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343 results on '"McDermid, Richard M."'

301. Discovery of a giant H i tail in the galaxy group HCG 44.

Author: Serra, Paolo, Koribalski, Bärbel, Duc, Pierre-Alain, Oosterloo, Tom, McDermid, Richard M., Michel-Dansac, Leo, Emsellem, Eric, Cuillandre, Jean-Charles, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, Martin, Cappellari, Michele, Crocker, Alison F., Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Khochfar, Sadegh, and Krajnović, Davor
Subjects: GIANT stars, GALACTIC evolution, ASTRONOMICAL observations, SPIRAL galaxies, GALAXY clusters, MATHEMATICAL models
Abstract: We report the discovery of a giant H i tail in the intragroup medium of HCG 44 as part of the ATLAS3D survey. The tail is ∼ 300 kpc long in projection and contains ∼ 5 × 108 M⊙ of H i. We detect no diffuse stellar light at the location of the tail down to ∼ 28.5 mag arcsec− 2 in g band. We speculate that the tail might have formed as gas was stripped from the outer regions of NGC 3187 (a member of HCG 44) by the group tidal field. In this case, a simple model indicates that about 1/3 of the galaxy's H i was stripped during a time interval of < 1 Gyr. Alternatively, the tail may be the remnant of an interaction between HCG 44 and NGC 3162, a spiral galaxy now ∼ 650 kpc away from the group. Regardless of the precise formation mechanism, the detected H i tail shows for the first time direct evidence of gas stripping in HCG 44. It also highlights that deep H i observations over a large field are needed to gather a complete census of this kind of events in the local Universe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Published: 2013
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302. The ATLAS.

Author: Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, Bournaud, Frédéric, Michel-Dansac, Leo, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bureau, Martin, Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Duc, Pierre-Alain, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Morganti, Raffaella, McDermid, Richard M., Naab, Thorsten, and Oosterloo, Tom
Subjects: GALACTIC dynamics, STELLAR structure, BARRED galaxies, SIMULATION methods & models, GAUSSIAN processes, STELLAR mass, KINEMATICS
Abstract: ABSTRACT We investigate the accuracy in the recovery of the stellar dynamics of barred galaxies when using axisymmetric dynamical models. We do this by trying to recover the mass-to-light ratio ( M/ L) and the anisotropy of realistic galaxy simulations using the Jeans Anisotropic Multi-Gaussian Expansion (JAM) modelling method. However, given that the biases we find are mostly due to an application of an axisymmetric modelling algorithm to a non-axisymmetric system and in particular to inaccuracies in the deprojected mass model, our results are relevant for general axisymmetric modelling methods. We run N-body collisionless simulations to build a library with various luminosity distribution, constructed to mimic real individual galaxies, with realistic anisotropy. The final result of our evolved library of simulations contains both barred and unbarred galaxies. The JAM method assumes an axisymmetric mass distribution, and we adopt a spatially constant M/ L and anisotropy distributions. The models are fitted to two-dimensional maps of the second velocity moments of the simulations for various viewing angles [position angle (PA) of the bar and inclination of the galaxy]. We find that the inclination is generally well recovered by the JAM models, for both barred and unbarred simulations. For unbarred simulations the M/ L is also accurately recovered, with negligible median bias and with a maximum one of just Δ( M/ L) < 1.5 per cent when the galaxy is not too close to face on. At very low inclinations () the M/ L can be significantly overestimated (9 per cent in our tests, but errors can be larger for very face-on views). This is in agreement with previous studies. For barred simulations the M/ L is on average (when PA = 45°) essentially unbiased, but we measure an over/underestimation of up to Δ( M/ L) = 15 per cent in our tests. The sign of the M/ L bias depends on the PA of the bar as expected: overestimation occurs when the bar is closer to end-on, due to the increased stellar motion along the line-of-sight, and underestimation otherwise. For unbarred simulations, the JAM models are able to recover the mean value of the anisotropy with bias , within the region constrained by the kinematics. However when a bar is present, or for nearly face-on models, the recovered anisotropy varies wildly, with biases up to Δβ z≈ 0.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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303. The ATLAS3D project - XIII. Mass and morphology of H i in early-type galaxies as a function of environment.

Author: Serra, Paolo, Oosterloo, Tom, Morganti, Raffaella, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, Martin, Cappellari, Michele, Crocker, Alison F., Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Duc, Pierre-Alain, Emsellem, Eric, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, and McDermid, Richard M.
Subjects: ASTRONOMY, ELLIPTICAL galaxies, GALACTIC evolution, RADIO lines, ASTROPHYSICS, GAS distribution, INTERSTELLAR medium
Abstract: ABSTRACT We present the ATLAS3D H i survey of a volume-limited, complete sample of 166 nearby early-type galaxies (ETGs) brighter than MK=−21.5. The survey is mostly based on data taken with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, which enables us to detect H i down to 5 × 106-5 × 107 M⊙ within the survey volume. We detect ∼40 per cent of all ETGs outside the Virgo galaxy cluster and ∼10 per cent of all ETGs inside it. This demonstrates that it is common for non-cluster ETGs to host H i. The morphology of the detected gas varies in a continuous way from regular, settled H i discs and rings to unsettled gas distributions (including tidal or accretion tails) and systems of clouds scattered around the galaxy. The majority of the detections consist of H i discs or rings (1/4 of all ETGs outside Virgo) so that if H i is detected in an ETG it is most likely distributed on a settled configuration. These systems come in two main types: small discs [ M⊙], which are confined within the stellar body and share the same kinematics of the stars; and large discs/rings [ M(H i) up to 5 × 109 M⊙], which extend to tens of kpc from the host galaxy and are in half of the cases kinematically decoupled from the stars. Neutral hydrogen seems to provide material for star formation in ETGs. Galaxies containing H i within ∼1 Re exhibit signatures of on-going star formation in ∼70 per cent of the cases, approximately five times more frequently than galaxies without central H i. The interstellar medium (ISM) in the centre of these galaxies is dominated by molecular gas, and in ETGs with a small gas disc the conversion of H i into H2 is as efficient as in spirals. The ETG H i mass function is characterized by M*∼ 2 × 109 M⊙ and by a slope α∼−0.7. Compared to spirals, ETGs host much less H i as a family. However, a significant fraction of all ETGs are as H i-rich as spiral galaxies. The main difference between ETGs and spirals is that the former lack the high-column-density H i typical of the bright stellar disc of the latter. The ETG H i properties vary with environment density in a more continuous way than suggested by the known Virgo versus non-Virgo dichotomy. We find an envelope of decreasing M(H i) and M(H i)/ LK with increasing environment density. The gas-richest galaxies live in the poorest environments (as found also with CO observations), where the detection rate of star formation signatures is higher. Galaxies in the centre of Virgo have the lowest H i content, while galaxies at the outskirts of Virgo represent a transition region and can contain significant amounts of H i, indicating that at least a fraction of them has joined the cluster only recently after pre-processing in groups. Finally, we find an H i morphology-density relation such that at low environment density (measured on a local scale) the detected H i is mostly distributed on large, regular discs and rings, while more disturbed H i morphologies dominate environment densities typical of rich groups. This confirms the importance of processes occurring on a galaxy-group scale for the evolution of ETGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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304. The ATLAS3D project - XI. Dense molecular gas properties of CO-luminous early-type galaxies★.

Author: Crocker, Alison, Krips, Melanie, Bureau, Martin, Young, Lisa M., Davis, Timothy A., Bayet, Estelle, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. T., Duc, Pierre-Alain, Emsellem, Eric, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, and McDermid, Richard M.
Subjects: MOLECULAR clouds, STELLAR luminosity function, TEMPERATURE effect, GALAXIES, TELESCOPES, SURFACE brightness (Astronomy), RADIO astronomy, STELLAR mass
Abstract: ABSTRACT Surveying 18 12CO-bright galaxies from the ATLAS3D early-type galaxy sample with the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m telescope, we detect 13CO(1-0) and 13CO(2-1) in all 18 galaxies, HCN(1-0) in 12/18 and HCO+(1-0) in 10/18. We find that the line ratios 12CO(1-0)/13CO(1-0) and 12CO(1-0)/HCN(1-0) are clearly correlated with several galaxy properties: total stellar mass, luminosity-weighted mean stellar age, molecular-to-atomic gas ratio, dust temperature and dust morphology. We suggest that these correlations are primarily governed by the optical depth in the 12CO lines; interacting, accreting and/or starbursting early-type galaxies have more optically thin molecular gas while those with settled dust and gas discs host optically thick molecular gas. The ranges of the integrated line intensity ratios generally overlap with those of spirals, although we note some outliers in the 12CO(1-0)/13CO(1-0), 12CO(2-1)/13CO(2-1) and HCN/HCO+(1-0) ratios. In particular, three galaxies are found to have very low 12CO(1-0)/13CO(1-0) and 12CO(2-1)/13CO(2-1) ratios. Such low ratios may signal particularly stable molecular gas which creates stars less efficiently than 'normal' (i.e. below Schmidt-Kennicutt prediction), consistent with the low dust temperatures seen in these galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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305. The SAURON project - XX. The Spitzer [3.6] − [4.5] colour in early-type galaxies: colours, colour gradients and inverted scaling relations.

Author: Peletier, Reynier F., Kutdemir, Elif, van der Wolk, Guido, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Bacon, Roland, Bureau, Martin, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. Tim, Emsellem, Eric, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, McDermid, Richard M., Sarzi, Marc, Scott, Nicholas, Shapiro, Kristen L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., and van de Ven, Glenn
Subjects: PHYSICS projects, SCALING laws (Nuclear physics), ASTRONOMICAL observations, ELLIPTICAL galaxies, NEARBY stars, STELLAR populations, INTERSTELLAR reddening, INFRARED radiation, STATISTICAL correlation
Abstract: ABSTRACT We investigate the [3.6]−[4.5] Spitzer-IRAC colour behaviour of the early-type galaxies of the SAURON survey, a representative sample of 48 nearby ellipticals and lenticulars. We investigate how this colour, which is unaffected by dust extinction, can be used to constrain the stellar populations in these galaxies. We find a tight relation between the [3.6]−[4.5] colour and effective velocity dispersion, a good mass indicator in early-type galaxies: ( [3.6]−[4.5]) e = ( −0.109 0.007)+ (0.154 0.016). Contrary to other colours in the optical and near-infrared, we find that the colours become bluer for larger galaxies. The relations are tighter when using the colour inside re (scatter 0.013 mag), rather than the much smaller re/8 aperture (scatter 0.023 mag), due to the presence of young populations in the central regions. We also obtain strong correlations between the [3.6]−[4.5] colour and three strong absorption lines (H, Mg b and Fe 5015). Comparing our data with the models of Marigo et al., which show that more metal rich galaxies are bluer, we can explain our results in a way consistent with results from the optical, by stating that larger galaxies are more metal rich. The blueing is caused by a strong CO absorption band, whose line strength increases strongly with decreasing temperature and which covers a considerable fraction of the 4.5-m filter. In galaxies that contain a compact radio source, the [3.6]−[4.5] colour is generally slightly redder (by 0.015 0.007 mag using the re/8 aperture) than in the other galaxies, indicating small amounts of either hot dust, non-thermal emission, or young stars near the centre. We find that the large majority of the galaxies show redder colours with increasing radius. Removing the regions with evidence for young stellar populations (from the H absorption line) and interpreting the colour gradients as metallicity gradients, we find that our galaxies are more metal poor going outwards. The radial [3.6]−[4.5] gradients correlate very well with the metallicity gradients derived from optical line indices. We do not find any correlation between the gradients and galaxy mass; at every mass, galaxies display a real range in metallicity gradients. Consistent with our previous work on line indices, we find a tight relation between local [3.6]−[4.5] colour and local escape velocity. The small scatter from galaxy to galaxy, although not negligible, shows that the amount and distribution of the dark matter relative to the visible light cannot be too different from galaxy to galaxy. Due to the lower sensitivity of the [3.6]−[4.5] colour to young stellar populations, this relation is more useful to infer the galaxy potential than the Mg b- vesc relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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306. The ATLAS3D project - VIII. Modelling the formation and evolution of fast and slow rotator early-type galaxies within ΛCDM.

Author: Khochfar, Sadegh, Emsellem, Eric, Serra, Paolo, Bois, Maxime, Alatalo, Katherine, Bacon, R., Blitz, Leo, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, M., Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Duc, Pierre-Alain, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, McDermid, Richard M., Morganti, Raffaella, and Naab, Thorsten
Subjects: GALACTIC evolution, DARK matter, DISKS (Astrophysics), STELLAR mass, STELLAR populations, NATURAL satellites, REDSHIFT, STELLAR magnitudes, STELLAR mergers, MATHEMATICAL models
Abstract: ABSTRACT We propose a simple model for the origin of fast and slow rotator early-type galaxies (ETG) within the hierarchical Λcold dark matter (ΛCDM) scenario, that is based on the assumption that the mass fraction of stellar discs in ETGs is a proxy for the specific angular momentum expressed via λ R. Within our model we reproduce the fraction of fast and slow rotators as a function of magnitude in the ATLAS3D survey, assuming that fast-rotating ETGs have at least 10 per cent of their total stellar mass in a disc component. In agreement with ATLAS3D observations we find that slow rotators are predominantly galaxies with M* > 1010.5 M⊙ contributing ∼20 per cent to the overall ETG population. We show in detail that the growth histories of fast and slow rotators are different, supporting the classification of ETGs into these two categories. Slow rotators accrete between ∼50 and 90 per cent of their stellar mass from satellites and their most massive progenitors have on average up to three major mergers during their evolution. Fast rotators in contrast accrete less than 50 per cent and have on average less than one major merger in their past. We find that the underlying physical reason for the different growth histories is the slowing down and ultimately complete shut-down of gas cooling in massive galaxies. Once cooling and associated star formation in disc stop, galaxies grow via infall from satellites. Frequent minor mergers thereby destroy existing stellar discs via violent relaxation and also tend to lower the specific angular momentum of the main stellar body, lowering λ R into the slow rotator regime. On average, the last gas-rich major merger interaction in slow rotators happens at z > 1.5, followed by a series of minor mergers. These results support the idea that kinematically decoupled cores (KDC) form during gas-rich major mergers at high z followed by minor mergers, which build-up the outer layers of the remnant, and make remnants that are initially too flat compared to observations become rounder. Fast rotators are less likely to form such KDCs due to the fact that they have on average less than one major merger in their past. Fast rotators in our model have different formation paths. The majority, 78 per cent, has bulge-to-total stellar mass ratios ( B/ T) > 0.5 and managed to grow stellar discs due to continued gas cooling or bulges due to frequent minor mergers. The remaining 22 per cent live in high-density environments and consist of low B/ T galaxies with gas fractions below 15 per cent, that have exhausted their cold gas reservoir and have no hot halo from which gas can cool. These fast rotators most likely resemble the flattened disc-like fast rotators in the ATLAS3D survey. Our results predict that ETGs can change their state from fast to slow rotator and vice versa, while the former is taking place predominantly at low z ( z < 2), the latter is occurring during cosmic epochs when cooling times are short and galaxies gas-rich. We predict that the ratio of the number density of slow to fast rotators is a strong function of redshift, with massive (>1010 M⊙) fast rotators being more than one order of magnitude more frequent at z∼ 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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307. The ATLAS3D project - IX. The merger origin of a fast- and a slow-rotating early-type galaxy revealed with deep optical imaging: first results.

Author: Duc, Pierre-Alain, Cuillandre, Jean-Charles, Serra, Paolo, Michel-Dansac, Leo, Ferriere, Etienne, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, Martin, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Emsellem, Eric, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, and McDermid, Richard M.
Subjects: GALACTIC evolution, ASTROPHYSICAL collisions, OPTICAL images, IMAGING systems in astronomy, STAR formation, STELLAR mergers, RADIO telescopes, STARBURSTS, SIMULATION methods & models, METAPHYSICAL cosmology
Abstract: ABSTRACT The mass assembly of galaxies leaves imprints in their outskirts, such as shells and tidal tails. The frequency and properties of such fine structures depend on the main acting mechanisms - secular evolution, minor or major mergers - and on the age of the last substantial accretion event. We use this to constrain the mass assembly history of two apparently relaxed nearby early-type galaxies (ETGs) selected from the ATLAS3D sample, NGC 680 and 5557. Our ultra-deep optical images obtained with MegaCam on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope reach 29 mag arcsec−2 in the g band. They reveal very low surface brightness (LSB) filamentary structures around these ellipticals. Among them, a gigantic 160 kpc long, narrow, tail east of NGC 5557 hosts three gas-rich star-forming objects, previously detected in H i with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and in UV with GALEX. NGC 680 exhibits two major diffuse plumes apparently connected to extended H i tails, as well as a series of arcs and shells. Comparing the outer stellar and gaseous morphology of the two ellipticals with that predicted from models of colliding galaxies, we argue that the LSB features are tidal debris and that each of these two ETGs was assembled during a relatively recent, major wet merger, which most likely occurred after the redshift z ≃ 0.5 epoch. Had these mergers been older, the tidal features should have already fallen back or be destroyed by more recent accretion events. However, the absence of molecular gas and of a prominent young stellar population in the core region of the galaxies indicates that the merger is at least 1-2 Gyr old: the memory of any merger-triggered nuclear starburst has indeed been lost. The star-forming objects found towards the collisional debris of NGC 5557 are then likely tidal dwarf galaxies. Such recycled galaxies here appear to be long-lived and continue to form stars while any star formation activity has stopped in their parent galaxy. The inner kinematics of NGC 680 is typical for fast rotators which make the bulk of nearby ETGs in the ATLAS3D sample. On the other hand, NGC 5557 belongs to the poorly populated class of massive, round, slow rotators that are predicted by semi-analytic models and cosmological simulations to be the end-product of a complex mass accretion history, involving ancient major mergers and more recent minor mergers. Our observations suggest that under specific circumstances a single binary merger may dominate the formation history of such objects and thus that at least some massive ETGs may form at relatively low redshift. Whether the two galaxies studied here are representative of their own sub-class of ETGs is still an open question that will be addressed by an on-going deep optical survey of ATLAS3D galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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308. The ATLAS3D project - X. On the origin of the molecular and ionized gas in early-type galaxies.

Author: Davis, Timothy A., Alatalo, Katherine, Sarzi, Marc, Bureau, Martin, Young, Lisa M., Blitz, Leo, Serra, Paolo, Crocker, Alison F., Krajnović, Davor, McDermid, Richard M., Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., Duc, Pierre-Alain, de Zeeuw, P. Tim, Emsellem, Eric, Khochfar, Sadegh, Kuntschner, Harald, and Lablanche, Pierre-Yves
Subjects: IONIZED gases, MOLECULAR astrophysics, INTERSTELLAR molecules, SPIRAL galaxies, ASTRONOMICAL observations, MOLECULAR probes, VIRGO Cluster, ASTRONOMICAL spectroscopy
Abstract: ABSTRACT We make use of interferometric CO and H i observations, and optical integral-field spectroscopy from the ATLAS3D survey, to probe the origin of the molecular and ionized interstellar medium (ISM) in local early-type galaxies. We find that 36 ± 5 per cent of our sample of fast-rotating early-type galaxies have their ionized gas kinematically misaligned with respect to the stars, setting a strong lower limit on the importance of externally acquired gas (e.g. from mergers and cold accretion). Slow rotators have a flat distribution of misalignments, indicating that the dominant source of gas is external. The molecular, ionized and atomic gas in all the detected galaxies are always kinematically aligned, even when they are misaligned from the stars, suggesting that all these three phases of the ISM share a common origin. In addition, we find that the origin of the cold and warm gas in fast-rotating early-type galaxies is strongly affected by environment, despite the molecular gas detection rate and mass fractions being fairly independent of group/cluster membership. Galaxies in dense groups and the Virgo cluster nearly always have their molecular gas kinematically aligned with the stellar kinematics, consistent with a purely internal origin (presumably stellar mass loss). In the field, however, kinematic misalignments between the stellar and gaseous components indicate that at least 42 ± 5 per cent of local fast-rotating early-type galaxies have their gas supplied from external sources. When one also considers evidence of accretion present in the galaxies' atomic gas distributions, ≳46 per cent of fast-rotating field ETGs are likely to have acquired a detectable amount of ISM from accretion and mergers. We discuss several scenarios which could explain the environmental dichotomy, including preprocessing in galaxy groups/cluster outskirts and the morphological transformation of spiral galaxies, but we find it difficult to simultaneously explain the kinematic misalignment difference and the constant detection rate. Furthermore, our results suggest that galaxy mass may be an important independent factor associated with the origin of the gas, with the most massive fast-rotating galaxies in our sample (M K≲−24 mag; stellar mass of ≈8 × 1010 M⊙) always having kinematically aligned gas. This mass dependence appears to be independent of environment, suggesting it is caused by a separate physical mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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309. The ATLAS3D project - VI. Simulations of binary galaxy mergers and the link with fast rotators, slow rotators and kinematically distinct cores.

Author: Bois, Maxime, Emsellem, Eric, Bournaud, Frédéric, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bureau, Martin, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Duc, Pierre-Alain, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, McDermid, Richard M., Morganti, Raffaella, Naab, Thorsten, Oosterloo, Tom, and Sarzi, Marc
Subjects: GALAXY formation, GALACTIC dynamics, KINEMATICS, ASTRONOMICAL observations, COMPUTER simulation, MATHEMATICAL models, STELLAR mergers, UNIVERSE
Abstract: ABSTRACT We study the formation of early-type galaxies (ETGs) through mergers with a sample of 70 high-resolution (softening length <60 pc and 12 × 106 particles) numerical simulations of binary mergers of disc galaxies (with 10 per cent of gas) and 16 simulations of ETG remergers. These simulations, designed to accompany observations and models conducted within the ATLAS3D project, encompass various mass ratios (from 1:1 to 6:1), initial conditions and orbital parameters. The progenitor disc galaxies are spiral-like with bulge-to-disc ratios typical of Sb and Sc galaxies and high central baryonic angular momentum. We find that binary mergers of disc galaxies with mass ratios of 3:1 and 6:1 are nearly always classified as fast rotators according to the ATLAS3D criterion (based on the λR parameter - ATLAS3D Paper III): they preserve the structure of the input fast rotating spiral progenitors. They have intrinsic ellipticities larger than 0.5, cover intrinsic λR values between 0.2 and 0.6, within the range of observed fast rotators. The distribution of the observed fastest rotators does in fact coincide with the distribution of our disc progenitors. Major disc mergers (mass ratios of 2:1 and 1:1) lead to both fast and slow rotators. Most of the fast rotators produced in major mergers have intermediate flattening, with ellipticities ε between 0.4 and 0.6. Most slow rotators formed in these binary disc mergers hold a stellar kinematically distinct core (KDC) in their ∼1-3 central kiloparsec: these KDCs are built from the stellar components of the progenitors. However, these remnants are still very flat with ε often larger than 0.45 and sometimes as high as 0.65. Besides a handful of specific observed systems - the counter-rotating discs (2σ galaxies, ATLAS3D Paper II) - these therefore cannot reproduce the observed population of slow rotators in the nearby Universe. This sample of simulations supports the notion of slow and fast rotators: these two families of ETGs present distinct characteristics in term of their angular momentum content (at all radii) and intrinsic properties - the slow rotators are not simply velocity-scaled down versions of fast rotators. The mass ratio of the progenitors is a fundamental parameter for the formation of slow rotators in these binary mergers, but it also requires a retrograde spin for the earlier-type (Sb) progenitor galaxy with respect to the orbital angular momentum. We also study remergers of these merger remnants: these produce relatively round fast rotators or systems near the threshold for slow rotators. In such cases, the orbital angular momentum dominates the central region, and these systems no longer exhibit a KDC, as KDCs are destroyed during the remergers and do not re-form in these relatively dry events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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310. The ATLAS3D project - VII. A new look at the morphology of nearby galaxies: the kinematic morphology-density relation.

Author: Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, Krajnović, Davor, McDermid, Richard M., Serra, Paolo, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, M., Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Khochfar, Sadegh, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, Morganti, Raffaella, Naab, Thorsten, Oosterloo, Tom, and Sarzi, Marc
Subjects: GALAXIES, KINEMATICS, DENSITY, ACCRETION (Astrophysics), TUNING forks, VIRGO Cluster, SURFACES (Physics)
Abstract: ABSTRACT In Paper I of this series we introduced a volume-limited parent sample of 871 galaxies from which we extracted the ATLAS3D sample of 260 early-type galaxies (ETGs). In Papers II and III we classified the ETGs using their stellar kinematics, in a way that is nearly insensitive to the projection effects, and we separated them into fast and slow rotators. Here we look at galaxy morphology and note that the edge-on fast rotators generally are lenticular galaxies. They appear like spiral galaxies with the gas and dust removed, and in some cases are flat ellipticals (E5 or flatter) with discy isophotes. Fast rotators are often barred and span the same full range of bulge fractions as spiral galaxies. The slow rotators are rounder (E4 or rounder, except for counter-rotating discs) and are generally consistent with being genuine, namely spheroidal-like, elliptical galaxies. We propose a revision to the tuning-fork diagram by Hubble as it gives a misleading description of ETGs by ignoring the large variation in the bulge sizes of fast rotators. Motivated by the fact that only one third (34 per cent) of the ellipticals in our sample are slow rotators, we study for the first time the kinematic morphology-density T-Σ relation using fast and slow rotators to replace lenticulars and ellipticals. We find that our relation is cleaner than using classic morphology. Slow rotators are nearly absent at the lowest density environments [ per cent] and generally constitute a small fraction [ f(SR) ≈ 4 per cent] of the total galaxy population in the relatively low-density environments explored by our survey, with the exception of the densest core of the Virgo cluster [ f(SR) ≈ 20 per cent]. This contrasts with the classic studies that invariably find significant fractions of (misclassified) ellipticals down to the lowest environmental densities. We find a clean log-linear relation between the fraction f(Sp) of spiral galaxies and the local galaxy surface density Σ3, within a cylinder enclosing the three nearest galaxies. This holds for nearly four orders of magnitude in the surface density down to Σ3≈ 0.01 Mpc−2, with f(Sp) decreasing by 10 per cent per dex in Σ3, while f(FR) correspondingly increases. The existence of a smooth kinematic T-Σ relation in the field excludes processes related to the cluster environment, like e.g. ram-pressure stripping, as main contributors to the apparent conversion of spirals into fast rotators in low-density environments. It shows that the segregation is driven by local effects at the small-group scale. This is supported by the relation becoming shallower when using a surface density estimator Σ10 with a cluster scale. Only at the largest densities in the Virgo core does the f(Sp) relation break down and steepen sharply, while the fraction of slow rotators starts to significantly increase. This suggests that a different mechanism is at work there, possibly related to the stripping of the gas from spirals by the hot intergalactic medium in the cluster core and the corresponding lack of cold accretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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311. The ATLAS3D project - II. Morphologies, kinemetric features and alignment between photometric and kinematic axes of early-type galaxies.

Author: Krajnović, Davor, Emsellem, Eric, Cappellari, Michele, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, Martin, Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Khochfar, Sadegh, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, McDermid, Richard M., Morganti, Raffaella, Naab, Thorsten, Oosterloo, Tom, Sarzi, Marc, and Scott, Nicholas
Subjects: GALACTIC dynamics, PHYSICS experiments, ASTRONOMICAL photometry, ELLIPTICAL galaxies, GALAXY formation, ANGULAR momentum (Mechanics), SYMMETRY (Physics)
Abstract: BSTRACT [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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312. The ATLAS.

Author: Emsellem, Eric, Cappellari, Michele, Krajnović, Davor, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, Martin, Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Khochfar, Sadegh, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, McDermid, Richard M., Morganti, Raffaella, Naab, Thorsten, Oosterloo, Tom, Sarzi, Marc, and Scott, Nicholas
Subjects: STELLAR populations, ANGULAR momentum (Nuclear physics), INTEGRAL field spectroscopy, STELLAR rotation, ASTRONOMICAL photometry, SPIRAL galaxies, STELLAR mass, ACCRETION (Astrophysics)
Abstract: We provide a census of the apparent stellar angular momentum within one effective radius of a volume-limited sample of 260 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the nearby Universe, using the integral-field spectroscopy obtained in the course of the ATLAS project. We exploit the λ parameter (previously used via a constant threshold value of 0.1) to characterize the existence of two families of ETGs: slow rotators which exhibit complex stellar velocity fields and often include stellar kinematically distinct cores, and fast rotators which have regular velocity fields. Our complete sample of 260 ETGs leads to a new criterion to disentangle fast and slow rotators which now includes a dependency on the apparent ellipticity ε. It separates the two classes significantly better than the previous prescription and better than a criterion based on V/σ: slow rotators and fast rotators have λ lower and larger than , respectively, where k= 0.31 for measurements made within an effective radius R. We show that the vast majority of ETGs are fast rotators: these have the regular stellar rotation, with aligned photometric and kinematic axes (Paper II of this series), include discs and often bars and represent 86 ± 2 per cent (224/260) of all ETGs in the volume-limited ATLAS sample. Fast rotators span the full range of apparent ellipticities from ε= 0 to 0.85, and we suggest that they cover intrinsic ellipticities from about 0.35 to 0.85, the most flattened having morphologies consistent with spiral galaxies. Only a small fraction of ETGs are slow rotators representing 14 ± 2 per cent (36/260) of the ATLAS sample of ETGs. Of all slow rotators, 11 per cent (4/36) exhibit two counter-rotating stellar disc-like components and are rather low-mass objects ( M < 10 M). All other slow rotators (32/36) appear relatively round on the sky (ε < 0.4), tend to be massive ( M > 10 M), and often (17/32) exhibit kinematically distinct cores. Slow rotators dominate the high-mass end of ETGs in the ATLAS sample, with only about one-fourth of galaxies with masses above 10 M being fast rotators. We show that the a parameter which quantifies the isophote's disciness or boxiness does not seem to be simply related to the observed kinematics, while our new criterion based on λ and ε is nearly independent of the viewing angles. We further demonstrate that the classification of ETGs into ellipticals and lenticulars is misleading. Slow and fast rotators tend to be classified as ellipticals and lenticulars, respectively, but the contamination is strong enough to affect results solely based on such a scheme: 20 per cent of all fast rotators are classified as ellipticals, and more importantly 66 per cent of all ellipticals in the ATLAS sample are fast rotators. Fast and slow rotators illustrate the variety of complex processes shaping galactic systems, such as secular evolution, disc instabilities, interaction and merging, gas accretion, stripping and harassment, forming a sequence from high to low (stellar) baryonic angular momentum. Massive slow rotators represent the extreme instances within the red sequence of galaxies which might have suffered from significant merging without being able to rebuild a fast-rotating component within one effective radius. We therefore argue for a shift in the paradigm for ETGs, where the vast majority of ETGs are galaxies consistent with nearly oblate systems (with or without bars) and where only a small fraction of them (less than 12 per cent) have central (mildly) triaxial structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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313. The ATLAS.

Author: Young, Lisa M., Bureau, Martin, Davis, Timothy A., Combes, Francoise, McDermid, Richard M., Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. T., Emsellem, Eric, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, Morganti, Raffaella, Naab, Thorsten, and Oosterloo, Tom
Subjects: STAR formation, STELLAR luminosity function, VIRGO Cluster, STELLAR mass, STAR colors, ANGULAR momentum (Nuclear physics), ACCRETION (Astrophysics), GAS detectors
Abstract: We have carried out a survey for CO J= 1-0 and J= 2-1 emission in the 260 early-type galaxies of the volume-limited ATLAS sample, with the goal of connecting their star formation and assembly histories to their cold gas content. This is the largest volume-limited CO survey of its kind and is the first to include many Virgo cluster members. Sample members are dynamically hot galaxies with a median stellar mass ∼3 × 10 M; they are selected by their morphology rather than colour, and the bulk of them lie on the red sequence. The overall CO detection rate is 56/259 = 0.22 ± 0.03, with no dependence on the K luminosity and only a modest dependence on the dynamical mass. There are a dozen CO detections among the Virgo cluster members; statistical analysis of their H mass distributions and their dynamical status within the cluster shows that the cluster's influence on their molecular masses is subtle at best, even though (unlike spirals) they seem to be virialized within the cluster. We suggest that the cluster members have retained their molecular gas through several Gyr residences in the cluster. There are also a few extremely CO-rich early-type galaxies with H masses ≳10 M and these are in low-density environments. We do find a significant trend between the molecular content and stellar specific angular momentum. The galaxies of low angular momentum also have low CO detection rates, suggesting that their formation processes were more effective at destroying the molecular gas or preventing its re-accretion. We speculate on the implications of these data for the formation of various subclasses of early-type galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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314. The ATLAS.

Author: Davis, Timothy A., Bureau, Martin, Young, Lisa M., Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Cappellari, Michele, Scott, Nicholas, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. Tim, Emsellem, Eric, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, McDermid, Richard M., Morganti, Raffaella, Naab, Thorsten, and Oosterloo, Tom
Subjects: ASTRONOMICAL observations, INTERFEROMETRY, ESTIMATION theory, KINEMATICS, STELLAR mass, SPIRAL galaxies, STELLAR populations, REDSHIFT, TELESCOPES
Abstract: We demonstrate here using both single-dish and interferometric observations that CO molecules are an excellent kinematic tracer, even in high-mass galaxies, allowing us to investigate for the first time the CO Tully-Fisher relation (CO-TFR) of early-type galaxies. We compare the TFRs produced using both single-dish and interferometric data and various inclination estimation methods, and evaluate the use of the velocity profile shape as a criterion for selecting galaxies in which the molecular gas extends beyond the peak of the rotation curve. We show that the gradient and zero-point of the best-fitting relations are robust, independent of the velocity measure and inclination used, and agree with those of relations derived using stellar kinematics. We also show that the early-type CO-TFR is offset from the CO-TFR of spirals by 0.98 ± 0.22 mag at K band, in line with other results. The intrinsic scatter of the relation is found to be ≈0.4 mag, similar to the level found in the spiral galaxy population. Next-generation facilities such as the Large Millimeter Telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter/Sub-millimeter Array should allow this technique to be used in higher redshift systems, providing a simple new tool to trace the mass-to-light ratio evolution of the most massive galaxies over cosmic time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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315. The ATLAS.

Author: Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, Krajnović, Davor, McDermid, Richard M., Scott, Nicholas, Verdoes Kleijn, G. A., Young, Lisa M., Alatalo, Katherine, Bacon, R., Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Bureau, M., Davies, Roger L., Davis, Timothy A., de Zeeuw, P. T., Duc, Pierre-Alain, Khochfar, Sadegh, Kuntschner, Harald, and Lablanche, Pierre-Yves
Subjects: WAVELENGTHS, SCIENTIFIC surveys, IONIZATION of gases, IMAGING systems in astronomy, KINEMATICS, STELLAR populations, GALAXIES
Abstract: The ATLAS project is a multiwavelength survey combined with a theoretical modelling effort. The observations span from the radio to the millimetre and optical, and provide multicolour imaging, two-dimensional kinematics of the atomic (H ), molecular (CO) and ionized gas (H, [O ] and [N ]), together with the kinematics and population of the stars (H, Fe5015 and Mg b), for a carefully selected, volume-limited ( Mpc) sample of 260 early-type (elliptical E and lenticular S0) galaxies (ETGs). The models include semi-analytic, N-body binary mergers and cosmological simulations of galaxy formation. Here we present the science goals for the project and introduce the galaxy sample and the selection criteria. The sample consists of nearby ( Mpc, |δ− 29°| < 35°, | b| > 15°) morphologically selected ETGs extracted from a parent sample of 871 galaxies (8 per cent E, 22 per cent S0 and 70 per cent spirals) brighter than mag (stellar mass ). We analyse possible selection biases and we conclude that the parent sample is essentially complete and statistically representative of the nearby galaxy population. We present the size-luminosity relation for the spirals and ETGs and show that the ETGs in the ATLAS sample define a tight red sequence in a colour-magnitude diagram, with few objects in the transition from the blue cloud. We describe the strategy of the SAURON integral field observations and the extraction of the stellar kinematics with the p method. We find typical 1 errors of km s km s in the mean velocity, the velocity dispersion and Gauss-Hermite (GH) moments for galaxies with effective dispersion km s. For galaxies with lower (40 per cent of the sample) the GH moments are gradually penalized by p towards zero to suppress the noise produced by the spectral undersampling and only and can be measured. We give an overview of the characteristics of the other main data sets already available for our sample and of the ongoing modelling projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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316. The SAURON project – XIII. SAURON–GALEX study of early-type galaxies: the ultraviolet colour–magnitude relations and Fundamental Planes.

Author: Hyunjin Jeong, Yi, Sukyoung K., Bureau, Martin, Davies, Roger L., Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, van de Ven, Glenn, Peletier, Reynier F., Bacon, Roland, Cappellari, Michele, de Zeeuw, Tim, Emsellem, Eric, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, McDermid, Richard M., Sarzi, Marc, and van den Bosch, Remco C. E.
Subjects: INDUSTRIAL applications of ultraviolet radiation, GALACTIC evolution, OPTICAL images, STELLAR mass, DARK matter, INTERSTELLAR medium
Abstract: We present Galaxy Evolution Explorer far-ultraviolet (FUV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV) imaging of 34 nearby early-type galaxies from the SAURON representative sample of 48 E/S0 galaxies, all of which have ground-based optical imaging from the MDM Observatory. The surface brightness profiles of nine galaxies (≈26 per cent) show regions with blue UV−optical colours suggesting RSF. Five of these (≈15 per cent) show blue integrated UV–optical colours that set them aside in the NUV integrated colour–magnitude relation. These are objects with either exceptionally intense and localized NUV fluxes or blue UV−optical colours throughout. They also have other properties confirming they have had RSF, in particular Hβ absorption higher than expected for a quiescent population and a higher CO detection rate. This suggests that residual star formation is more common in early-type galaxies than we are used to believe. NUV blue galaxies are generally drawn from the lower stellar velocity dispersion and thus lower dynamical mass part of the sample. We have also constructed the first UV Fundamental Planes and show that NUV blue galaxies bias the slopes and increase the scatters. If they are eliminated, the fits get closer to expectations from the virial theorem. Although our analysis is based on a limited sample, it seems that a dominant fraction of the tilt and scatter of the UV Fundamental Planes is due to the presence of young stars in preferentially low-mass early-type galaxies. Interestingly, the UV–optical radial colour profiles reveal a variety of behaviours, with many galaxies showing signs of RSF, a central UV-upturn phenomenon, smooth but large-scale age and metallicity gradients and in many cases a combination of these. In addition, FUV−NUV and FUV− V colours even bluer than those normally associated with UV-upturn galaxies are observed at the centre of some quiescent galaxies. Four out of the five UV-upturn galaxies are slow rotators. These objects should thus pose interesting challenges to stellar evolutionary models of the UV upturn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2009
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317. The SAURON Project – XIV. No escape from Vesc: a global and local parameter in early-type galaxy evolution.

Author: Scott, Nicholas, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., Bacon, R., de Zeeuw, P. T., Emsellem, Eric, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Krajnovi, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, McDermid, Richard M., Peletier, Reynier F., Pipino, Antonio, Sarzi, Marc, van den Bosch, Remco C. E., van de Ven, Glenn, and van Scherpenzeel, Eveline
Subjects: SPEED, GALAXIES, STELLAR populations, GRAVITY, GRAVITATIONAL fields
Abstract: We present the results of an investigation of the local escape velocity – line strength index relationship for 48 early-type galaxies from the SAURON sample, the first such study based on a large sample of galaxies with both detailed integral field observations and extensive dynamical modelling. Values of are computed using multi-Gaussian expansion (MGE) photometric fitting and axisymmetric, anisotropic Jeans' dynamical modelling simultaneously on Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based images. We determine line strengths and escape velocities at multiple radii within each galaxy, allowing an investigation of the correlation within individual galaxies as well as amongst galaxies. We find a tight correlation between and the line-strength indices. For Mgb, we find that this correlation exists not only between different galaxies but also inside individual galaxies – it is both a local and global correlation. The Mgb– Vesc relation has the form: with an rms scatter . The relation within individual galaxies has the same slope and offset as the global relation to a good level of agreement, though there is significant intrinsic scatter in the local gradients. We transform our line strength index measurements to the single stellar population (SSP) equivalent ages (t), metallicity ([ Z/H]) and enhancement ([α/Fe]) and carry out a principal component analysis of our SSP and data. We find that in this four-dimensional parameter space the galaxies in our sample are to a good approximation confined to a plane, given by . It is surprising that a combination of age and metallicity is conserved; this may indicate a ‘conspiracy’ between age and metallicity or a weakness in the SSP models. How the connection between stellar populations and the gravitational potential, both locally and globally, is preserved as galaxies assemble hierarchically may provide an important constraint on modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2009
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318. The SAURON project – XII. Kinematic substructures in early-type galaxies: evidence for discs in fast rotators.

Author: Krajnovi, Davor, Bacon, R., Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. T., Emsellem, Eric, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Kuntschner, Harald, McDermid, Richard M., Peletier, Reynier F., Sarzi, Marc, van den Bosch, Remco C. E., and van de Ven, Glenn
Subjects: EARLY stars, GALAXIES, GALACTIC dynamics, CELESTIAL mechanics, ASTRONOMICAL photography, ASTRONOMY
Abstract: We analysed two-dimensional maps of 48 early-type galaxies obtained with the SAURON and OASIS integral-field spectrographs using kinemetry, a generalization of surface photometry to the higher order moments of the line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD). The maps analysed include: reconstructed image, mean velocity, velocity dispersion, h3 and h4 Gauss–Hermite moments. Kinemetry is a good method to recognize structures otherwise missed by using surface photometry, such as embedded discs and kinematic subcomponents. In the SAURON sample, we find that 31 per cent of early-type galaxies are single component systems. 91 per cent of the multicomponents systems have two kinematic subcomponents, the rest having three. In addition, 29 per cent of galaxies have kinematically decoupled components, nuclear components with significant kinematic twists. We differentiate between slow and fast rotators using velocity maps only and find that fast-rotating galaxies contain discs with a large range in mass fractions to the main body. Specifically, we find that the velocity maps of fast rotators closely resemble those of inclined discs, except in the transition regions between kinematic subcomponents. This deviation is measured with the kinemetric ratio, which is large and noisy in slow rotators and about 2 per cent in fast rotators. In terms of E/S0 classification, this means that 74 per cent of Es and 92 per cent of S0s have components with disc-like kinematics. We suggest that differences in values for the fast and slow rotators arise from their different intrinsic structure which is reflected on the velocity maps. For the majority of fast rotators, the kinematic axial ratios are equal to or less than their photometric axial ratios, contrary to what is predicted with isotropic Jeans models viewed at different inclinations. The position angles of fast rotators are constant, while they vary abruptly in slow rotators. Velocity dispersion maps of face-on galaxies have shapes similar to the distribution of light. Velocity dispersion maps of the edge-on fast rotators and all slow rotators show differences which can only be partially explained with isotropic models and, in the case of fast rotators, often require additional cold components. We constructed local (bin-by-bin) and diagrams from SAURON observations. We confirm the classical anticorrelation of h3 and , but we also find that h3 is almost zero in some objects or even weakly correlated with . The distribution of h4 for fast and slow rotators is mildly positive on average. In general, fast rotators contain flattened components characterized by a disc-like rotation. The difference between slow and fast rotators is traceable throughout all moments of the LOSVD, with evidence for different intrinsic shapes and orbital contents and, hence, likely different evolutionary paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2008
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319. The SAURON project – X. The orbital anisotropy of elliptical and lenticular galaxies: revisiting the.

Author: Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, Bacon, R., Bureau, M., Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. T., Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Krajnovi, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, McDermid, Richard M., Peletier, Reynier F., Sarzi, Marc, van den Bosch, Remco C. E., and van de Ven, Glenn
Subjects: ANISOTROPY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, PROPERTIES of matter, STAR formation, KINEMATICS, GALAXIES
Abstract: We analyse the orbital distribution of elliptical (E) and lenticular (S0) galaxies using SAURON integral-field stellar kinematics within about one effective (half-light) radius. We construct the anisotropy diagram, which relates the ratio of the ordered and random motion in a galaxy ( V/σ) to its observed ellipticity (ℇ), for the 48 E/S0 galaxies from the SAURON survey. For a subsample of 24 galaxies consistent with axisymmetry, we use three-integral axisymmetric Schwarzschild dynamical models to recover the detailed orbital distribution, and we find good agreement with the anisotropy derived from the diagram. In a companion paper (Paper IX), we show that the early-type galaxies can be subdivided into two classes of systems with or without a significant amount of specific stellar angular momentum. Here, we show that the two classes have different distributions on the diagram. The slow rotators are more common among the most massive systems and are generally classified as E from photometry alone. Those in our sample tend to be fairly round , but can have significant kinematical misalignments, indicating that as a class they are moderately triaxial, and span a range of anisotropies . The fast rotators are generally fainter and are classified as either E or S0. They can appear quite flattened , do not show significant kinematical misalignments (unless barred or interacting), indicating they are nearly axisymmetric and span an even larger range of anisotropies . These results are confirmed when we extend our analysis to 18 additional E/S0 galaxies observed with SAURON. The dynamical models indicate that the anisotropy inferred from the diagram is due to a flattening of the velocity ellipsoid in the meridional plane , which we quantify with the β anisotropy parameter. We find a trend of increasing β for intrinsically flatter galaxies. A number of the fast rotators show evidence for containing a flattened, kinematically distinct component, which in some cases counter-rotates relative to the main galaxy body. These components are generally more metal rich than the galaxy body. All these results support the idea that fast rotators are nearly oblate and contain disc-like components. The role of gas must have been important for their formation. The slow rotators are weakly triaxial. Current collisionless merger models seem unable to explain their detailed observed properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2007
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320. Late-type galaxies observed with SAURON: two-dimensional stellar and emission-line kinematics of 18 spirals.

Author: Ganda, Katia, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Peletier, Reynier F., Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, McDermid, Richard M., Tim de Zeeuw, P., and Carollo, C. Marcella
Subjects: KINEMATICS, SPIRAL galaxies, MAGNETIC dipoles, TELESCOPES, IONIZED gases, SPECTROGRAPHS
Abstract: We present the stellar and gas kinematics of a sample of 18 nearby late-type spiral galaxies (Hubble types ranging from Sb to Sd), observed with the integral-field spectrograph SAURON at the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope. SAURON covers the spectral range 4800–5380 Å, allowing us to measure the Hβ, Fe, Mg b absorption features and the emission in the Hβ line and the and doublets over a field of view. The maps cover the nuclear region of these late-type galaxies and in all cases include the entire bulge. In many cases the stellar kinematics suggests the presence of a cold inner region, as visible from a central drop in the stellar velocity dispersion. The ionized gas is almost ubiquitous and behaves in a complicated fashion: the gas velocity fields often display more features than the stellar ones, including wiggles in the zero-velocity lines, irregular distributions, ring-like structures. The line ratio [O iii]/Hβ often takes on low values over most of the field, probably indicating a wide-spread star formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2006
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321. The SAURON project – V. Integral-field emission-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies.

Author: Sarzi, Marc, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Davies, Roger L., Bacon, Roland, Bureau, Martin, Cappellari, Michele, Tim de Zeeuw, P., Emsellem, Eric, Fathi, Kambiz, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, McDermid, Richard M., and Peletier, Reynier F.
Subjects: ELLIPTICAL galaxies, GALAXIES, STELLAR spectra, FIELD emission, ASTRONOMY, PHYSICAL sciences
Abstract: We present the emission-line fluxes and kinematics of 48 representative elliptical and lenticular galaxies obtained with our custom-built integral-field spectrograph, SAURON, operating on the William Herschel Telescope. Hβ, [O iii]λλ4959,5007 and [N i]λλ5198,5200 emission lines were measured using a new procedure that simultaneously fits both the stellar spectrum and the emission lines. Using this technique we can detect emission lines down to an equivalent width of 0.1 Å set by the current limitations in describing galaxy spectra with synthetic and real stellar templates, rather than by the quality of our spectra. Gas velocities and velocity dispersions are typically accurate to within 14 and 20 km s−1, respectively, and at worse to within 25 and 40 km s−1. The errors on the flux of the [O iii] and Hβ lines are on average 10 and 20 per cent, respectively, and never exceed 30 per cent. Emission is clearly detected in 75 per cent of our sample galaxies, and comes in a variety of resolved spatial distributions and kinematic behaviours. A mild dependence on the Hubble type and galactic environment is observed, with higher detection rates in lenticular galaxies and field objects. More significant is the fact that only 55 per cent of the galaxies in the Virgo cluster exhibit clearly detected emission. The ionized-gas kinematics is rarely consistent with simple coplanar circular motions. However, the gas almost never displays completely irregular kinematics, generally showing coherent motions with smooth variations in angular momentum. In the majority of the cases, the gas kinematics is decoupled from the stellar kinematics, and in half of the objects this decoupling implies a recent acquisition of gaseous material. Over the entire sample however, the distribution of the mean misalignment values between stellar and gaseous angular momenta is inconsistent with a purely external origin. The distribution of kinematic misalignment values is found to be strongly dependent on the apparent flattening and the level of rotational support of galaxies, with flatter, fast rotating objects hosting preferentially corotating gaseous and stellar systems. In a third of the cases, the distribution and kinematics of the gas underscore the presence of non-axisymmetric perturbations of the gravitational potential. Consistent with previous studies, the presence of dust features is always accompanied by gas emission while the converse is not always true. A considerable range of values for the [O iii]/Hβ ratio is found both across the sample and within single galaxies. Despite the limitations of this ratio as an emission-line diagnostic, this finding suggests either that a variety of mechanisms is responsible for the gas excitation in E and S0 galaxies or that the metallicity of the interstellar material is quite heterogeneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2006
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322. The SAURON project – IV. The mass-to-light ratio, the virial mass estimator and the Fundamental Plane of elliptical and lenticular galaxies.

Author: Cappellari, Michele, Bacon, R., Bureau, M., Damen, M. C., Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. T., Emsellem, Eric, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, McDermid, Richard M., Peletier, Reynier F., Sarzi, Marc, van den Bosch, Remco C. E., and van de Ven, Glenn
Subjects: ELLIPTICAL galaxies, GALACTIC evolution, GALAXY formation, GALACTIC dynamics, CELESTIAL mechanics, ASTRONOMY
Abstract: We investigate the well-known correlations between the dynamical mass-to-light ratio ( M/ L) and other global observables of elliptical (E) and lenticular (S0) galaxies. We construct two-integral Jeans and three-integral Schwarzschild dynamical models for a sample of 25 E/S0 galaxies with SAURON integral-field stellar kinematics to about one effective (half-light) radius Re. They have well-calibrated I-band Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 and large-field ground-based photometry, accurate surface brightness fluctuation distances, and their observed kinematics is consistent with an axisymmetric intrinsic shape. All these factors result in an unprecedented accuracy in the M/ L measurements. We find a tight correlation of the form between the M/ L (in the I band) measured from the dynamical models and the luminosity-weighted second moment σe of the LOSVD within Re. The observed rms scatter in M/ L for our sample is 18 per cent, while the inferred intrinsic scatter is ∼13 per cent. The relation can be included in the remarkable series of tight correlations between σe and other galaxy global observables. The comparison of the observed correlations with the predictions of the Fundamental Plane (FP), and with simple virial estimates, shows that the ‘tilt’ of the FP of early-type galaxies, describing the deviation of the FP from the virial relation, is almost exclusively due to a real M/ L variation, while structural and orbital non-homology have a negligible effect. When the photometric parameters are determined in the ‘classic’ way, using growth curves, and the σe is measured in a large aperture, the virial mass appears to be a reliable estimator of the mass in the central regions of galaxies, and can be safely used where more ‘expensive’ models are not feasible (e.g. in high-redshift studies). In this case the best-fitting virial relation has the form ( M/ L) , in reasonable agreement with simple theoretical predictions. We find no difference between the M/ L of the galaxies in clusters and in the field. The comparison of the dynamical M/ L with the ( M/ L)pop inferred from the analysis of the stellar population, indicates a median dark matter fraction in early-type galaxies of ∼30 per cent of the total mass inside one Re, in broad agreement with previous studies, and it also shows that the stellar initial mass function varies little among different galaxies. Our results suggest a variation in M/ L at constant ( M/ L)pop, which seems to be linked to the galaxy dynamics. We speculate that fast-rotating galaxies have lower dark matter fractions than the slow-rotating and generally more-massive ones. If correct, this would suggest a connection between the galaxy assembly history and the dark matter halo structure. The tightness of our correlation provides some evidence against cuspy nuclear dark matter profiles in galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2006
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323. Dynamical modelling of stars and gas in NGC 2974: determination of mass-to-light ratio, inclination and orbital structure using the Schwarzschild method.

Author: Krajnović, Davor, Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, McDermid, Richard M., and de Zeeuw, P. Tim
Subjects: ANGULAR momentum (Nuclear physics), KINEMATICS, ASTROPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AXIAL flow, RESEARCH
Abstract: We study the large-scale stellar and gaseous kinematics of the E4 galaxy NGC 2974, based on panoramic integral-field data obtained with SAURON. We quantify the velocity maps with Fourier methods (kinemetry), and show that the large-scale kinematics is largely consistent with axisymmetry. We construct general axisymmetric dynamical models for the stellar motions using the Schwarzschild orbit-superposition method, and compare the inferred inclination and mass-to-light ratio with the values obtained by modelling the gas kinematics. Both approaches give consistent results. However, we find that the stellar models provide fairly weak constraints on the inclination. The intrinsic orbital distribution of NGC 2974, which we infer from our model, is characterized by a large-scale stellar component of high angular momentum. We create semi-analytical test models, resembling NGC 2974, to study the ability of the Schwarzschild modelling technique to recover the given input parameters (mass-to-light ratio and inclination) and the distribution function. We also test the influence of a limited spatial coverage on the recovery of the distribution function (i.e. the orbital structure). We find that the models can accurately recover the input mass-to-light ratio, but we confirm that even with perfect input kinematics the inclination is only marginally constrained. This suggests a possible degeneracy in the determination of the inclination, but further investigations are needed to clarify this issue. For a given potential, we find that the analytical distribution function of our test model is well recovered by the three-integral model within the spatial region constrained by integral-field kinematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2005
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324. MAVIS: an optical design for the image slicer and spectrograph

Author: Evans, Christopher J., Bryant, Julia J., Motohara, Kentaro, Saunders, Will, Chin, Tim, Schwab, Chris, Ellis, Simon, Content, Robert, Pember, Jacob, Zhelem, Ross, Zheng, Jessica, Smedley, Scott, Robertson, David, Greggio, Davide, Rigaut, Francois, and Mcdermid, Richard M.
Published: 2022
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325. Progress on the Gemini High-Resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) design

Author: Ramsay, Suzanne K., McLean, Ian S., Takami, Hideki, Ireland, Michael, Anthony, Andre, Burley, Greg, Chisholm, Eric, Churilov, Vladimir, Dunn, Jennifer, Frost, Gabriella, Lawrence, Jon, Loop, David, McGregor, Peter, Martell, Sarah, McConnachie, Alan, McDermid, Richard M., Pazder, John, Reshetov, Vlad, Robertson, J. G., Sheinis, Andrew, Tims, Julia, Young, Peter, and Zhelem, Ross
Published: 2014
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326. The MAGPI survey: orbital distributions, intrinsic shapes, and mass profiles for MAGPI-like eagle galaxies using Schwarzschild dynamical models.

Author: Santucci, Giulia, Lagos, Claudia Del P, Harborne, Katherine E, Derkenne, Caro, Poci, Adriano, Thater, Sabine, McDermid, Richard M, Mendel, J Trevor, Wisnioski, Emily, Croom, Scott M, Ferré-Mateu, Anna, Muller, Eric G M, van de Sande, Jesse, Sharma, Gauri, Sweet, Sarah M, Tsukui, Takafumi, Valenzuela, Lucas M, van de Ven, Glenn, and Zafar, Tayyaba
Subjects: *INTEGRAL field spectroscopy, *STELLAR dynamics, *DARK matter, *ORBITS (Astronomy), *MIDDLE Ages
Abstract: Schwarzschild dynamical models are now regularly employed in large surveys of galaxies in the local and distant Universe to derive information on galaxies' intrinsic properties such as their orbital structure and their (dark matter and stellar) mass distribution. Comparing the internal orbital structures and mass distributions of galaxies in the distant Universe with simulations is key to understanding what physical processes are responsible for shaping galaxy properties. However, it is first crucial to understand whether observationally derived properties are directly comparable with intrinsic ones in simulations. To assess this, we build Schwarzschild dynamical models for MUSE-like IFS (integral field spectroscopy) cubes (constructed to be like those obtained by the Middle Ages Galaxy Properties with Integral Field Spectroscopy, MAGPI survey) of 75 galaxies at |$z \sim$| 0.3 from the eagle simulations. We compare the true particle-derived properties with the galaxies' model-derived properties. In general, we find that the models can recover the true galaxy properties qualitatively well, with the exception of the enclosed dark matter, where we find a median offset of 48 per cent, which is due to the assumed Navarro–Frenk–White profile not being able to reproduce the dark matter distribution in the inner region of the galaxies. We then compare our model-derived properties with Schwarzschild models-derived properties of observed MAGPI galaxies and find good agreement between MAGPI and eagle : the majority of our galaxies (57 per cent) have non-oblate shapes within 1 effective radius. More triaxial galaxies show higher fractions of hot orbits in their inner regions and tend to be more radially anisotropic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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327. Probing Unexplored Territories with MUSE: a Second-Generation Instrument for the VLT

Author: Bacon, Roland, Bauer, Svend, Böhm, Petra, Boudon, Didier, Brau-Nogue, Sylvie, Caillier, Patrick, Capoani, Lionel, Carollo, C. Marcella, Champavert, Nicolas, Contini, Thierry, Daguise, Eric, Dalle, Didier, Delabre, Bernard, Devriendt, Julien, Dreizler, Stefan, Dubois, Jean-Pierre, Dupieux, Michel, Dupin, Jean-Pierre, Emsellem, Eric, Ferruit, Pierre, Franx, Marijn, Gallou, Gérard, Gerssen, Joris, Guiderdoni, Bruno, Hahn, Thomas, Hofmann, Denni, Jarno, Aurélien, Kelz, Andreas, Koehler, Christof, Kollatschny, Wolfram, Kosmalski, Johan, Laurent, Florence, Lilly, Simon J., Lizon, Jean-Louis, Loupias, Magali, Lynn, Stéphanie, Manescau, Antonio, Mcdermid, Richard M., Monstein, Christian, Nicklas, Harals, Perès, Laurent, Pasquini, Luca, Pécontal, Emmanuel, Pécontal-Rousset, Arlette, Pello, Roser, Petit, Chantal, Picat, Jean-Pierre, Popow, Emil, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Reiss, Roland, Renault, Edgar, Roth, Martin, Joop Schaye, Soucail, Geneviève, Steinmetz, Matthias, Ströbele, Stefan, Stuik, Remko, Weilbacher, Peter, Wozniak, Herve, and Zeeuw, P. Tim

328. Toward a conceptual design for MAVIS

Author: Francois Rigaut, David Brodrick, Guido Agapito, Valentina Viotto, Cedric Plantet, Bernardo Salasnich, Mcdermid, Richard M., Giovanni Cresci, Simon Ellis, Matteo Aliverti, Simone Antoniucci, Andrea Balestra, Andrea Baruffolo, Maria Bergomi, Marco Bonaglia, Giuseppe Bono, Lorenzo Busoni, Elena Carolo, Simonetta Chinellato, Gayandhi De Silva, Simone Esposito, Daniela Fantinel, Jacopo Farinato, Thierry Fusco, Dionne Haynes, Anthony Horton, Gaston Gausachs, James Gilbert, Damien Gratadour, Davide Greggio, Marco Gullieuszik, Pierre Haguenauer, Visa Korkiakoski, Demetrio Magrin, Laura Magrini, Luca Marafatto, Helen McGregor, Trevor Mendel, Stephanie Monty, Benoit Neichel, Fernando Pedichini, Enrico Pinna, Elisa Portaluri, Kalyan Radhakrishnan, Roberto Ragazzoni, David Robertson, Christian Schwab, Rob Sharp, Marco Stangalini, Stefan Stroebele, Elliott Thorn, Annino Vaccarella, Daniele Vassallo, Sudharshan Venkatesan, Lew Waller, Stacy Warner, Frederic Zamkotsian, and Hao Zhang

329. GANDALF: Gas AND Absorption Line Fitting

Author: Sarzi, Marc, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Davies, Roger L., Bacon, Roland, Bureau, Martin, Cappellari, Michele, Zeeuw, P. Tim, Emsellem, Eric, Fathi, Kambiz, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Mcdermid, Richard M., and Reynier Peletier

330. 4MOST: Project overview and information for the First Call for Proposals

Author: De Jong, Roelof S., Agertz, Oscar, Berbel, Alex Agudo, Aird, James, Alexander, David A., Amarsi, Anish, Anders, Friedrich, Andrae, Rene, Ansarinejad, Behzad, Ansorge, Wolfgang, Antilogus, Pierre, Anwand-Heerwart, Heiko, Arentsen, Anke, Arnadottir, Anna, Asplund, Martin, Auger, Matt, Azais, Nicolas, Baade, Dietrich, Baker, Gabriella, Baker, Sufyan, Balbinot, Eduardo, Baldry, Ivan K., Banerji, Manda, Barden, Samuel, Barklem, Paul, Barthélémy-Mazot, Eléonore, Battistini, Chiara, Bauer, Svend, Bell, Cameron P. M., Bellido-Tirado, Olga, Bellstedt, Sabine, Belokurov, Vasily, Bensby, Thomas, Bergemann, Maria, Bestenlehner, Joachim M., Bielby, Richard, Bilicki, Maciej, Blake, Chris, Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Boeche, Corrado, Boland, Wilfried, Boller, Thomas, Bongard, Sebastien, Bongiorno, Angela, Bonifacio, Piercarlo, Boudon, Didier, Brooks, David, Brown, Michael J. I., Brown, Rebecca, Brüggen, Marcus, Brynnel, Joar, Brzeski, Jurek, Buchert, Thomas, Buschkamp, Peter, Caffau, Elisabetta, Caillier, Patrick, Carrick, Jonathan, Casagrande, Luca, Case, Scott, Casey, Andrew, Cesarini, Isabella, Cescutti, Gabriele, Chapuis, Diane, Chiappini, Cristina, Childress, Michael, Christlieb, Norbert, Church, Ross, Cioni, Maria-Rosa L., Cluver, Michelle, Colless, Matthew, Collett, Thomas, Comparat, Johan, Cooper, Andrew, Couch, Warrick, Courbin, Frederic, Croom, Scott, Croton, Darren, Daguisé, Eric, Dalton, Gavin, Davies, Luke J. M., Davis, Tamara, De Laverny, Patrick, Deason, Alis, Dionies, Frank, Disseau, Karen, Doel, Peter, Döscher, Daniel, Driver, Simon P., Dwelly, Tom, Eckert, Dominique, Edge, Alastair, Edvardsson, Bengt, Youssoufi, Dalal El, Elhaddad, Ahmed, Enke, Harry, Erfanianfar, Ghazaleh, Farrell, Tony, Fechner, Thomas, Feiz, Carmen, Feltzing, Sofia, Ferreras, Ignacio, Feuerstein, Dietrich, Feuillet, Diane, Finoguenov, Alexis, Ford, Dominic, Fotopoulou, Sotiria, Fouesneau, Morgan, Frenk, Carlos, Frey, Steffen, Gaessler, Wolfgang, Geier, Stephan, Fusillo, Nicola Gentile, Gerhard, Ortwin, Giannantonio, Tommaso, Giannone, Domenico, Gibson, Brad, Gillingham, Peter, González-Fernández, Carlos, Gonzalez-Solares, Eduardo, Gottloeber, Stefan, Gould, Andrew, Grebel, Eva K., Gueguen, Alain, Guiglion, Guillaume, Haehnelt, Martin, Hahn, Thomas, Hansen, Camilla J., Hartman, Henrik, Hauptner, Katja, Hawkins, Keith, Haynes, Dionne, Haynes, Roger, Heiter, Ulrike, Helmi, Amina, Aguayo, Cesar Hernandez, Hewett, Paul, Hinton, Samuel, Hobbs, David, Hoenig, Sebastian, Hofman, David, Hook, Isobel, Hopgood, Joshua, Hopkins, Andrew, Hourihane, Anna, Howes, Louise, Howlett, Cullan, Huet, Tristan, Irwin, Mike, Iwert, Olaf, Jablonka, Pascale, Jahn, Thomas, Jahnke, Knud, Jarno, Aurélien, Jin, Shoko, Jofre, Paula, Johl, Diana, Jones, Damien, Jönsson, Henrik, Jordan, Carola, Karovicova, Iva, Khalatyan, Arman, Kelz, Andreas, Kennicutt, Robert, King, David, Kitaura, Francisco, Klar, Jochen, Klauser, Urs, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Koch, Andreas, Koposov, Sergey, Kordopatis, Georges, Korn, Andreas, Kosmalski, Johan, Kotak, Rubina, Kovalev, Mikhail, Kreckel, Kathryn, Kripak, Yevgen, Krumpe, Mirko, Kuijken, Koen, Kunder, Andrea, Kushniruk, Iryna, Lam, Man I, Lamer, Georg, Laurent, Florence, Lawrence, Jon, Lehmitz, Michael, Lemasle, Bertrand, Lewis, James, Li, Baojiu, Lidman, Chris, Lind, Karin, Liske, Jochen, Lizon, Jean-Louis, Loveday, Jon, Ludwig, Hans-Günter, McDermid, Richard M., Maguire, Kate, Mainieri, Vincenzo, Mali, Slavko, Mandel, Holger, Mandel, Kaisey, Mannering, Liz, Martell, Sarah, Delgado, David Martinez, Matijevic, Gal, McGregor, Helen, McMahon, Richard, McMillan, Paul, Mena, Olga, Merloni, Andrea, Meyer, Martin J., Michel, Christophe, Micheva, Genoveva, Migniau, Jean-Emmanuel, Minchev, Ivan, Monari, Giacomo, Muller, Rolf, Murphy, David, Muthukrishna, Daniel, Nandra, Kirpal, Navarro, Ramon, Ness, Melissa, Nichani, Vijay, Nichol, Robert, Nicklas, Harald, Niederhofer, Florian, Norberg, Peder, Obreschkow, Danail, Oliver, Seb, Owers, Matt, Pai, Naveen, Pankratow, Sergei, Parkinson, David, Paschke, Jens, Paterson, Robert, Pecontal, Arlette, Parry, Ian, Phillips, Dan, Pillepich, Annalisa, Pinard, Laurent, Pirard, Jeff, Piskunov, Nikolai, Plank, Volker, Plüschke, Dennis, Pons, Estelle, Popesso, Paola, Power, Chris, Pragt, Johan, Pramskiy, Alexander, Pryer, Dan, Quattri, Marco, Queiroz, Anna Barbara De Andrade, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Rahurkar, Swara, Raichoor, Anand, Ramstedt, Sofia, Rau, Arne, Recio-Blanco, Alejandra, Reiss, Roland, Renaud, Florent, Revaz, Yves, Rhode, Petra, Richard, Johan, Richter, Amon David, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robotham, Aaron S. G., Roelfsema, Ronald, Romaniello, Martino, Rosario, David, Rothmaier, Florian, Roukema, Boudewijn, Ruchti, Gregory, Rupprecht, Gero, Rybizki, Jan, Ryde, Nils, Saar, Andre, Sadler, Elaine, Sahlén, Martin, Salvato, Mara, Sassolas, Benoit, Saunders, Will, Saviauk, Allar, Sbordone, Luca, Schmidt, Thomas, Schnurr, Olivier, Scholz, Ralf-Dieter, Schwope, Axel, Seifert, Walter, Shanks, Tom, Sheinis, Andrew, Sivov, Tihomir, Skúladóttir, Ása, Smartt, Stephen, Smedley, Scott, Smith, Greg, Smith, Robert, Sorce, Jenny, Spitler, Lee, Starkenburg, Else, Steinmetz, Matthias, Stilz, Ingo, Storm, Jesper, Sullivan, Mark, Sutherland, William, Swann, Elizabeth, Tamone, Amélie, Taylor, Edward N., Teillon, Julien, Tempel, Elmo, Ter Horst, Rik, Thi, Wing-Fai, Tolstoy, Eline, Trager, Scott, Traven, Gregor, Tremblay, Pier-Emmanuel, Tresse, Laurence, Valentini, Marica, Van De Weygaert, Rien, Van Den Ancker, Mario, Veljanoski, Jovan, Venkatesan, Sudharshan, Wagner, Lukas, Wagner, Karl, Walcher, C. Jakob, Waller, Lew, Walton, Nicholas, Wang, Lingyu, Winkler, Roland, Wisotzki, Lutz, Worley, C. Clare, Worseck, Gabor, Xiang, Maosheng, Xu, Wenli, Yong, David, Zhao, Cheng, Zheng, Jessica, Zscheyge, Florian, and Zucker, Daniel
Subjects: 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences
Abstract: We introduce the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST), a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under development for the four-metre-class Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) at Paranal. Its key specifications are: a large field of view (FoV) of 4.2 square degrees and a high multiplex capability, with 1624 fibres feeding two low-resolution spectrographs (R = λ/Δλ ~ 6500), and 812 fibres transferring light to the high-resolution spectrograph (R ~ 20 000). After a description of the instrument and its expected performance, a short overview is given of its operational scheme and planned 4MOST Consortium science; these aspects are covered in more detail in other articles in this edition of The Messenger. Finally, the processes, schedules, and policies concerning the selection of ESO Community Surveys are presented, commencing with a singular opportunity to submit Letters of Intent for Public Surveys during the first five years of 4MOST operations., Published in The Messenger vol. 175, pp. 3-11, March 2019.

331. Late-type galaxies observed with SAURON: two-dimensional stellar and emission-line kinematics of 18 spirals

Author: Ganda, Katia, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Peletier, Reynier F., Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, McDermid, Richard M., Tim de Zeeuw, P., Carollo, C. Marcella, Ganda, Katia, Falcón-Barroso, Jesús, Peletier, Reynier F., Cappellari, Michele, Emsellem, Eric, McDermid, Richard M., Tim de Zeeuw, P., and Carollo, C. Marcella
Abstract: We present the stellar and gas kinematics of a sample of 18 nearby late-type spiral galaxies (Hubble types ranging from Sb to Sd), observed with the integral-field spectrograph SAURON at the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope. SAURON covers the spectral range 4800-5380 Å, allowing us to measure the Hβ, Fe, Mgb absorption features and the emission in the Hβ line and the [O iii]λλ4959, 5007 Å and [N i]λλ5198, 5200 Å doublets over a 33 × 41-arcsec2 field of view. The maps cover the nuclear region of these late-type galaxies and in all cases include the entire bulge. In many cases the stellar kinematics suggests the presence of a cold inner region, as visible from a central drop in the stellar velocity dispersion. The ionized gas is almost ubiquitous and behaves in a complicated fashion: the gas velocity fields often display more features than the stellar ones, including wiggles in the zero-velocity lines, irregular distributions, ring-like structures. The line ratio [O iii]/Hβ often takes on low values over most of the field, probably indicating a wide-spread star formation

332. Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

Author: Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, Zou, Hu, Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, and Zou, Hu
Abstract: We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July.
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333. Overview of the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey: mapping nearby galaxies at Apache Point Observatory

Author: Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, Zhang, Kai, Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, and Zhang, Kai
Abstract: We present an overview of a new integral field spectroscopic survey called MaNGA (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory), one of three core programs in the fourth-generation Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) that began on 2014 July 1. MaNGA will investigate the internal kinematic structure and composition of gas and stars in an unprecedented sample of 10,000 nearby galaxies. We summarize essential characteristics of the instrument and survey design in the context of MaNGA's key science goals and present prototype observations to demonstrate MaNGA's scientific potential. MaNGA employs dithered observations with 17 fiber-bundle integral field units that vary in diameter from 12'' (19 fibers) to 32'' (127 fibers). Two dual-channel spectrographs provide simultaneous wavelength coverage over 3600-10300 Å at R ~ 2000. With a typical integration time of 3 hr, MaNGA reaches a target r-band signal-to-noise ratio of 4-8 (Å–1 per 2'' fiber) at 23 AB mag arcsec–2, which is typical for the outskirts of MaNGA galaxies. Targets are selected with M * 109 M ☉ using SDSS-I redshifts and i-band luminosity to achieve uniform radial coverage in terms of the effective radius, an approximately flat distribution in stellar mass, and a sample spanning a wide range of environments. Analysis of our prototype observations demonstrates MaNGA's ability to probe gas ionization, shed light on recent star formation and quenching, enable dynamical modeling, decompose constituent components, and map the composition of stellar populations. MaNGA's spatially resolved spectra will enable an unprecedented study of the astrophysics of nearby galaxies in the coming 6 yr.
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334. Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

Author: Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, Zou, Hu, Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, and Zou, Hu
Abstract: We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July.
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335. The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library

Author: Aguado, D. S., Ahumada, Romina, Almeida, Andrés, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett H., Anguiano, Borja, Ortíz, Erik Aquino, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernández, Maria, Aubert, Marie, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Barboza Rembold, Sandro, Barger, Kat, Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bates, Dominic, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael L., Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bernardi, Mariangela, Bershady, Matthew, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blanton, Michael R., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, Bovy, Jo, Nielsen Brandt, William, Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam, Byler, Nell, Cano Diaz, Mariana, Cappellari, Michele, Carrera, Ricardo, Cervantes Sodi, Bernardo, Chen, Yanping, Cherinka, Brian, Doohyun Choi, Peter, Chung, Haeun, Coffey, Damien, Comerford, Julia M., Comparat, Johan, Covey, Kevin, da Silva Ilha, Gabriele, da Costa, Luiz, Sophia Dai, Yu, Damke, Guillermo, Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, de Sainte Agathe, Victoria, Deconto Machado, Alice, Del Moro, Agnese, De Lee, Nathan, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Domínguez Sánchez, Helena, Donor, John, Drory, Niv, du Mas des Bourboux, Hélion, Duckworth, Chris, Dwelly, Tom, Ebelke, Garrett, Emsellem, Eric, Escoffier, Stephanie, Fernández-Trincado, José G., Feuillet, Diane, Fischer, Johanna-Laina, Fleming, Scott W., Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, Rafael, García-Hernández, D. A., Alberto Garma Oehmichen, Luis, Antonio Geimba Maia, Marcio, Gil-Marín, Héctor, Grabowski, Kathleen, Gu, Meng, Guo, Hong, Ha, Jaewon, Harrington, Emily, Hasselquist, Sten, Hayes, Christian R., Hearty, Fred, Hernandez Toledo, Hector, Hicks, Harry, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Hsieh, Bau-Ching, Hunt, Jason A. S., Seong Hwang, Ho, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Eduardo Jimenez Angel, Camilo, Johnson, Jennifer, Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kollmeier, Juna, Krawczyk, Coleman, Kreckel, Kathryn, Kruk, Sandor, Lacerna, Ivan, Lan, Ting-Wen, Lane, Richard R., Law, David R., Lee, Young-Bae, Li, Cheng, Lian, Jianhui, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lintott, Chris, Long, Dan, Longa-Peña, Penélope, Ted Mackereth, J., de la Macorra, Axel, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Olena, Manchado, Arturo, Maraston, Claudia, Mariappan, Vivek, Marinelli, Mariarosa, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McDermid, Richard M., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Meneses-Goytia, Sofia, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael, Meszaros, Szabolcs, Minniti, Dante, Minsley, Rebecca, Muna, Demitri, Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Correa do Nascimento, Janaina, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nitschelm, Christian, Olmstead, Matthew D, Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Ortega Minakata, René A., Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palicio, Pedro A., Pan, Kaike, Pan, Hsi-An, Parikh, Taniya, Parker, James, Peirani, Sebastien, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Peterken, Thomas, Pinsonneault, Marc H., Prakash, Abhishek, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Roman-Lopes, Alexandre, Rose, Benjamin, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Rowlands, Kate, Rubin, Kate H. R., Sánchez, Sebastián F., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Sayres, Conor, Schaefer, Adam, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson S., Schlafly, Edward, Schlegel, David, Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shamsi, Shoaib J., Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetty, Shravan, Simonian, Gregory, Smethurst, Rebecca J., Sobeck, Jennifer, Souter, Barbara J., Spindler, Ashley, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan G., Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Talbot, Michael S., Tayar, Jamie, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Troup, Nicholas W., Unda-Sanzana, Eduardo, Valenzuela, Octavio, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Antonio Vázquez-Mata, José, Wake, David, Alan Weaver, Benjamin, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Westfall, Kyle B., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Woods, Emily, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Zamora, Olga, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zheng, Zheng, Zhu, Guangtun, Zinn, Joel C., Zou, Hu, Aguado, D. S., Ahumada, Romina, Almeida, Andrés, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett H., Anguiano, Borja, Ortíz, Erik Aquino, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernández, Maria, Aubert, Marie, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Barboza Rembold, Sandro, Barger, Kat, Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bates, Dominic, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael L., Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bernardi, Mariangela, Bershady, Matthew, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blanton, Michael R., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, Bovy, Jo, Nielsen Brandt, William, Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam, Byler, Nell, Cano Diaz, Mariana, Cappellari, Michele, Carrera, Ricardo, Cervantes Sodi, Bernardo, Chen, Yanping, Cherinka, Brian, Doohyun Choi, Peter, Chung, Haeun, Coffey, Damien, Comerford, Julia M., Comparat, Johan, Covey, Kevin, da Silva Ilha, Gabriele, da Costa, Luiz, Sophia Dai, Yu, Damke, Guillermo, Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, de Sainte Agathe, Victoria, Deconto Machado, Alice, Del Moro, Agnese, De Lee, Nathan, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Domínguez Sánchez, Helena, Donor, John, Drory, Niv, du Mas des Bourboux, Hélion, Duckworth, Chris, Dwelly, Tom, Ebelke, Garrett, Emsellem, Eric, Escoffier, Stephanie, Fernández-Trincado, José G., Feuillet, Diane, Fischer, Johanna-Laina, Fleming, Scott W., Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, Rafael, García-Hernández, D. A., Alberto Garma Oehmichen, Luis, Antonio Geimba Maia, Marcio, Gil-Marín, Héctor, Grabowski, Kathleen, Gu, Meng, Guo, Hong, Ha, Jaewon, Harrington, Emily, Hasselquist, Sten, Hayes, Christian R., Hearty, Fred, Hernandez Toledo, Hector, Hicks, Harry, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Hsieh, Bau-Ching, Hunt, Jason A. S., Seong Hwang, Ho, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Eduardo Jimenez Angel, Camilo, Johnson, Jennifer, Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kollmeier, Juna, Krawczyk, Coleman, Kreckel, Kathryn, Kruk, Sandor, Lacerna, Ivan, Lan, Ting-Wen, Lane, Richard R., Law, David R., Lee, Young-Bae, Li, Cheng, Lian, Jianhui, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lintott, Chris, Long, Dan, Longa-Peña, Penélope, Ted Mackereth, J., de la Macorra, Axel, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Olena, Manchado, Arturo, Maraston, Claudia, Mariappan, Vivek, Marinelli, Mariarosa, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McDermid, Richard M., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Meneses-Goytia, Sofia, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael, Meszaros, Szabolcs, Minniti, Dante, Minsley, Rebecca, Muna, Demitri, Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Correa do Nascimento, Janaina, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nitschelm, Christian, Olmstead, Matthew D, Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Ortega Minakata, René A., Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palicio, Pedro A., Pan, Kaike, Pan, Hsi-An, Parikh, Taniya, Parker, James, Peirani, Sebastien, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Peterken, Thomas, Pinsonneault, Marc H., Prakash, Abhishek, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Roman-Lopes, Alexandre, Rose, Benjamin, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Rowlands, Kate, Rubin, Kate H. R., Sánchez, Sebastián F., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Sayres, Conor, Schaefer, Adam, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson S., Schlafly, Edward, Schlegel, David, Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shamsi, Shoaib J., Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetty, Shravan, Simonian, Gregory, Smethurst, Rebecca J., Sobeck, Jennifer, Souter, Barbara J., Spindler, Ashley, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan G., Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Talbot, Michael S., Tayar, Jamie, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Troup, Nicholas W., Unda-Sanzana, Eduardo, Valenzuela, Octavio, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Antonio Vázquez-Mata, José, Wake, David, Alan Weaver, Benjamin, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Westfall, Kyle B., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Woods, Emily, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Zamora, Olga, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zheng, Zheng, Zhu, Guangtun, Zinn, Joel C., and Zou, Hu
Abstract: Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data.

336. The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library

Author: Aguado, D. S., Ahumada, Romina, Almeida, Andrés, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett H., Anguiano, Borja, Ortíz, Erik Aquino, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernández, Maria, Aubert, Marie, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Barboza Rembold, Sandro, Barger, Kat, Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bates, Dominic, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael L., Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bernardi, Mariangela, Bershady, Matthew, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blanton, Michael R., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, Bovy, Jo, Nielsen Brandt, William, Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam, Byler, Nell, Cano Diaz, Mariana, Cappellari, Michele, Carrera, Ricardo, Cervantes Sodi, Bernardo, Chen, Yanping, Cherinka, Brian, Doohyun Choi, Peter, Chung, Haeun, Coffey, Damien, Comerford, Julia M., Comparat, Johan, Covey, Kevin, da Silva Ilha, Gabriele, da Costa, Luiz, Sophia Dai, Yu, Damke, Guillermo, Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, de Sainte Agathe, Victoria, Deconto Machado, Alice, Del Moro, Agnese, De Lee, Nathan, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Domínguez Sánchez, Helena, Donor, John, Drory, Niv, du Mas des Bourboux, Hélion, Duckworth, Chris, Dwelly, Tom, Ebelke, Garrett, Emsellem, Eric, Escoffier, Stephanie, Fernández-Trincado, José G., Feuillet, Diane, Fischer, Johanna-Laina, Fleming, Scott W., Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, Rafael, García-Hernández, D. A., Alberto Garma Oehmichen, Luis, Antonio Geimba Maia, Marcio, Gil-Marín, Héctor, Grabowski, Kathleen, Gu, Meng, Guo, Hong, Ha, Jaewon, Harrington, Emily, Hasselquist, Sten, Hayes, Christian R., Hearty, Fred, Hernandez Toledo, Hector, Hicks, Harry, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Hsieh, Bau-Ching, Hunt, Jason A. S., Seong Hwang, Ho, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Eduardo Jimenez Angel, Camilo, Johnson, Jennifer, Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kollmeier, Juna, Krawczyk, Coleman, Kreckel, Kathryn, Kruk, Sandor, Lacerna, Ivan, Lan, Ting-Wen, Lane, Richard R., Law, David R., Lee, Young-Bae, Li, Cheng, Lian, Jianhui, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lintott, Chris, Long, Dan, Longa-Peña, Penélope, Ted Mackereth, J., de la Macorra, Axel, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Olena, Manchado, Arturo, Maraston, Claudia, Mariappan, Vivek, Marinelli, Mariarosa, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McDermid, Richard M., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Meneses-Goytia, Sofia, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael, Meszaros, Szabolcs, Minniti, Dante, Minsley, Rebecca, Muna, Demitri, Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Correa do Nascimento, Janaina, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nitschelm, Christian, Olmstead, Matthew D, Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Ortega Minakata, René A., Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palicio, Pedro A., Pan, Kaike, Pan, Hsi-An, Parikh, Taniya, Parker, James, Peirani, Sebastien, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Peterken, Thomas, Pinsonneault, Marc H., Prakash, Abhishek, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Roman-Lopes, Alexandre, Rose, Benjamin, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Rowlands, Kate, Rubin, Kate H. R., Sánchez, Sebastián F., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Sayres, Conor, Schaefer, Adam, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson S., Schlafly, Edward, Schlegel, David, Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shamsi, Shoaib J., Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetty, Shravan, Simonian, Gregory, Smethurst, Rebecca J., Sobeck, Jennifer, Souter, Barbara J., Spindler, Ashley, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan G., Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Talbot, Michael S., Tayar, Jamie, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Troup, Nicholas W., Unda-Sanzana, Eduardo, Valenzuela, Octavio, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Antonio Vázquez-Mata, José, Wake, David, Alan Weaver, Benjamin, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Westfall, Kyle B., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Woods, Emily, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Zamora, Olga, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zheng, Zheng, Zhu, Guangtun, Zinn, Joel C., Zou, Hu, Aguado, D. S., Ahumada, Romina, Almeida, Andrés, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett H., Anguiano, Borja, Ortíz, Erik Aquino, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernández, Maria, Aubert, Marie, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Barboza Rembold, Sandro, Barger, Kat, Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bates, Dominic, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael L., Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bernardi, Mariangela, Bershady, Matthew, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blanton, Michael R., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, Bovy, Jo, Nielsen Brandt, William, Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam, Byler, Nell, Cano Diaz, Mariana, Cappellari, Michele, Carrera, Ricardo, Cervantes Sodi, Bernardo, Chen, Yanping, Cherinka, Brian, Doohyun Choi, Peter, Chung, Haeun, Coffey, Damien, Comerford, Julia M., Comparat, Johan, Covey, Kevin, da Silva Ilha, Gabriele, da Costa, Luiz, Sophia Dai, Yu, Damke, Guillermo, Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, de Sainte Agathe, Victoria, Deconto Machado, Alice, Del Moro, Agnese, De Lee, Nathan, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Domínguez Sánchez, Helena, Donor, John, Drory, Niv, du Mas des Bourboux, Hélion, Duckworth, Chris, Dwelly, Tom, Ebelke, Garrett, Emsellem, Eric, Escoffier, Stephanie, Fernández-Trincado, José G., Feuillet, Diane, Fischer, Johanna-Laina, Fleming, Scott W., Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, Rafael, García-Hernández, D. A., Alberto Garma Oehmichen, Luis, Antonio Geimba Maia, Marcio, Gil-Marín, Héctor, Grabowski, Kathleen, Gu, Meng, Guo, Hong, Ha, Jaewon, Harrington, Emily, Hasselquist, Sten, Hayes, Christian R., Hearty, Fred, Hernandez Toledo, Hector, Hicks, Harry, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Hsieh, Bau-Ching, Hunt, Jason A. S., Seong Hwang, Ho, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Eduardo Jimenez Angel, Camilo, Johnson, Jennifer, Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kollmeier, Juna, Krawczyk, Coleman, Kreckel, Kathryn, Kruk, Sandor, Lacerna, Ivan, Lan, Ting-Wen, Lane, Richard R., Law, David R., Lee, Young-Bae, Li, Cheng, Lian, Jianhui, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lintott, Chris, Long, Dan, Longa-Peña, Penélope, Ted Mackereth, J., de la Macorra, Axel, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Olena, Manchado, Arturo, Maraston, Claudia, Mariappan, Vivek, Marinelli, Mariarosa, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McDermid, Richard M., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Meneses-Goytia, Sofia, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael, Meszaros, Szabolcs, Minniti, Dante, Minsley, Rebecca, Muna, Demitri, Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Correa do Nascimento, Janaina, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nitschelm, Christian, Olmstead, Matthew D, Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Ortega Minakata, René A., Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palicio, Pedro A., Pan, Kaike, Pan, Hsi-An, Parikh, Taniya, Parker, James, Peirani, Sebastien, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Peterken, Thomas, Pinsonneault, Marc H., Prakash, Abhishek, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Roman-Lopes, Alexandre, Rose, Benjamin, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Rowlands, Kate, Rubin, Kate H. R., Sánchez, Sebastián F., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Sayres, Conor, Schaefer, Adam, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson S., Schlafly, Edward, Schlegel, David, Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shamsi, Shoaib J., Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetty, Shravan, Simonian, Gregory, Smethurst, Rebecca J., Sobeck, Jennifer, Souter, Barbara J., Spindler, Ashley, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan G., Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Talbot, Michael S., Tayar, Jamie, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Troup, Nicholas W., Unda-Sanzana, Eduardo, Valenzuela, Octavio, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Antonio Vázquez-Mata, José, Wake, David, Alan Weaver, Benjamin, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Westfall, Kyle B., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Woods, Emily, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Zamora, Olga, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zheng, Zheng, Zhu, Guangtun, Zinn, Joel C., and Zou, Hu
Abstract: Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data.

337. Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

Author: Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, Zou, Hu, Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, and Zou, Hu
Abstract: We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July.
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338. Overview of the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey: mapping nearby galaxies at Apache Point Observatory

Author: Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, Zhang, Kai, Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, and Zhang, Kai
Abstract: We present an overview of a new integral field spectroscopic survey called MaNGA (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory), one of three core programs in the fourth-generation Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) that began on 2014 July 1. MaNGA will investigate the internal kinematic structure and composition of gas and stars in an unprecedented sample of 10,000 nearby galaxies. We summarize essential characteristics of the instrument and survey design in the context of MaNGA's key science goals and present prototype observations to demonstrate MaNGA's scientific potential. MaNGA employs dithered observations with 17 fiber-bundle integral field units that vary in diameter from 12'' (19 fibers) to 32'' (127 fibers). Two dual-channel spectrographs provide simultaneous wavelength coverage over 3600-10300 Å at R ~ 2000. With a typical integration time of 3 hr, MaNGA reaches a target r-band signal-to-noise ratio of 4-8 (Å–1 per 2'' fiber) at 23 AB mag arcsec–2, which is typical for the outskirts of MaNGA galaxies. Targets are selected with M * 109 M ☉ using SDSS-I redshifts and i-band luminosity to achieve uniform radial coverage in terms of the effective radius, an approximately flat distribution in stellar mass, and a sample spanning a wide range of environments. Analysis of our prototype observations demonstrates MaNGA's ability to probe gas ionization, shed light on recent star formation and quenching, enable dynamical modeling, decompose constituent components, and map the composition of stellar populations. MaNGA's spatially resolved spectra will enable an unprecedented study of the astrophysics of nearby galaxies in the coming 6 yr.
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339. Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

Author: Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, Zou, Hu, Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, and Zou, Hu
Abstract: We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July.
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340. Overview of the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey: mapping nearby galaxies at Apache Point Observatory

Author: Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, Zhang, Kai, Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, and Zhang, Kai
Abstract: We present an overview of a new integral field spectroscopic survey called MaNGA (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory), one of three core programs in the fourth-generation Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) that began on 2014 July 1. MaNGA will investigate the internal kinematic structure and composition of gas and stars in an unprecedented sample of 10,000 nearby galaxies. We summarize essential characteristics of the instrument and survey design in the context of MaNGA's key science goals and present prototype observations to demonstrate MaNGA's scientific potential. MaNGA employs dithered observations with 17 fiber-bundle integral field units that vary in diameter from 12'' (19 fibers) to 32'' (127 fibers). Two dual-channel spectrographs provide simultaneous wavelength coverage over 3600-10300 Å at R ~ 2000. With a typical integration time of 3 hr, MaNGA reaches a target r-band signal-to-noise ratio of 4-8 (Å–1 per 2'' fiber) at 23 AB mag arcsec–2, which is typical for the outskirts of MaNGA galaxies. Targets are selected with M * 109 M ☉ using SDSS-I redshifts and i-band luminosity to achieve uniform radial coverage in terms of the effective radius, an approximately flat distribution in stellar mass, and a sample spanning a wide range of environments. Analysis of our prototype observations demonstrates MaNGA's ability to probe gas ionization, shed light on recent star formation and quenching, enable dynamical modeling, decompose constituent components, and map the composition of stellar populations. MaNGA's spatially resolved spectra will enable an unprecedented study of the astrophysics of nearby galaxies in the coming 6 yr.
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341. Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

Author: Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, Zou, Hu, Blanton, Michael R., Bershady, Matthew A., Abolfathi, Bela, Albareti, Franco D., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Andres, Alonso-García, Javier, Anders, Friedrich, Anderson, Scott F., Andrews, Brett, Aquino-Ortíz, Erik, Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Argudo-Fernandez, Maria, Armengaud, Eric, Aubourg, Eric, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Bailey, Stephen, Barger, Kathleen A., Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge, Bartosz, Curtis, Bates, Dominic, Baumgarten, Falk, Bautista, Julian, Beaton, Rachael, Beers, Timothy C., Belfiore, Francesco, Bender, Chad F., Berlind, Andreas A., Bernardi, Mariangela, Beutler, Florian, Bird, Jonathan C., Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Blomqvist, Michael, Bolton, Adam S., Boquien, Médéric, Borissova, Jura, van den Bosch, Remco, Bovy, Jo, Brandt, William N., Brinkmann, Jonathan, Brownstein, Joel R., Bundy, Kevin, Burgasser, Adam J., Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolás G., Cappellari, Michele, Carigi, Maria Leticia Delgado, Carlberg, Joleen K., Rosell, Aurelio Carnero, Carrera, Ricardo, Chanover, Nancy J., Cherinka, Brian, Cheung, Edmond, Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo, Chiappini, Cristina, Choi, Peter Doohyun, Chojnowski, Drew, Chuang, Chia-Hsun, Chung, Haeun, Cirolini, Rafael Fernando, Clerc, Nicolas, Cohen, Roger E., Comparat, Johan, Costa, Luiz da, Cousinou, Marie-Claude, Covey, Kevin, Crane, Jeffrey D., Croft, Rupert A.C., Cruz-Gonzalez, Irene, Cuadra, Daniel Garrido, Cunha, Katia, Damke, Guillermo J., Darling, Jeremy, Davies, Roger, Dawson, Kyle, Macorra, Axel de la, Dell’Agli, Flavia, De Lee, Nathan, Delubac, Timothée, Di Mille, Francesco, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Cano-Díaz, Mariana, Donor, John, Downes, Juan José, Drory, Niv, Bourboux, Hélion du Mas des, Duckworth, Christopher J., Dwelly, Tom, Dyer, Jamie, Ebelke, Garrett, Eigenbrot, Arthur D., Eisenstein, Daniel J., Emsellem, Eric, Eracleous, Mike, Escoffier, Stephanie, Evans, Michael L., Fan, Xiaohui, Fernández-Alvar, Emma, Fernandez-Trincado, J.G., Feuillet, Diane K., Finoguenov, Alexis, Fleming, Scott W., Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fredrickson, Alexander, Freischlad, Gordon, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fuentes, Carla E., Galbany, Lluís, Garcia-Dias, R., García-Hernández, D.A., Gaulme, Patrick, Geisler, Doug, Gelfand, Joseph D., Gil-Marín, Héctor, Gillespie, Bruce A., Goddard, Daniel, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Grabowski, Kathleen, Green, Paul J., Grier, Catherine J., Gunn, James E., Guo, Hong, Guy, Julien, Hagen, Alex, Hahn, ChangHoon, Hall, Matthew, Harding, Paul, Hasselquist, Sten, Hawley, Suzanne L., Hearty, Fred, Hernández, Jonay I. Gonzalez, Ho, Shirley, Hogg, David W., Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly, Holtzman, Jon A., Holzer, Parker H., Huehnerhoff, Joseph, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Hwang, Ho Seong, Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J., Ilha, Gabriele da Silva, Ivans, Inese I., Ivory, KeShawn, Jackson, Kelly, Jensen, Trey W., Johnson, Jennifer A., Jones, Amy, Jönsson, Henrik, Jullo, Eric, Kamble, Vikrant, Kinemuchi, Karen, Kirkby, David, Kitaura, Francisco-Shu, Klaene, Mark, Knapp, Gillian R., Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kollmeier, Juna A., Lacerna, Ivan, Lane, Richard R., Lang, Dustin, Law, David R., Lazarz, Daniel, Lee, Youngbae, Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Liang, Fu-Heng, Li, Cheng, Li, Hongyu, Lian, Jianhui, Lima, Marcos, Lin, Lihwai, Lin, Yen-Ting, Lis, Sara Bertran de, Liu, Chao, Lizaola, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza, Long, Dan, Lucatello, Sara, Lundgren, Britt, MacDonald, Nicholas K., Machado, Alice Deconto, MacLeod, Chelsea L., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba, Maiolino, Roberto, Majewski, Steven R., Malanushenko, Elena, Malanushenko, Viktor, Manchado, Arturo, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, Marques-Chaves, Rui, Masseron, Thomas, Masters, Karen L., McBride, Cameron K., McDermid, Richard M., McGrath, Brianne, McGreer, Ian D., Medina Peña, Nicolás, Melendez, Matthew, Merloni, Andrea, Merrifield, Michael R., Meszaros, Szabolcs, Meza, Andres, Minchev, Ivan, Minniti, Dante, Miyaji, Takamitsu, More, Surhud, Mulchaey, John, Müller-Sánchez, Francisco, Muna, Demitri, Munoz, Ricardo R., Myers, Adam D., Nair, Preethi, Nandra, Kirpal, Nascimento, Janaina Correa do, Negrete, Alenka, Ness, Melissa, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nidever, David L., Nitschelm, Christian, Ntelis, Pierros, O’Connell, Julia E., Oelkers, Ryan J., Oravetz, Audrey, Oravetz, Daniel, Pace, Zach, Padilla, Nelson, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palicio, Pedro Alonso, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Parikh, Taniya, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patten, Alim Y., Peirani, Sebastien, Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos, Penny, Samantha, Percival, Will J., Perez-Fournon, Ismael, Petitjean, Patrick, Pieri, Matthew M., Pinsonneault, Marc, Pisani, Alice, Poleski, Radosław, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade, Raddick, M. Jordan, Raichoor, Anand, Rembold, Sandro Barboza, Richstein, Hannah, Riffel, Rogemar A., Riffel, Rogério, Rix, Hans-Walter, Robin, Annie C., Rockosi, Constance M., Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio, Roman-Lopes, A., Román-Zúñiga, Carlos, Rosado, Margarita, Ross, Ashley J., Rossi, Graziano, Ruan, John, Ruggeri, Rossana, Rykoff, Eli S., Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador, Salvato, Mara, Sánchez, Ariel G., Aguado, D.S., Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Santana, Felipe A., Santiago, Basílio Xavier, Sayres, Conor, Schiavon, Ricardo P., Schimoia, Jaderson da Silva, Schlafly, Edward F., Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Donald P., Schultheis, Mathias, Schuster, William J., Schwope, Axel, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shao, Zhengyi, Shen, Shiyin, Shetrone, Matthew, Shull, Michael, Simon, Joshua D., Skinner, Danielle, Skrutskie, M.F., Slosar, Anže, Smith, Verne V., Sobeck, Jennifer S., Sobreira, Flavia, Somers, Garrett, Souto, Diogo, Stark, David V., Stassun, Keivan, Stauffer, Fritz, Steinmetz, Matthias, Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, Streblyanska, Alina, Stringfellow, Guy S., Suárez, Genaro, Sun, Jing, Suzuki, Nao, Szigeti, Laszlo, Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr, Tang, Baitian, Tao, Charling, Tayar, Jamie, Tembe, Mita, Teske, Johanna, Thakar, Aniruddha R., Thomas, Daniel, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., Tissera, Patricia, Tojeiro, Rita, Toledo, Hector Hernandez, Torre, Sylvain de la, Tremonti, Christy, Troup, Nicholas W., Valenzuela, Octavio, Valpuesta, Inma Martinez, Vargas-González, Jaime, Vargas-Magaña, Mariana, Vazquez, Jose Alberto, Villanova, Sandro, Vivek, M., Vogt, Nicole, Wake, David, Walterbos, Rene, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin Alan, Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Weinberg, David H., Westfall, Kyle B., Whelan, David G., Wild, Vivienne, Wilson, John, Wood-Vasey, W.lM., Wylezalek, Dominika, Xiao, Ting, Yan, Renbin, Yang, Meng, Ybarra, Jason E., Yèche, Christophe, Zakamska, Nadia, Zamora, Olga, Zarrouk, Pauline, Zasowski, Gail, Zhang, Kai, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Zheng, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhi-Min, Zhu, Guangtun B., Zoccali, Manuela, and Zou, Hu
Abstract: We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July.
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342. Overview of the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey: mapping nearby galaxies at Apache Point Observatory

Author: Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, Zhang, Kai, Bundy, Kevin, Bershady, Matthew A., Law, David R., Yan, Renbin, Drory, Niv, MacDonald, Nicholas, Wake, David A., Cherinka, Brian, Sánchez-Gallego, José R., Weijmans, Anne-Marie, Thomas, Daniel, Tremonti, Christy, Masters, Karen, Coccato, Lodovico, Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M., Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso, Avila-Reese, Vladimir, Badenes, Carles, Falcón-Barroso, Jésus, Belfiore, Francesco, Bizyaev, Dmitry, Blanc, Guillermo A., Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, Blanton, Michael R., Brownstein, Joel R., Byler, Nell, Cappellari, Michele, Conroy, Charlie, Dutton, Aaron A., Emsellem, Eric, Etherington, James, Frinchaboy, Peter M., Fu, Hai, Gunn, James E., Harding, Paul, Johnston, Evelyn J., Kauffmann, Guinevere, Kinemuchi, Karen, Klaene, Mark A., Knapen, Johan H., Leauthaud, Alexie, Li, Cheng, Lin, Lihwai, Maiolino, Roberto, Malanushenko, Viktor, Malanushenko, Elena, Mao, Shude, Maraston, Claudia, McDermid, Richard M., Merrifield, Michael R., Nichol, Robert C., Oravetz, Daniel, Pan, Kaike, Parejko, John K., Sanchez, Sebastian F., Schlegel, David, Simmons, Audrey, Steele, Oliver, Steinmetz, Matthias, Thanjavur, Karun, Thompson, Benjamin A., Tinker, Jeremy L., van den Bosch, Remco C. E., Westfall, Kyle B., Wilkinson, David, Wright, Shelley, Xiao, Ting, and Zhang, Kai
Abstract: We present an overview of a new integral field spectroscopic survey called MaNGA (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory), one of three core programs in the fourth-generation Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) that began on 2014 July 1. MaNGA will investigate the internal kinematic structure and composition of gas and stars in an unprecedented sample of 10,000 nearby galaxies. We summarize essential characteristics of the instrument and survey design in the context of MaNGA's key science goals and present prototype observations to demonstrate MaNGA's scientific potential. MaNGA employs dithered observations with 17 fiber-bundle integral field units that vary in diameter from 12'' (19 fibers) to 32'' (127 fibers). Two dual-channel spectrographs provide simultaneous wavelength coverage over 3600-10300 Å at R ~ 2000. With a typical integration time of 3 hr, MaNGA reaches a target r-band signal-to-noise ratio of 4-8 (Å–1 per 2'' fiber) at 23 AB mag arcsec–2, which is typical for the outskirts of MaNGA galaxies. Targets are selected with M * 109 M ☉ using SDSS-I redshifts and i-band luminosity to achieve uniform radial coverage in terms of the effective radius, an approximately flat distribution in stellar mass, and a sample spanning a wide range of environments. Analysis of our prototype observations demonstrates MaNGA's ability to probe gas ionization, shed light on recent star formation and quenching, enable dynamical modeling, decompose constituent components, and map the composition of stellar populations. MaNGA's spatially resolved spectra will enable an unprecedented study of the astrophysics of nearby galaxies in the coming 6 yr.
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343. The ATLAS3D project - XI. Dense molecular gas properties of CO-luminous early-type galaxies★.

Author: Crocker, Alison, Krips, Melanie, Bureau, Martin, Young, Lisa M., Davis, Timothy A., Bayet, Estelle, Alatalo, Katherine, Blitz, Leo, Bois, Maxime, Bournaud, Frédéric, Cappellari, Michele, Davies, Roger L., de Zeeuw, P. T., Duc, Pierre-Alain, Emsellem, Eric, Khochfar, Sadegh, Krajnović, Davor, Kuntschner, Harald, Lablanche, Pierre-Yves, and McDermid, Richard M.
Subjects: *MOLECULAR clouds, *STELLAR luminosity function, *TEMPERATURE effect, *GALAXIES, *TELESCOPES, *SURFACE brightness (Astronomy), *RADIO astronomy, *STELLAR mass
Abstract: ABSTRACT Surveying 18 12CO-bright galaxies from the ATLAS3D early-type galaxy sample with the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m telescope, we detect 13CO(1-0) and 13CO(2-1) in all 18 galaxies, HCN(1-0) in 12/18 and HCO+(1-0) in 10/18. We find that the line ratios 12CO(1-0)/13CO(1-0) and 12CO(1-0)/HCN(1-0) are clearly correlated with several galaxy properties: total stellar mass, luminosity-weighted mean stellar age, molecular-to-atomic gas ratio, dust temperature and dust morphology. We suggest that these correlations are primarily governed by the optical depth in the 12CO lines; interacting, accreting and/or starbursting early-type galaxies have more optically thin molecular gas while those with settled dust and gas discs host optically thick molecular gas. The ranges of the integrated line intensity ratios generally overlap with those of spirals, although we note some outliers in the 12CO(1-0)/13CO(1-0), 12CO(2-1)/13CO(2-1) and HCN/HCO+(1-0) ratios. In particular, three galaxies are found to have very low 12CO(1-0)/13CO(1-0) and 12CO(2-1)/13CO(2-1) ratios. Such low ratios may signal particularly stable molecular gas which creates stars less efficiently than 'normal' (i.e. below Schmidt-Kennicutt prediction), consistent with the low dust temperatures seen in these galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
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