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Purpose: To systematically review the published manuscripts on the non-steroidal intravitreal injection for treatment of noninfectious uveitic cystoid macular edema (CME)., Methods: The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, Science Direct, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Embase, Clinical Key, and Springer were searched for relevant articles published until May 2022. The random-effects models were used to estimate the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for postoperative central macular thickness (CMT) and visual acuity (VA) changes. VA was transformed into the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR). Meta-regression was conducted for adjusting the effects of potential confounders., Results: A total of 17 relevant studies (258 eyes) were included in this meta-analysis. A significant improvement was observed in CMT in the last follow up (350.89 ± 108.43) compared to the baseline (452.3 ± 112.67) (Log MD = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.62, 2.02; I2 = 57.7%; P = 0.002). Additionally, VA also significantly improved in the last follow up (0.56 ± 0.29) compared to the baseline (0.75 ± 0.3) (Exponential MD = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.95; I 2  = 0.0%; P = 0.98). The subgroups analyzed included ten studies on anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), three studies on infliximab, two studies on methotrexate (MTX), and two studies on diclofenac. All subgroups showed a significant improvement in both CMT and VA at the last follow-up (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Non-steroidal intravitreal injection including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, infliximab, MTX and diclofenac appears to be an effective treatment option for noninfectious uveitic CME., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: Hospitals must maintain their effective operations during and after disasters. Due to the current increase in disasters, hospital resilience has drawn scholarly attention. This study aimed to review studies on the changes in the definition of hospital resilience after COVID-19, build a conceptual framework for careful measurement, and identify the main dimensions of hospital resilience emphasized during the COVID-19 pandemic., Design: The initial phase of this study was a systematic review of articles published before the COVID-19 pandemic to extract the hospital resilience-related dimensions for the second phase. The second phase involved text-mining articles published both before and after the emergence of COVID-19., Setting: In the systematic review phase, 12 databases were searched from 2006 to January 2020, including Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE through PubMed, Embase, ERIC, ProQuest, the Cochrane Library, Emerald, Springer, Science Direct/ELSEVIER, Google Scholar, and SID (for Persian language papers). Then, after COVID-19, articles published in these databases between January 2020 and May 2022 were evaluated using text mining., Result: During the systematic phase, 17 out of 1530 papers published before COVID-19 were synthesized to collect components of hospital disaster resilience. These identified components were the inputs for the text-mining phase. The text mining on pre-COVID papers resulted in six clusters, with the highest weight (0.65) belonging to general resilience and disaster preparedness, while in the post-COVID text mining phase, including 70 papers, 8 clusters have been identified, with the highest weight cluster (0.78) focusing on the mental and psychological aspects of resilience among healthcare workers., Conclusion: Following the COVID pandemic, scholarly attention has shifted to the more personal dimensions of hospital resilience, including psychological resiliency. It seems necessary for policymakers to focus more on the individual and psychological resilience of hospital staff., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Coffee is the most popular beverage after water in the world, which has an important role in health as a result of various minerals and vitamins but it may be pollution source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) that can threate the health. Thus, the current study intended to detect the level of PTEs such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Znc (Zn) and Iron (Fe), in various coffee and coffee-based products (powder, ground, processed, infusion and bean). Considering the databases of Scopus, Google scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, the concentration of PTEs in coffee and coffee-based products was retrieved and meta-analyzed. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risks in terms of total hazard quotient (TTHQ) were assessed using Monte Carlo simulated (MCS) model. According to the findings of 23 articles, the ranking of metal concentration in different coffees was Fe > Zn > Cu> Ni > Pb > Cd in powder, Fe > Cu > Zn> Ni in ground, Fe > Zn > Ni> Cu> Pb > Cd in processed and infusion and Fe > Zn > Ni> Cs > Pb in bean. Moreover, based on WHO regions, the highest concentrations of Cd and Pb (0.742 mg/kg) were related to the South-East Asia Region (SEARO) and European region (EURO) respectively. However, the highest concentrations of Fe (81.161 mg/kg), Zn (33.392 mg/kg), Cu (9.408 mg/kg), and Ni (18.064 mg/kg) were related to Pan American health organization (PAHO), PAHO, PAHO and Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO), respectively. On the other hand, the risk pattern was different in different countries. Moreover, consumers in some countries were not at significant non-carcinogenic risks because of ingestion of PTEs via coffee and consumption of coffee-based products.

Background and Purpose: Thoracic hyperkyphosis may adversely influence physical function in older adults, but the literature is mixed and confounded by possible sex differences. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the association between hyperkyphosis and physical function in older females., Methods: Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL, and PEDro databases were searched through 2021 for studies that included measures of thoracic hyperkyphosis and physical function with extractable data for women older than 60 years. Studies were excluded if they were qualitative, case reports, case series, ecological studies, reviews, or were not published in English. The study quality and risk of bias were assessed using checklists from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Data were synthesized using Cohen's d effect size and 95% confidence interval (CI), and random-effects models were used for the meta-analyses., Results and Discussion: Three cohort and 22 cross-sectional studies of fair to good quality met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies reporting single-group data showed a moderate association between greater kyphosis angles and lower physical function ( d = -0.57; 95% CI -0.73, -0.40). Fourteen studies reporting 2-group data showed a large negative effect on physical function for groups with greater kyphosis angles ( d = -1.16; 95% CI -1.53, -0.78). Three studies that reported multivariate data also tended to show negative associations between physical function and hyperkyphosis. Limitations include a relative lack of causal evidence; confirming causation requires additional longitudinal studies. Studies have assessed various physical function categories, including strength, gait, and balance. Future studies could determine the categories of function most affected so that preventive interventions could target hyperkyphosis appropriately., Conclusions: Hyperkyphosis was associated with lower physical function in older women. Three cohort studies suggest that greater kyphosis angles may predict greater loss of physical function over time. These results imply that therapies that help to minimize hyperkyphosis may help preserve function in older women., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 APTA Geriatrics, An Academy of the American Physical Therapy Association.)

There remains a need to develop novel SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic options that improve upon existing therapies by an increased robustness of response, fewer safety liabilities, and global-ready accessibility. Functionally critical viral main protease (M pro , 3CL pro ) of SARS-CoV-2 is an attractive target due to its homology within the coronaviral family, and lack thereof toward human proteases. In this disclosure, we outline the advent of a novel SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro inhibitor, CMX990 , bearing an unprecedented trifluoromethoxymethyl ketone warhead. Compared with the marketed drug nirmatrelvir (combination with ritonavir = Paxlovid), CMX990 has distinctly differentiated potency (∼5× more potent in primary cells) and human in vitro clearance (>4× better microsomal clearance and >10× better hepatocyte clearance), with good in vitro -to- in vivo correlation. Based on its compelling preclinical profile and projected once or twice a day dosing supporting unboosted oral therapy in humans, CMX990 advanced to a Phase 1 clinical trial as an oral drug candidate for SARS-CoV-2.

This study demonstrated the importance of identifying the optimal balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in amphiphilic coatings to achieve fouling-release (FR) performance that surpasses that of traditional hydrophobic marine coatings. While there have been many reports on fouling-release properties of amphiphilic surfaces, the offered understanding is often limited. Hence, this work is focused on further understanding of the amphiphilic surfaces. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were used to create a series of noncross-linked amphiphilic additives that were then added to a hydrophobic-designed siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) FR system. After being characterized by ATR-FTIR, XPS, contact angle analysis, and AFM, the FR performance was evaluated by using different marine organisms. The assessments showed that the closer the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in a system reached a relatively equalized level, the more desirable the FR performance of the coating system became. A balanced ratio of hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity in the system at around 10-15 wt % of each component had the best FR performance and was comparable to or better than commercial FR coatings.

This research examines the injury severity of single-vehicle large-truck crashes in Florida while exploring the role of heterogeneity. A random parameter ordered logit (RPOL) model was applied to 27,505 single-vehicle large-truck crashes from 2007 to 2016 in Florida, and the contributing factors were identified. Random parameters and interaction effects were introduced to the model to determine the heterogeneity and its potential sources. The results suggested that driving speed of 76-120 mph and defective tires were the most influential factors in crash injury severity, increasing the probability of severe crashes. Regarding truckers' attributes, asleep or fatigued conditions and driving under the influence were correlated with a higher possibility of severe crashes. Interestingly, the results showed that truckers from outside the state of Florida were less likely to cause severe single-vehicle large-truck crashes compared to their Floridian counterparts. Y-intersections were also found as a high-risk location for single-vehicle large-truck crashes, leading to more severe outcomes. Regarding heterogeneity, the results indicated that the impacts of driving speed (26-50 mph) and light condition (dark - not lighted) significantly varied among the observations, and these variations could be attributed to driver action, vision obstruction, driver distraction, roadway type and roadway alignment.

Objective: Almost all diseases of the nervous system are related to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal death, glia activation, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cognitive disorders are one of the common complications of nervous system diseases. The role of some plant compounds in reducing or preventing cognitive disorders has been determined. Silibinin is a plant bioflavonoid and exhibits various effects on cognitive functions. This article discusses the different mechanisms of the effect of silibinin on cognitive disorders in experimental studies., Materials and Methods: Databases, including ISI, , Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline and PubMed, were investigated from 2000 to 2021, using related keywords to find required articles ., Results: Silibinin can improve cognitive disorders by different pathways such as reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, activation of reactive oxygen species- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor- Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (ROS-BDNF-TrkB) pathway in the hippocampus, an increase of dendritic spines in the brain, inhibition of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and increasing the expression of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R), inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and amygdala, and decrease of Homovanillic acid/Dopamine (HVA/DA) ratio and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid + Homovanillic acid/Dopamine (DOPAC+ HVA/DA) ratio in the prefrontal cortex and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HIAA/5-HT) ratio in the hippocampus., Conclusion: These results suggest that silibinin can be considered a therapeutic agent for the symptom reduction of cognitive disorders, and it acts by affecting various mechanisms such as inflammation, programmed cell death, and oxidative stress., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.

Background: Previous studies have reported a high frequency of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) among different age groups in Iran., Aims: In this study, the current coverage, status of vitamin D supplement taking, and program efficacy have been evaluated by the Office of Nutrition Department Society in Iran since 2014., Methods: This study was conducted in collaboration with the International UNESCO center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition and the Office of Nutrition Department Society. Sixty three medical universities were included in the current study to calculate the availability, accessibility and acceptability coverages. Furthermore, 3 medical universities including Mashhad (MUMS), Qom (QUMS) and Zahedan (ZAUMS) University of Medical Sciences were selected based on the results of the National Integrated Micronutrient Survey 2012 (NIMS-II study), in order to assess the status of vitamin D supplement intake in all age ranges., Results: Quantitative analysis showed that availability coverage was 74.96% and 77.56% and accessibility was 80.70% and 83.26% in elderly and middle-aged subjects, respectively in 2018. The acceptability was approximately 43.7% and 43.9% among elderly and middle-aged participants, respectively. The availability and acceptability coverage was 80.99% and 85.0% among students in high schools. The mean vitamin D supplement uptake frequency was 27.0% (n = 387); 20.7% and 29.2% in rural and urban area, respectively (P = 0.001). The results showed that there was no significant difference in serum vitamin D levels between urban (20.41 ± 6.43 ng/ml) and rural areas, (P = 0.887). There was no significant difference in the serum vitamin D concentrations between men and women (P = 0.461)., Conclusions: The frequency of taking vitamin D supplements was 27.0% in Iran in 2018. The frequency of taking of vitamin D supplements among vitamin D deficient group (serum vitamin D levels <19.99 ng/ml) was 43.6%. Lack of knowledge was the most important reason for not taking vitamin D supplement. Moreover, the serum vitamin D levels have increased in subjects aged 18-30 years old after the implementation of the vitamin D supplementary program., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (dmPAG) is a mesencephalic area and has numerous functions including cardiovascular regulation. Because nitric oxide (NO) is present in the dmPAG, here we investigate, the probable cardiovascular effect of NO in the dmPAG., Methods: Five groups (n = 6 for each group) were used as follows: (1) control; (2) L-NAME (N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a NO synthase inhibitor, 90 nmol); (3) L-arginine (L-Arg, a precursor for NO, 60 nmol); (4) Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor, 27 nmol); and (5) L-Arg + L-NAME. The cardiovascular parameters were recorded by a Power Lab device after cannulation of the femoral artery. Drugs were injected using a stereotaxic instrument. The changes (∆) in systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were calculated at different times and compared to the control group., Results: Microinjection of L-NAME significantly increased ∆SBP, ∆MAP, and ∆HR more than saline (from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). L-Arg only significantly increased ∆HR (p < 0.05). In the L-Arg + L-NAME group, the above parameters also significantly increased (from p < 0.01 to p < 0.05) but not as significantly as with L-NAME alone. Microinjection of SNP significantly decreased ∆SBP and ∆MAP more than in the control and L-NAME groups (from p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), but ∆HR did not change significantly., Conclusion: The results indicated that NO in dmPAG has an inhibitory effect on cardiovascular responses in anesthetized rats., (© 2022 The Authors. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences.)

Purpose: To systematically review the published manuscripts on stereopsis after corneal refractive surgery., Methods: The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Clinical Key, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles published until August 2020. The fixed- or random-effects models were used to estimate the Weighted mean difference (WMD) or Relative risk (RR) and 95% Confidence interval (CI) for postoperative stereopsis changes and incidence when applicable. Meta-regression was conducted for adjusting the effects of potential confounders., Results: Seven studies (1266 eyes) in adults and ten studies in pediatrics (259 eyes) were included. In adults, stereopsis improved significantly compared to the preoperative state (WMD = - 27.4, 95% CI = - 40.0, - 14.7; I 2  = 97.8%; P < 0.001). In pediatrics, proportion of patients with stereoacuity postoperatively was 2.18 times compared to preoperative evaluation. (RR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.9; I 2  = 68.6%, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Stereopsis improves after corneal refractive surgery in adults and pediatrics., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

This paper presents a study investigating the potential market of ridesourcing services, with a focus on the attitudinal and preferential differences between Millennials and Generation Xers. Data obtained from a stated preference survey were utilized, where the respondents were asked to choose between a conventional mode (private vehicle driver, transit, or private vehicle passenger) and ridesourcing modes (exclusive ride and shared ride). Error component nested logit models were developed for Generation Xers and Millennials, respectively. Latent attitudes derived through factor analysis were incorporated into models. A wide range of attitudinal indicators, including general mobility attitudes, perceived benefits and concerns of shared mobility services, reasons for or against owning a car, reasons for ridings Autonomous Vehicles (AV), and the most desired AV features were considered to extract latent attitudes. Model results indicated distinct mode choice behavior between Millennials and Generation Xers. For Generation Xers, the choice to switch to ridesourcing was highly dependent on the perceived time and cost benefits of shared mobility. On the other hand, Millennials' choices were more likely to be influenced by their attitudes or desire toward technology, on-demand services, and driving stress relief. Interestingly, the joy of driving showed a negative impact on Millennials' use of shared-ride services only. The findings from this study provide a more in-depth understanding of the distinct behavior of Generation Xers and Millennials toward shared mobility services, which could help develop strategies and policies to focus more effectively on the needs and concerns of individuals based on their characteristics and attitudes and help promote sustainable transportation system., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021.)

Background: To evaluate the effects of intravitreal silicone oil (SO) on the retinal and choroidal thickness in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)., Methods: A literature search was performed in Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Embase, Clinical Key, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Springer, as well as Persian databases, including IranDoc, MagIran, SID, MOH thesis, and MOH articles until June 2020. Two reviewers independently searched and extracted the data., Results: Sixteen studies (n = 391) met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed that the SO tamponade could significantly reduce the central macular thickness (CMT) in patients with RRD as compared to gas tamponade WMD = - 14.91; 95% CI: - 22.23, - 7.60; P < 0.001, I 2  = 71%). No significant change was found in CMT between the eye with SO tamponade (after SO removal) and the fellow healthy eye in patients with RRD (WMD = - 3.52; 95% CI: - 17.63, 10.59; I 2  = 68.6%). Compared to the preoperative stage, the SO tamponade could significantly reduce the subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with RRD (WMD = - 18.67, 95% CI: - 30.07, - 1.28; I 2  = 80.1%). However, there was no significant difference in the subfoveal choroidal thickness before and after SO removal (WMD = - 1.13, 95% CI: - 5.97, 3.71; I 2  = 87.6%)., Conclusion: The SO tamponade had a significant effect on the reduction of retinal layers and the subfoveal choroidal thickness., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Creatine (CR) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) alone improve anaerobic performance. However, the ergogenic effects of CR and SB co-ingestion on taekwondo anaerobic performance remains unknown., Methods: Forty trained taekwondo athletes (21 ± 1 y.; 180.5 ± 7.3 cm; 72.7 ± 8.6 kg) were randomized to: (i) CR and SB (CR + SB; 20 g of CR+ 0.5 g·kg - 1 ·d - 1 of SB), (ii) CR, (iii) SB, (iv) placebo (PLA), or (v) control (CON) for 5 days. Before and after supplementation, participants completed 3 bouts of a Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT) to determine changes in peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI). Blood lactate (BL) was measured before, immediately following, and 3 min post-TAIKT., Results: PP and MP increased over time (P < 0.05) following CR + SB, CR, and SB ingestion, with no changes in the PLA or CON groups. There was a greater increase over time in MP following CR + SB (Absolute Δ: 1.15 ± 0.28 W∙kg 67 ) compared to CR (Absolute Δ: 0.43 ± 0.33 W∙kg 67 ; P < 0.001) and SB (Absolute Δ: 0.73 ± 0.24 W∙kg 67 ; P = 0.03). There were no significant time and condition effect for FI (P > 0.05). BL increased following exercise across all groups; however, CR + SB and SB post-exercise BL was lower compared to CR, PLA, and CON (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Short-term CR and SB alone enhance TAIKT performance in trained taekwondo athletes. Co-ingestion of CR and SB augments MP compared to CR and SB alone, with similar PP improvements.

Clinical informationist (CI) is one of the current trends in the field of medical librarianship and information science. CIs are members of clinical care teams, and their main duty is to fill the gap in the information needs of health-care workers and patients using information sources. They need an official and standard education. This study aims to identify the educational goals and needs of CIs. To this end, a scoping review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. The ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Proquest (MEDLINE), Science Direct, Emerald, ERIC, Cochrane, and Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts were searched. The Journal of the European Association for Health Information and Libraries was hand searched for relevant studies. A total of 1026 studies were extracted, and 38 studies were selected for the final review. The review resulted in identifying 18 goals in cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor areas. Furthermore, the educational needs were identified in eight educational needs including research method and statistics, education, medical knowledge, information and librarianship science, clinical environment knowledge, evidence-based knowledge, information technologies and systems, management, and leadership. Although part of these educational needs can be met through general medical librarianship and information science education, further specialized education for CIs requires specific aims and curriculum. Thus, the results of this study can be the basis for future studies regarding the competencies of CI in order to provide a more precise and detailed curriculum based on these educational needs., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Introduction: Due to time constraints and a significant increase in medical information, one of the ways to keep physicians and medical teams up to date is to use evidence-based medicine. The current research focused on the effects of the educational role of clinical informationist (CI) on improving clinical education among medical students based on the Kirkpatrick (KP) model., Methods: The method was semiexperimental research in two group designed with pretest and posttest. The research population included thirty medical students for each group that was selected by the convenience time-based sequential sampling method. The study data were collected using a researcher-made two questionnaires and a checklist. Data were analyzed by the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using SPSS version 20 software., Results: Based on the first level of the KP model, the total mean of medical students' satisfaction in the experimental group was 4.06 from 5. Based on the second, third, and fourth levels of the model, the independent t -test showed that before the intervention, the mean scores of attitude, knowledge, information-seeking skills and behaviors, and also clinical skills were not significantly different in both the intervention and control groups ( P > 0.05). After the intervention, the results of covariance test showed that attitude, knowledge, information-seeking skills and behaviors, and also clinical skills of the intervention group are significantly better than that of the control group ( P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Training and the presence of the CIs in the clinical round had resulted in the improved satisfaction, attitude, knowledge, and information-seeking skills while also improving information-seeking behaviors and clinical skills of medical students., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Background/aim: Today, the problem of obesity is a chronic condition that affects all age groups in developed and developing countries. Since adolescence is a transitional period and behavioral patterns formed in this period affect people in their adult years, attention to obesity and extra weight in this age group is more important than other groups. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of nutrition education course on awareness of female 1 st -year high school students of Isfahan based on transtheoretical model ( TTM) of behavioral change., Materials and Methods: In this semi-empirical study, 64 female 1 st -year high school students with weight problem were selected using nonpercent stratified sampling and divided into two control and test groups. Data gathering was carried out using researcher-made nutrition awareness and stages of change questionnaire whose validity and reliability was confirmed. Participants in the test group participated in a 2-month education with sessions every 2 weeks and received one brochure and 3 educational massages each week. Data were analyzed using independent t -test and Mann-Whitney test., Results: The results showed that the average nutrition awareness score of students in test group was significantly higher than control group after intervention. Students in test group were also in higher stages of change compared to control group after intervention., Conclusion: The results show that TTM was effective in changing nutritional behavior in students., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Newspapers play an important role in improving public health literacy. This study analysis the content of pediatric information in widely circulated Iranian newspapers in 2014., Materials and Methods: This is an applied survey performed using content analysis method. The data gathering tool was a checklist designed by the researcher. The sample size was determined using nonprobability sampling to be 426 articles with pediatric-related topics of five Iranian newspapers., Results: The results showed that the most popular topics included "psychological disorders" (19.6%) and "nutrition" (19.27%). The null areas include "physiopathology of body fluids and fluid therapy" and "gynecological problems in childhood" (0%)., Conclusion: The messages identified were more in line with needs of Iranian society which shows a need to pay more attention to international standards by both journalists and pediatricians., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: Depressive disorder is a common and disabling disorder that causes high rates of morbidity and mortality. Citalopram is an antidepressant drug, of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) class that has been used for geriatric depression since a long time ago. Prescription of omega-3 in geriatric depression has been increased recently; because of more favorable profile of their side effects. Some of the studies reported that omega-3 is effective in prevention or treatment of depressive disorders than Citalopram. However, there are contradictory studies too., Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a combination of omega-3 and citalopram in the treatment of women with post-menopausal depression., Materials and Methods: This triple-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 women with post-menopausal depression who were referred to the Hamadan Fatemieh Hospital. After the participants completed the DSM-IV questionnaire and depression was confirmed by a psychiatrist, participants were assigned randomly into two-intervention and control groups. The patients in the control group received 20mg citalopram along with a placebo while patients in the intervention group received 20mg citalopram and 1g of omega-3. At baseline and at the end of the first, second, and fourth weeks, all of the participants answered the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). Descriptive statistics and t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to analyse the data., Results: The depression score was 6.1±2.41 in intervention and 25.22±10.04 in control group, four weeks after intervention. A decreasing trend was observed in the mean depression scores of the intervention group during the study. Using repeated measures analysis of variance, a significant difference was observed between the mean depression scores of the two groups at the four measurement time-points (p<0.001). The mean depression scores of the intervention group were significantly lower than the control group either two weeks (p< 0.001) or four weeks after the treatments (p< 0.001)., Conclusion: Using omega-3, can reduce the severity of depression in post-menopausal women.

Background: Knowledge of correct information-seeking behavior by the patients can provide health specialists and health information specialists with valuable information in improving health care. This study aimed to investigate the passive receipt and active seeking of health information by diabetic patients., Materials and Methods: A survey method was used in this research on 6426 diabetic patients of whom 362 patients were selected by a no percentage stratified random sampling. The Longo information-seeking behavior questionnaire was used to collect data and they were analyzed by SPSS 20 software., Results: The most common information source by diabetic patients was practitioners (3.12). The minimum usage among the information sources were from charity organizations and emergency phone lines with a usage of close to zero. The amount of health information gained passively from each source has the lowest average of 4.18 and usage of this information in making health decision has the highest average score of 5.83. Analysis of the data related to active seeking of information showed that knowledge of available medical information from each source has the lowest average score of 3.95 and ability in using the acquired information for making medical decisions has the highest average score of 5.28. The paired t-test showed that differences between passive information receipt (41.68) and active information seeking (39.20) considered as statistically significant (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Because diabetic patients are more passive information receivers than active information seekers, the health information must be distributed by passive means to these patients. In addition, information-seeking behavior during different time periods should be investigated; to identify more effective distribution of health information.

Disease registries derived from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are widely used for chronic disease management (CDM). However, unlike national registries which are specialised data collections, they are usually specific to an EHR or organization such as a medical home. We approached registries from the perspective of integrated care in a health neighbourhood, considering data quality issues such as semantic interoperability (consistency), accuracy, completeness and duplication. Our proposition is that a realist ontological approach is required to systematically and accurately identify patients in an EHR or data repository of EHRs, assess intrinsic data quality and fitness for use by members of the multidisciplinary integrated care team. We report on this approach as applied to routinely collected data in an electronic practice based research network in Australia.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of low dose zinc (Zn) supplementation on biochemical markers and underlying disease status in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients., Methods: We enrolled 60 cirrhotic patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. All patients in the interventional group (n = 30) received long-term, low dose Zn supplementation (50 mg elemental Zn sulfate daily). The control group (n = 30) received placebo (starch). Child-Pugh scores and biochemical markers were assessed for both interventional and control groups at the first day and the end of the 90th day of the interventional period. A per-protocol analysis was performed after excluding all participants who did not receive or complete the randomized intervention. The mean differences of quantitative variables between and within groups were evaluated by independent samples t-test and paired-samples t-test, respectively. SPSS version 13.00 was used for statistical analysis., Results: In the initial evaluation, 16 (53.30%) patients from the interventional group had a Child-Pugh score of 5-8 and 14 (46. 70%) had a score of 9-12. In the control group 18 (60.00%) had a Child-Pugh score of 5-8 and 12 (40.00%) scored 9-12. After three months the mean Child-Pugh score in the interventional group showed a significant improvement (from 6.56 ± 0.21 to 5.72 ± 0.22, P = 0.001) whereas in the control group despite no significant decline, the mean Child-Pugh score increased slightly (from 6.25 ± 0.27 to 6.67 ± 0.31, P = 0.14). Zn supplementation significantly decreased copper (Cu; P = 0.01) and creatinine (Cr; P < 0.0001) levels., Conclusion: In this study, we determined that low dose Zn supplementation could prevent deterioration of clinical status of cirrhosis and prevent excess Cu accumulation in non-alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Zn supplementation produces metabolic effects and trends towards improvements in liver function, hepatic encephalopathy, and nutritional status. Registration ID in IRCT: IRCT201106122017N4.

Introduction: Saffron has been suggested to have inhibitory effects on tumoral cells. We evaluated the cytotoxic effect of aqueous extract of saffron on human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and mouse non-neoplastic fibroblast cell lines., Materials and Methods: Human TCC 5637 cell line and mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) were cultivated and incubated with different concentrations of aqueous extract of saffron stigma (50 microg/mL to 4000 microg/mL). Cytotoxic effect of saffron was evaluated by morphologic observation and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay after 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours in each cell line., Results: After 24 hours, morphological observations showed growth inhibitory effects at saffron extract concentrations higher than 200 microg/mL for L929 cells and at concentrations of 50 microg/mL to 200 microg/mL for the TCC cells. These changes became more prominent after 48 hours. However, significant growth inhibitory effects of the extract were shown at concentrations of 400 microg/mL and 800 microg/mL. Higher concentrations of saffron correlated inversely with cell population of both cell lines. Significant reduction of the survived cells was seen at concentrations of 400 microg/mL and 2000 microg/mL for TCC and L929 cell lines, respectively. After 120 hours, decrease in the percentage of survived cells at higher concentrations of saffron extract was seen in both cell lines. At a concentration of 800 microg/mL, the survived L929 cells plummeted to less than 60% after 120 hours, while no TCC cells survived at this time. No L929 cells survived at 2000 microg/mL., Conclusion: Saffron aqueous extract has inhibitory effects on the growth of both TCC 5637 and normal L929 cell lines. This effect is dose dependent.