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We explored CS1 students' perceived instrumentality (PI) for the course and aspirations for a career related to CS. Perceived instrumentality refers to the connection one sees between a current activity and a future goal. There are two types of PI: endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous instrumentality refers to the perception that mastering new information or skills is important for achieving distal goals. Exogenous instrumentality refers to the perception that obtaining an external reward (such as a grade) is essential for obtaining future goals. We investigated (1) how students' PI and career aspirations changed over the course of a semester, (2) how these changes differed as a function of course enrollment and major (CS or not), (3) the relationship between PI and career aspirations, and (4) whether PI and career aspirations predicted academic achievement. Overall and for most subgroups, exogenous instrumentality increased significantly and endogenous instrumentality decreased significantly across the semester, though the degree of change varied among some subgroups. Career aspirations decreased overall and for most subgroups, but CS majors showed a much smaller decrease than non-majors, and students in a CS/business honors course showed an overall increase in career aspirations. Finally, students' achievement outcomes were predicted by their PI and career aspirations. These findings contribute to the literature on motivation in CS1 courses and points to PI as a promising avenue for influencing student motivation. Implications for student motivation and retention in CS and other STEM courses are also discussed.

ISOTT was founded by Drs. Duane F. Bruley and Haim I. Bicher in the state of South Carolina, USA in 1973. The symposium was jointly held at Clemson University (Clemson, SC, USA) and the Medical College of South Carolina (Charleston, SC, USA), which are geographically located 260 miles apart. This venue resulted from Dr. Bruley's (Clemson University) wish to have a meeting on Oxygen Transport to Tissue and with it to honor the research collaboration between the two universities and Dr. Melvin H. Knisely's accomplishments on studies regarding "blood sludging" in the microcirculation. Because of the unexpected large response to the symposium, Drs. Bruley and Bicher decided to found an international society at this meeting (ISOTT). The purpose of this paper is to summarize the formalization of ISOTT and to honor important contributors to the society who have since passed away. The authors did their best to include a brief overview of our past icons who have excelled in leadership as well as science/engineering, and apologize if someone has been mistakenly left out or if data is inaccurate or incomplete.

It is imperative to maintain normal blood flow to provide adequate oxygen supply to specific organs and cells, as well as for the removal of metabolic byproducts. Therefore, any situation that results in blood clotting can injure or kill living tissues. In this paper, we describe a case where a protein C deficient subject who would, by all medical indicators, be at 100 % risk of experiencing thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, and or lung emboli, is able to escape all pathologies by using perioperative zymogen protein C (ZPC). This protein C deficient patient has a long history of blood clotting, particularly from surgical procedures. The patient is 81 years old and first experienced clotting due to hernia surgery in 1964, when he was hospitalized for 16 days post-surgery with life threatening complications. It was later determined in 1980, after many episodes, that the patient had hereditary protein C deficiency at the 38 % level. In his hernia surgery, perioperative ZPC was used along with accepted anticoagulation procedures with no blood clots or other related side effects occurring. This procedure can greatly benefit protein C deficient patients, and could potentially find use for non-PC deficient patients in surgeries and a variety of other medical treatments. This particular case helps to validate the importance of ZPC in effecting safer surgery in high-risk patients. It also supports the mechanism of ZPC acting as an anticoagulant without causing bleeding. Most importantly, each clinical case study represents a unique combination of surgeon, hematologist, medical staff, and patient functioning as a coordinated team. In this case, smaller amounts of very expensive ZPC achieved safe and efficacious results, which is hugely important for future clinical applications when considering the production cost of ZPC. More studies must be done to establish minimum dosing while achieving safe and efficacious outcomes.

Chunking has emerged as a basic property of human cognition. Computationally, chunking has been proposed as a process for compressing information also has been identified in neural processes in the brain and used in models of these processes. Our purpose in this paper is to expand understanding of how chunking impacts both learning and performance using the Computational-Unified Learning Model (C-ULM) a multi-agent computational model. Chunks in C-ULM long-term memory result from the updating of concept connection weights via statistical learning. Concept connection weight values move toward the accurate weight value needed for a task and a confusion interval reflecting certainty in the weight value is shortened each time a concept is attended in working memory and each time a task is solved, and the confusion interval is lengthened when a chunk is not retrieved over a number of cycles and each time a task solution attempt fails. The dynamic tension between these updating mechanisms allows chunks to come to represent the history of relative frequency of co-occurrence for the concept connections present in the environment; thereby encoding the statistical regularities in the environment in the long-term memory chunk network. In this paper, the computational formulation of chunking in the C-ULM is described, followed by results of simulation studies examining impacts of chunking versus no chunking on agent learning and agent effectiveness. Then, conclusions and implications of the work both for understanding human learning and for applications within cognitive informatics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive computing are discussed.

Introductory computer science courses are being increasingly taught using technology-mediated instruction and e-learning environments. The software and technology in such courses could benefit from the use of student models to inform and guide customized support tailored to the needs of individual students. In this paper, we investigate how student motivated engagement profiles developed in educational research can be used as such models to predict student behaviors. These models are advantageous over those learned directly from observing individual students, as they rely on different data that can be available a priori before students use the technology. Using tracked behaviors of 249 students from 7 CS1 courses over the span of 3 semesters, we discover that students with different engagement profiles indeed behave differently in an online, wiki-based CSCL system while performing collaborative creative thinking exercises, and the differences between students are primarily as expected based on the differences in the profiles. Thus, such profiles could be useful as student models for providing customized support in e-learning environments in CS1 courses.

The goal of this study was to investigate how students' entering motivation for the course in a suite of CS1 introductory computer science courses was associated with their subsequent course achievement and retention. Courses were tailored for specific student populations (CS majors, engineering majors, business-CS combined honors program). Students' goal orientations (learning, performance, task), perceived instrumentality (endogenous, exogenous), career connectedness, self-efficacy, and mindsets (growth or fixed) were assessed at the start of the course. Grades were significantly predicted from entering motivation; but prediction was highly variable across courses, ranging from not predicted for the engineering courses to highly predictable for the business-CS honors program. Course withdrawal was significantly predicted. Likelihood of withdrawing was decreased by future time career connectedness and learning approach goal orientation and increased by having an incremental theory of intelligence. Findings suggest that CS1 students who set learning approach goals for their classes have better academic outcomes and higher retention. Other motivational beliefs were inconsistent in their impacts and varied by course and student population. Except for students in an honors program, entering motivational beliefs weakly predicted achievement and retention, suggesting that impacts of the course itself on motivation and how motivation changes during the course are perhaps more important than student's initial motivation.

This chapter explores the integration of life course and developmental approaches to the understanding of cognitive growth, maintenance, and decline over the life span. We employ the idea of event-centered growth models as an essential contribution that at once brings more contextual factors into developmental models of cognitive function (CF) and shows how the life course approach can contribute to an understanding of a phenomenon that is otherwise viewed as a developmental (or aging) process. After introducing the concepts, theories, and methods necessary for understanding the main focus of our attention—namely within-person change in CF—we apply this framework to four major areas where our approach can potentially lead to new insights and understandings: (1) early child cognitive development and the transition to school; (2) the transition to adulthood and midlife, in which CF in adolescence leads to major influences on educational achievement, occupational success and CF in adulthood; (3) the potential for changes in CF during midlife; and (4) transitions in later life (e.g. health events and labor force transitions),and how theoretically CF has a role to play as both consequence and cause of these transitions. The approach we propose can be applied to the study of a wide array of developmental phenomena where life course events and transitions play a role.

It is imperative to maintain normal blood flow to provide adequate oxygen supply to specific organs and cells, as well as for the removal of metabolic byproducts. Therefore, any situation that results in blood clotting can injure or kill living tissues. In this paper, we describe a case where a protein C deficient subject who would, by all medical indicators, be at 100 % risk of experiencing thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, and or lung emboli, is able to escape all pathologies by using perioperative zymogen protein C (ZPC). This protein C deficient patient has a long history of blood clotting, particularly from surgical procedures. The patient is 81 years old and first experienced clotting due to hernia surgery in 1964, when he was hospitalized for 16 days post-surgery with life threatening complications. It was later determined in 1980, after many episodes, that the patient had hereditary protein C deficiency at the 38 % level. In his hernia surgery, perioperative ZPC was used along with accepted anticoagulation procedures with no blood clots or other related side effects occurring. This procedure can greatly benefit protein C deficient patients, and could potentially find use for non-PC deficient patients in surgeries and a variety of other medical treatments. This particular case helps to validate the importance of ZPC in effecting safer surgery in high-risk patients. It also supports the mechanism of ZPC acting as an anticoagulant without causing bleeding. Most importantly, each clinical case study represents a unique combination of surgeon, hematologist, medical staff, and patient functioning as a coordinated team. In this case, smaller amounts of very expensive ZPC achieved safe and efficacious results, which is hugely important for future clinical applications when considering the production cost of ZPC. More studies must be done to establish minimum dosing while achieving safe and efficacious outcomes.

ISOTT was founded by Drs. Duane F. Bruley and Haim I. Bicher in the state of South Carolina, USA in 1973. The symposium was jointly held at Clemson University (Clemson, SC, USA) and the Medical College of South Carolina (Charleston, SC, USA), which are geographically located 260 miles apart. This venue resulted from Dr. Bruley’s (Clemson University) wish to have a meeting on Oxygen Transport to Tissue and with it to honor the research collaboration between the two universities and Dr. Melvin H. Knisely’s accomplishments on studies regarding “blood sludging” in the microcirculation. Because of the unexpected large response to the symposium, Drs. Bruley and Bicher decided to found an international society at this meeting (ISOTT). The purpose of this paper is to summarize the formalization of ISOTT and to honor important contributors to the society who have since passed away. The authors did their best to include a brief overview of our past icons who have excelled in leadership as well as science/engineering, and apologize if someone has been mistakenly left out or if data is inaccurate or incomplete.

With the passage of the Affordable Care Act and the development of a National Workforce Commission, multiple entities have increased their interest in collecting standardized health care workforce data at the state and national levels. In a tight budget environment, developing data sets which collect the minimum needed information that is necessary for workforce planning and supply/demand projections has become critically needed. This article represents the second of a two part series describing the work that the Forum of State Nursing Workforce Centers has undertaken during the last 3 years toward standardizing nursing workforce data. Part I described the initial steps that informed the development of national nursing workforce minimum data sets. Part II describes the consensus model used to develop the minimum data sets as well as an update on the implementation of the minimum data sets in individual states including challenges and barriers encountered.

THIS supplemental issue of The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences is based on papers presented at a conference on “Cognition, Health, and Aging: Integrating Perspectives across Disciplines” held at Pennsylvania State University, October 30–31, 2009. This conference focused on discussing new research findings and methodological approaches regarding the interplay of the dynamics of biological factors in cognitive and related outcomes and associated physiological changes that are linked to cognitive aging, including sensory and disease-related changes. We attracted an outstanding group of researchers doing work in these areas, across several disciplines—biology, epidemiology, demography, developmental psychology, gerontology, neuropsychology, and sociology—to consider how best to measure these processes and model relevant data in ways that sort out aggregate population trends and individual-level age-related changes in health and cognitive functioning.

We employed aspects of both attachment theory and social learning theory to develop an understanding of sex differences in young adults’ attachment to God, their concepts of God, and other aspects of their religiosity. We found that attachment to God is more likely to be associated with attachment to the same-sex parent than to the opposite-sex parent. We found that this is also true for concepts of God as loving, controlling, and distant in female, but not male participants in our study. For both males and females, mother’s level of religious involvement when they were growing up was associated with participants’ later attendance at religious services, but for males, attachment to father was an additional influence. In neither males nor females was attachment to either parent or their parent’s past religious involvement a significant predictor of strength of religious faith.

Computer games have long been used for teaching. Current reviews lack categorization and analysis using learning models which would help instructors assess the usefulness of computer games. We divide the use of games into two classes: game playing and game development. We discuss the Input-Process-Outcome (IPO) model for the learning process when playing computer games. We also propose a new Input-Process-Outcome model for explaining the learning through game development (IPO-GD). Using both learning models, we review recent uses of computer games. Based on our review, we recommend: 1) using the IPO model when selecting games; 2) using the IPO-GD model for game development; and 3) creating support repositories for related curriculum material.

A nonrandom sampIe of 2972 Kuwaitis answered a questionnaire about smoking behaviour and beliefs. More than one-third (35%) were nonsmokers, 45% smoked only the waterpipe, 12% only cigarettes and 8% both waterpipe and cigarettes. Compared with cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers were more likely to be female and to be unskilled manual workers than professionals or students. Waterpipe smokers started the habit at an older age on average than cigarette smokers. Most waterpipe smokers smoked only 1 bowl per day, and smoked mostly at coffee houses. Factor analysis of beliefs about waterpipe smoking resulted in 4 groups of beliefs which explained 50% of the variance. The results are discussed in terms of public health policy and possible risk reduction strategies.

This paper presents a descriptive analysis of data gathered by personal interviews from a multistage random sample of 1640 residents aged 18&ndash, 34 years in Wuhan, China. First, alcohol drinkers and abstainers were compared based on demographic, attitude, and belief variables. Next, the drinkers from the sample were classified into four groups based on frequency-quantity of alcohol use, and the frequency-quantity groups were compared on the same variables. For Abstainers versus Drinkers, we found no difference by age or gender in this sample. Married people and people with children were more likely to be abstainers. University-educated, currently-employed individuals in mid-level jobs were more likely to abstain from alcohol. Vocational/Technical graduates, people who were currently attending college, currently unemployed and never-employed individuals were more likely to be drinkers. Abstainers also responded with less-positive attitudes and beliefs about drinking and attached more importance to reasons for not drinking compared to drinkers. When the drinking frequency-quantity groups were compared, gender differences became significant: more high-quantity drinkers were women, however the guideline for quantity for women was &gt, 1 drink at a time compared to &gt, 2 drinks at a time for men. Quantity and frequency of drinking was significantly associated with having children, educational level, employment status, and type of occupation. Age, marital status, and being in college did not relate significantly with quantity and frequency of drinking alcohol. Attitudes and beliefs about drinking tended to be more positive among high-frequency and high-quantity drinkers. Drinkers in all frequency-quantity groups attached greater importance to social reasons for drinking compared to personal/psychological reasons for drinking. Drinkers in the lowest frequency-quantity group attached the most importance to reasons for not drinking. These findings confirmed that in China drinking plays an important role in socializing and celebrating, and that there are important differences between alcohol drinkers and abstainers and between frequency/quantity groups of drinkers. Western models of individualized motivation of behaviors may not accurately explain alcohol use in China. We believe the findings from this study suggest the need for more detailed studies of alcohol drinking and abstaining.

This paper reports results from evaluation of the Cosmic Ray Observatory Project (CROP), a student, teacher, scientist partnership to engage high-school students and teachers in school based cosmic ray research. Specifically, this study examined whether an intensive summer workshop experience could effectively prepare teacher—student teams to engage in cutting edge high-energy physics research. Results showed that teachers and students could acquire enough knowledge about cosmic ray physics and self-efficacy for conducting cosmic ray research during a summer workshop to be full participants in an SSP conducting research in their schools, and a capstone anchoring approach using an authentic research activity was effective for motivating student engagement in didactic classroom learning. CROP demonstrated “proof of concept” that setting up cosmic ray detector arrays in schools run by teachers and students was feasible, but found that set-up and operation in a high-school was technically difficult.

Objective We hypothesized that the drinking behavior of adolescents in China is influenced by expectancies and self-efficacy and that adolescents' cultural orientation towards western versus traditional Chinese values influences expectancies, self-efficacy and drinking behavior, with western values leading to more dysfunctional patterns of beliefs and drinking, and that these beliefs are influenced by students' gender and school environment. Methods A total of 1020 high school students from Beijing completed the Chinese Adolescent Alcohol Expectancy, the Chinese Cultural Orientation and the Chinese Self-regulation Self-efficacy questionnaires. Results Results generally confirmed our hypotheses. Higher negative expectancies and higher self-efficacy reduced the likelihood of drinking significantly. Higher positive expectancies increased the likelihood of regular drinking but not occasional drinking. Having western cultural orientation increased the likelihood of drinking. Higher levels of western cultural orientation also increased positive expectancies, lowered negative expectancies and lowered self-efficacy. Having more western (less traditional) views towards traditional Chinese values decreased positive and negative expectancies. Gender influenced beliefs, with males having higher positive and lower negative expectancies, lower self-efficacy and more traditional cultural orientation. Students in key and general schools had less traditional cultural orientation and key school students had higher self-efficacy. Conclusions Results indicate that cultural orientation influences adolescent drinking and this influence is mediated partially through cultural orientation influences on adolescent drinking expectancies and self-efficacy. Having more western and less traditional Chinese cultural orientation leads to more drinking, lower self-efficacy for regulating drinking and more risk-promoting alcohol expectancies. Language: en

Perioperative management of patients with heterozygous protein C deficiency is challenging because of the competing risks of bleeding and recurrent thrombosis.We report the case of a 74-year-old man with protein C deficiency and heterozygous prothrombin G20210A gene mutation who had a successful left THA with perioperative administration of human zymogen protein C concentrate in addition to anticoagulation with enoxaparin.Several studies have reported the use of protein C concentrate in severe sepsis-associated purpura fulminans in patients with severe congenital protein C deficiency who have had thrombotic events. We reviewed studies and case reports pertinent to the treatment of patients with protein C deficiency, especially in the perioperative setting. We report the case of a patient undergoing THA in whom we used human zymogen protein C concentrate.THA, a particularly high-risk procedure, is associated with a 40% to 70% incidence of venographic deep venous thrombosis and a 2% to 3% incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis. These risks are greater in people with thrombophilic defects such as protein C deficiency. The use of human zymogen protein C in our patient with heterozygous protein C deficiency during the perioperative period of a THA was associated with no evidence of excessive bleeding, hematoma, deep venous thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism.

This research investigates change in gender beliefs in Japan during a period of economic hard times in the late 1990s. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme on the Japanese population from 1994 (n = 1,054) and 2002 (n = 872), we examined how cohort replacement and intracohort change contributed to changes in gender beliefs. We found important differences from the patterns of change reported for many Western countries, namely, a decoupling between societal trends in the female labor force participation rate and beliefs about gender. Such differences may be attributable to factors such as the high societal valuation of the housewife role compared to that in other postindustrial countries and sanctions against full-time employment for women in Japan.

Sex differences in sequelae associated with levels of childhood physical mistreatment and verbal mistreatment were examined in a non-clinical sample of 272 university students. We predicted and found that both forms of mistreatment are related to attachment difficulties as well as various adverse psychological symptoms. We hypothesized, based on attachment theory, that the strength of a child’s attachment to one parent would moderate adverse emotional sequelae of mistreatment by the other parent. This prediction was only partially supported. Strength of the mother-daughter attachment moderated several of the adverse psychological symptoms in response to mistreatment by fathers, but mother-son attachment did not so moderate. Strength of the father-son attachment also did not moderate the symptoms associated with mistreatment perpetrated by mothers, nor did the father-daughter attachment. These results suggest that, among other relevant factors, sex differences should also be taken into account in treatment and prevention efforts.

We report on a recently funded project called Renaissance Computing, an initiative for promoting student participation in computing. We propose a radical re-thinking not only of our core curriculum in CS, but of the role of CS at the university level. In our conception, ''computational thinking'' is neither easily separated from other endeavors nor easily balkanized into a single department. We thus imagine a CS curriculum that is inextricably linked to other domains. Our proposed initiative covers introductory, depth, and capstone courses, targeting both CS majors and minors. It is also aimed to develop interdisciplinary CS courses in sciences, engineering, arts, and humanities. Furthermore, the framework embraces collaborative learning to help improve learning.

The lack of a reliable method for measuring phytase activity (PA) in soil impedes efforts to elucidate the influence of these phosphomonoesterases on phytate degradation and subsequently the P cycling process in soils and sediments. The objective of our research is to develop a convenient method for measuring PA in soil using the novel chromophoric substrate analog of phytate, 5- O -[6-(benzoylamino)hexyl]- d - myo -inositol-1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate i.e., T(tethered)InsP 5 . This artificial substrate permits direct measurement of the phytase-catalyzed dephosphorylation reaction (hydrolysis of phosphate groups) using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. TInsP 5 can serve as an external standard for quantification of phosphorylated probe intermediate species on a molar basis, as UV detection relies on the same benzamido chromophore ( λ max 226 nm), which is unaffected by the number of phosphate groups present on the inositol moiety. Under soil slurry assay conditions we observed dephosphorylation of TInsP 5 with subsequent production of phosphorylated probe intermediates and 5- O -[6-(benzoylamino)hexyl]-D- myo -inositol, i.e., TIns. PA was determined by quantifying production of dephosphorylated probe species for a given incubation time period. Results of this investigation support our position that TInsP 5 will function as a useful probe for measuring PA in soil.

The authors summarize the growing body of empirical research literature in the area of psychology of religion that has been guided by attachment theory and indicate implications for counseling, including practical suggestions for case conceptualization, possible spiritual interventions, and ethical guidelines for practice. Attachment theory provides a fertile framework whereby counselors may conceptualize the religious experiences of Christian clients whose spirituality involves the belief in and relationship with a personal God.

Aim:To measure pathologist workload in subspecialty dermatopathology.Methods:Three subspecialty dermatopathologists, working in a university-affiliated laboratory, participated in a time–motion study during which they reported 2891 consecutive skin cases received from community-based dermatologists. All pathology reports were retrospectively reviewed and workload measured using the Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) guidelines and the level 4 equivalent (L4E) method.Results:The majority of dermatopathology cases were scored as low (32%) or intermediate (52%) complexity using the RCPath matrix. Only 16% of cases were considered high or very high complexity. The mean RCPath score per case was 2.68 units. Using L4E complexity levels, 83% of specimens were level 3, 15% were level 4, and only 2% were higher complexity (levels 5 and 6). Mean values for specimens/case, blocks/case, and slides/case were 1.31, 1.52, and 2.92, respectively. Time–motion analysis demonstrated a mean workload per hour of 16.3 cases, 21.3 specimens, 45.1 slides, 43.0 RCPath units, and 12.2 L4E. All three dermatopathologists reported >35 RCPath units per hour.Conclusions:The RCPath histopathology workload guidelines underestimate the workload achievable by an experienced dermatopathologist, and thus are not directly applicable to subspecialty dermatopathology practice. Hourly work rates 3–4 times that recommended by the RCPath workload matrix are routinely achievable, but extrapolation to yearly workload estimates requires detailed knowledge of practice pattern and time required for non-clinical duties such as teaching, research and administration.

This study of 397 undergraduate students examined relations between self-reported control, goal orientation, future time perspective, affect, and strategic self-regulation. Five patterns were found in three canonical dimensions. The high end of bipolar Dimension 1 linked high self-regulated strategy use and study effort to high self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and effort causal attribution; high mastery and performance approach and low work avoidance goal orientations; and positive affect. The low end of Dimension 1 linked low strategy use and effort to low self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and effort causal attribution; high work avoidance goal orientation; and low affect. The high end of bipolar Dimension 2 linked knowledge-building strategies, but not active self-regulation or study effort, to high self-efficacy, outcome expectancy for learning but not grades, and affect causal attribution; high mastery goal orientation; and positive affect. The low end of Dimension 2 linked surface learning, consisting of active self-regulation and study effort but not personal knowledge building, to high effort causal attribution but low self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. Unipolar Dimension 3 linked learned helplessness to high outcome expectancy and external causal attribution but low self-efficacy; high work avoidance goal orientation; and high negative affect and anxiety.

Human's ability to consider the future, willingness to make sacrifices in the present to obtain something better in the future has been a significant part of our success as a species (Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs 123, 133–167.). Although the importance of thinking about the future is apparent to many educators it has only begun to gain prominence within educational research (Kauffman, D. & Husman, J. (2004). Effects of time perspective on student motivation: Introduction to a special issue. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 1–7.). So that educational researchers may continue to consider some of the many dimensions of “future thinking” more fully, this article discusses Future Time Perspective Theory and presents some evidence for the validity of four constructs within FTPT. Over the course of three studies four subscales consistently emerged: Extension, Speed, Connectedness, and Value.