). The findings of drug release and skin permeation showed sustained drug release with increased dermal flux and enhancement ratio. The effectiveness of HA-TAC-ETH was confirmed in an imiquimod (5%)-prompted psoriasis model. The skin irritation score and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score indicated that HA-TAC-ETH gel has validated a decline in the entire factors (erythema, edema, and thickness) in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model in contrast with TAC-ETH gel and TAC ointment. The fabricated HA-TAC-ETH opt gel proved to be safe and effective in in vivo studies and could be employed to treat psoriasis further., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.)

Introduction: Cervical Pott's constitutes about 10% of all Pott's spine cases. In tuberculous spondylitis, initially there occurs destruction of vertebral bodies and further progression may result in adjacent abscesses, leading to cord compression. Objective is to excise the diseased focus and to provide spinal stability., Case Report: We are presenting 3 rare cases of cervical Pott's spine with epidural collection at multiple levels in the cervical region without significant vertebral body destruction that were followed up for a period of 1 year postoperatively. Patients underwent single-level corpectomy and decompression from anterior aspect. In all three cases, we were able to decompress the cord and remove all the collections and also achieved spinal stabilization. Patients had a gradual and complete recovery of motor power within 6 months to 1 year after surgery., Conclusion: Technique used allows accurate visual assessment of the extent of the disease and allows complete decompression of the cord at multiple levels in cervical spine without causing much instability., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Nil, (Copyright: © Indian Orthopaedic Research Group.)

Cows produce antibodies with a disulfide-bonded antigen-binding domain embedded within ultralong heavy chain third complementarity determining regions. This "knob" domain is analogous to natural cysteine-rich peptides such as knottins in that it is small and stable but can accommodate diverse loops and disulfide bonding patterns. We immunized cattle with SARS-CoV-2 spike and found ultralong CDR H3 antibodies that could neutralize several viral variants at picomolar IC 50 potencies in vitro and could protect from disease in vivo. The independent CDR H3 peptide knobs were expressed and maintained the properties of the parent antibodies. The knob interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike was revealed by electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry and established ultralong CDR H3-derived knobs as the smallest known recombinant independent antigen-binding fragment. Unlike other vertebrate antibody fragments, these knobs are not reliant on the immunoglobulin domain and have potential as a new class of therapeutics.

Fungal infections are becoming one of the most common diseases in recent years, especially when it comes about dealing skin infections. Different drugs are available commercially with antifungal activity for topical application and are effective for treatment of mild to moderate fungal infections. However they lack dermal bioavailability due to their poor penetrability, and less retention at the site thereby resulting in poor efficacy. The remaining systemic treatment options available so far may cause adverse drug effects and many other complications. In recent years nano carrier based formulations promised to overcome the limitations of the conventional topical dosage forms. Lipid based nano carriers and their importance for potential use in delivery of antifungal agents for the treatment of superficial fungal infections have been well discussed in this review article. It comprises of different nano lipid systems involved in treatment of topical fungal infections, effect of different polymers on their size, stability, and their mechanistic action behind skin penetration and dermal retention of drug into deeper epidermal layers is also highlighted to depict recent efforts of researchers in this context. Further, the addressing of the disease by novel drug delivery systems for the efficacious treatment, status of clinical trials, novel commercial formulations available for use in dermal drug delivery and patents claimed/granted in the respective field have been discussed in detail., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) are aggressive cysts with a high recurrence potential. Treating them with surgical enucleation procedures alone is associated with high recurrence rates; therefore, additional or supportive treatment approaches, such as peripheral osteotomy, cryotherapy, and chemical solutions, are warranted. The objective of the present review was to evaluate the existing literature on the efficacy of chemical approaches, such as Carnoy's solution (CS), in preventing recurrence after the enucleation of OKC. An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to find articles published from January 2010 to December 2022 by using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms "Odontogenic Keratocyst" "Carnoy's Solution," "Treatment," and "Enucleation." Articles published in the English language were selected for the study. The PICOS criteria (population: patients with non-syndromic OKC with histopathological diagnosis and a minimum follow-up of six months; intervention and comparison: enucleation followed by adjunctive chemical therapy and standard procedure; outcome: recurrence rates; study design: retrospective and prospective studies, randomized controlled trials, and case series involving at least 10 cases of OKC) were employed. Studies involving syndromic (nevoid basal cell carcinoma) cases were excluded from the search. Seventeen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and the majority of them were retrospective studies, with a few case series. OKC was found more frequently in the mandible, with a recurrence rate of 11%, when treated with CS following enucleation after four years of follow-up. Modified Carnoy's solution (MC) was used in two studies. The mean follow-up period was 44 months. Based on our findings, adjuvant therapy using a chemical approach following enucleation is a more effective and beneficial modality for the treatment of OKC., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kumar et al.)

The currently available formulations provided non-targeted treatment of colon cancer, the deadliest cancer variant. Due to biopharmaceutical hindrances, the majority of the drugs are unable to reach the target site. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is one of the versatile polymers in cancer treatment, diagnostics and theranostics. The unique mechanism of surface modifications in PLGA properties in colon cancer has been a keen interest to be used in different nanoparticles for improving biopharmaceutical attributes. The ongoing use of these smart nano-carriers has allowed targeted delivery of several active components on a wide scale. The main goal of this review is to compile information on PLGA-based nanocarriers which possess several desirable properties for drug delivery applications, including biocompatibility, biodegradability and tunable drug-release kinetics.

Continuous drug delivery modification is the scientific approach and is a basic need for the efficient therapeutic efficacy of active drug molecules. Polymer-drug conjugates have long been a hallmark of the drug delivery sector, with various conjugates on the market or in clinical trials. Improved drug solubilization, extended blood circulation, decreased immunogenicity, controlled release behavior, and increased safety are the advantages of conjugating drugs to the polymeric carrier like polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polymer therapies have evolved over the last decade, resulting in polymer-drug conjugates with diverse topologies and chemical properties. Traditional nondegradable polymeric carriers like PEG and hydroxy propyl methacrylate have been clinically employed to fabricate polymer-drug conjugates. Still, functionalized polymer-drug conjugates are increasingly being used to increase localized drug delivery and ease of removal. Researchers have developed multifunctional carriers that can "see and treat" patients using medicinal and diagnostic chemicals. This review focused on the various conjugation approaches for attaching the doxorubicin to different polymers to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy, that is, increased bioavailability and reduced adverse effects.

Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is a common neurological disease. In past, SDHs were managed either conservatively (non-surgically) or with surgical evacuation (burr hole versus craniotomy) depending on the severity. Surgical evacuation has major challenges including high recurrence rate, stoppage and reversal of antiplatelet or anticoagulation agents, risk of general anesthesia and surgery in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. Given the above challenges, embolization of the distal branches of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) has recently emerged as an excellent alternate to surgical evacuation or conservative management. To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature on the embolization of the deep temporal artery (DTA) for subacute-chronic SDH. We report the first case of recurrent subdural hematoma post MMA embolization that was successfully treated with embolization of DTA., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kulhari et al.)

The incidence of coil dislocation during an endovascular embolization of intracranial aneurysm is low but it can lead to serious thrombo-embolic complications. Therefore, coil displacement/migration often requires either retrieval or fixation of the errant coil with a stent. There are no standard recommended methods of coil retrieval. We present a series of three cases in which off-label application of a stent retriever allowed successful retrieval of herniated coils., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kulhari et al.)

Congenital absence of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is an extremely rare entity that occurs due to insult during the embryonic development of the ICA. Various intracranial collateral pathways develop to compensate for the ICA agenesis. Patients can present with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke-like symptoms, or other neurological symptoms due to compression of brain structures from enlarged collateral pathways/aneurysms. We present two cases of ICA agenesis along with an extensive review of the literature. A 67-year-old man presented with fluctuating right-sided hemiparesis and aphasia, found to have left ICA agenesis. The left middle cerebral artery (MCA) is supplied by the basilar artery through the well-developed posterior communicating artery (PCOM). Left ophthalmic artery coming from the proximal left MCA. A 44-year-old woman presented with severe headaches, found to have right ICA agenesis with bilateral MCAs and anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) supplied by left ICA. A 17-mm anterior communicating artery (ACOM) aneurysm was discovered., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kulhari et al.)

Background: The pathophysiological effects of diabetes on the heart and the rest of the cardiovascular system begins much earlier in its precedent stage of prediabetes and one major underlying defect is insulin resistance. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) is a recently studied molecule inherent to the cardiac myocytes found to rise in both coronary and non-coronary heart diseases. The utility of the molecule in prediabetes and its relationship with insulin resistance is being studied., Objective: The aim of the study is to compare serum levels of H-FABP in prediabetics and controls and correlate them with Homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)., Methods: 50 prediabetic patients and 50 age, sex and BMI matched controls were employed in the case control study. Serum fasting and postprandial blood sugars, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin levels were measured in cases and controls. HOMA-IR index was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin values. Serum H-FABP was measured in both cases and controls using Immunoturbidimetric method with anti- H-FABP coated latex reagent kits. The values were compared between both the groups., Results: The mean serum fasting insulin level among cases was 12.22mIU/ml and that of the control group was 5.37mIU/ml (p value <0.0001). HOMA- IR mean values were 3.31 ± 1.56 and 1.16 ± 0.44 in cases and controls respectively (p- <0.001). The mean serum levels of H-FABP among cases and controls were 6.38± 2.76ng/ml and 3.24 ± 2.47 ng/ml respectively (p <0.0001). The correlation between the two variables, HOMA-IR and H-FABP was also found to be strongly positive (r=0.675). Linear regression analysis showed that for 1 unit increase in HOMA-IR, H-FABP increased by 1.095 and for 1 unit increase in Fasting insulin, H-FABP increased by 0.038., Conclusion: Prediabetics have a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity when compared to normoglycemics with insulin resistance being the single most important contributor. Serum H-FABP levels are elevated in prediabetes representing a marker of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD)., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2011.)

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome of elevated intracranial pressure of unknown etiology. Unilateral or bilateral transverse sinus (TS) or transverse-sigmoid junction stenosis is present in about 30%-93% of these patients. There is an ongoing debate on whether venous sinus stenosis is the cause of IIH or a result of it. The subset of IIH patients who continue to have clinical deterioration despite maximum medical therapy is termed as "refractory IIH." Traditionally, cerebrospinal fluid diversion surgeries (ventriculoperitoneal shunt and lumboperitoneal shunt) and optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) were the mainstays of treatment for refractory IIH. In the last decade, venous sinus stenting (VSS) has emerged as a safe and effective option for treating refractory IIH patients with venous sinus stenosis. Through this study, we want to share our experience with venous stenting in refractory IIH patients with venous sinus stenosis associated with a significant pressure gradient (≥10 mm Hg)., Methods: Retrospective chart review of all the patients diagnosed with refractory IIH who underwent VSS or angioplasty at our comprehensive stroke center from November 2016 to March 2019., Results: A total of seven refractory IIH patients underwent VSS or angioplasty within the specified period. The mean age was 39 years. Eighty-five percent of the patients were women ( n = 6). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 37 kg/m 2 . Headache was the most common symptom (85%, n = 6) followed by transient visual obscurations (71%, n = 5) and pulsatile tinnitus (57%; n = 4). All patients had papilledema. Fifty-seven percent of patients ( n = 4) had impaired visual field. Mean lumbar opening pressure was 40.6 cm H 2 O (SD = 9.66; 95% CI = 33.5-47.7). All patients were on maximum doses of acetazolamide ± furosemide. Six patients (85%) had dominant right transverse-sigmoid sinus. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had severe right transverse ± sigmoid sinus stenosis ( n = 4) and the rest (43%) had bilateral TS stenosis ( n = 3). Prestenting mean trans-stenosis pressure gradient was 18 mm Hg (SD = 6.16; 95% CI = 13.43-22.57). Six patients (85%) were treated with TS stenting and one (15%) with only angioplasty. Poststenting mean trans-stenosis pressure gradient was 4.8 mm Hg (SD = 6.6; 95% CI = -0.1-9.7). All patients were able to come off their medications with significant improvement in neurological and ophthalmological signs and symptoms. No procedure-related complications occurred., Conclusion: TS stenting ± angioplasty is a safe and effective means of treating refractory IIH with venous sinus stenosis associated with a significant pressure gradient (≥10 mm Hg)., (All Rights Reserved by JVIN. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.)

Background/objective: Various strategies have been implemented to reduce acute stroke treatment times. Recent studies have shown a significant benefit of acute endovascular therapy. The JFK Comprehensive Stroke Center instituted Code Neurointervention (NI) on May 1, 2014 for the purpose of rapidly assembling the NI team and rapidly providing acute endovascular therapy., Design/methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who had Code NI (Code NI group) called from May 1, 2014 to July 30, 2018 and compared them to patients who underwent acute endovascular treatment prior to initiation of the code (pre-Code NI group) between January 2012 and April 30, 2014. The following parameters were compared: door to puncture (DTP) and door to recanalization (DTR) times, as well as preprocedure NIHSS, 24-hour postprocedure NIHSS, and 90-day modified Rankin scores., Results: There were 67 pre-Code NI patients compared to 193 Code NI patients. Mean and median DTP times for pre-code NI vs Code NI patients were 161 minutes(mins) vs 115mins (p<0.0001, 31.76-58.86) and 153mins vs 112mins ( p <0.0001), respectively. Mean and median DTR times were 220 mins vs 167mins ( p <0.0001, 37.76-69.97) and 225mins vs 171mins ( p <0.0001). Mean pre-procedure NIHSS was 16 for both groups while 24 hours post procedure NIHSS was 10.6 vs 10.8 ( p =.078, 1.8-2.38). Mean 90 day mRS was 2.15 vs 1.65 ( p =0.036, 0.32-0.96)., Conclusion: Institution of Code NI significantly improved DTP and DTR times as well as mRS at 3-months postprocedure. Rapid assembly of the NI team, rapid availability of imaging and angiography suite, and streamlining of processes, likely contribute to these differences. These lessons and more widespread institution of such codes will further aid in improving acute stroke care for patients., (All Rights Reserved by JVIN. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.)

Objective: To assess the association of oxidative stress and serum vitamin D levels in sensory neuropathy in prediabetes., Methods: Serum and urine levels of 8-OHdG (a marker of oxidative stress) and serum levels of vitamin D were compared in prediabetic patient having sensory neuropathy to those who did not have sensory neuropathy as determined by VPTs measured by Digital Biothesiometer and MNSI (Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument)., Result: A total of 60 prediabetic cases between 35 years to 60 years were included in this study. Among all the prediabetic subjects, 43.3 % subjects had neuropathy according to VPTs measured by Biothesiometer. T-test analysis suggested that serum levels of 8-OHdG were significantly higher in subjects with neuropathy than subjects without neuropathy (1006.58 ± 511.8 vs 688.6 ± 607.3, p value = 0.035). Urinary levels of 8-OHdG were also significantly higher in subjects with neuropathy than subjects without neuropathy (699.35 ± 419.5 vs 474.57 ± 402.5, p-value = 0.04). No such significant difference however was present in serum levels of vitamin D between neuropathic and non-neuropathic prediabetics (20.13 ± 18.44 vs 16.96 ± 11.72, p value = 0.419. VPTs were found to have statistically significant positive correlation with serum 8-OHdG {, Pearson Correlation Coefficient= 0.317(R), 0.307(L); p-value=0.014(R),0.017(L)} and urine 8-OHdG levels{Pearson Correlation Coefficient= 0.288(R), 0.255(L); p-value=0.026(R), 0.049(L),}. According to MNSI physical assessment score (> or = 2), 38.3 % subjects (23 subjects) had neuropathy. MNSI score is positively correlated with serum 8-OHdG (Pearson Correlation Coefficient = 0.308; p-value = 0.017). Correlation with urine 8-OHdG was not statistically significant (Pearson Correlation Coefficient= 0.687; p value = 0.06). Correlations of MNSI scores {Pearson Correlation Coefficient=0.14, p-value=0.287} and VPTs{Pearson Correlation Coefficient= 0.058(R), 0.189(L); p-value=0.660(R), 0.148(L)} with serum vitamin D levels were not statistically significant., Conclusion: Oxidative stress, as confirmed by the biomarker, 8-OHdG, has a important role in the development of this sensory neuropathy., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2011.)

Panicle traits are the most important agronomic characters which directly relate to yield in rice. Panicle length (PL) being one of the major components of rice panicle structure is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In our research, conducted at Research Farm of SKUAST-J, crosses of parental lines K343 and DHMAS were made for generating F 2 mapping population, which were then transplanted into the field using augmented design-I. The F 2 population was used for phenotypic evaluation, development of linkage map and identification of QTLs on the chromosomes by using SSR markers. A total of 450 SSR markers were used for screening both the parents of which 53 highly polymorphic markers were selected and used for genotyping of 233 genotypes of F 2 population. Linkage map was generated using MAPMAKER/EXP3.0 software, seven linkage groups were found distributed on 11 chromosomes of rice. QTLs were detected using QTL Cartographer (v2.5) software. Based on 1000 permutation tests, a logarithm of odds (LOD) threshold value 2.0 and 3.0 was set. Composite interval mapping was used to map QTLs in populations derived from bi-parental crosses. The phenotypic data, genotypic data and the genetic linkage map generated identified total three QTLs of which one was identified for PL qPL2, located at 85.01 cM position with 2.1 LOD value and in between the marker intervals RM324-RM208, this QTL explained the phenotype variation by 4.36%. The other two QTLs were identified for spikelet density (SD) qSD3.1 and qSD3.2, located at 28.91 and 39.51 cM, respectively, both with a flanking marker RM6832 on chromosome 3. The LOD value and phenotypic variation explained for qSD3.1 and qSD3.2 was 3.00 and 3.25; 9.70 and 12.34% respectively. The reported QTLs identified in the study suggested a less diversity in the parents used and also the rejection of not so useful markers from the used set of markers for PL and SD.