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The article studies the relationship between geography, trade, social and territorial integration, as well as the European political influence in order to help understand the development of health protection at the borders of the Greek State. Contrary to an overly unambiguous perspective, it suggests that more attention should be paid to the combination of a multitude of factors influencing the preventive measures applied during the twelve years’ period since the foundation of the kingdom. These strategies include both quarantines (on the borders and inside the country’s territory) and hygienic measures (inside the territory). The article thus provides an overview of the main characteristics of Greek public hygiene while trying to analyse the link between the quarantines at the borders and the country’s aspiration to unite, geographically, sanitarily and politically with the European interstate system and thus establish its sovereignty.

This text aims to give an overview of the scientific work of Almir Bašović, literary theorist, playwright and professor at the Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship of the UNSA Faculty of Philosophy and at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo. The work is methodologically based on the thesis about Bašović’s “search for the human picture”, which is recognized as a continuum in both the literary theory and the dramatic opus of this author. Consequently, the paper offers an overview of articles, essays, reviews, and books by Almir Bašović - arranged not chronologically, but according to the appropriate set thesis, which is proven through this text to give a new look at the author’s scientific and literary works.

This paper contributes to the literature that explores the effects of European integration, providing new evidence about its impact on population distribution in the EU28 regions (NUTS 3 level) during the period 2000-2018. The main objectives are to explore the effects of the recent three EU enlargements on the growth in population share within the border regions and to compare the behaviour between core and peripheral regions. We use an empirical difference-in-difference approach. The findings show that border regions experienced positive effects on growth in population share since EU integration, but it did not completely reverse their relative population decline. At the same time, the process of European integration seems to have aggravated the demographic decline of EU peripheral regions compared to the EU core regions. Moreover, for the regions that are both border and peripheral, the EU integration effect has been stronger than in border only regions.

Culturology is a young science, however, it claims to be integrative in the system of humanitarian knowledge. One of the reasons for this is the development of our own conceptual framework, creation of its own thesaurus. The central concept of science is the concept of «culture». Today, there are several hundreds of culture definitions, which is a consequence of the variety of research methods. The term «culture» is widely used both as a word of everyday speech, and as a scientific concept. The article analyzes the practice of using the word «culture» in everyday speech, in journalism, which makes it possible to understand how the term is perceived by the public consciousness, which in turn acts as an empirical basis for a theoretical understanding of the essence of culture. For the extra-scientific practice of using the word «culture», two fundamental meanings are characteristic. Firstly, culture is understood as a certain individual integrity (national culture, art culture, religious culture, etc.); secondly, the word culture expresses the level of development of something (a culture of behavior, a culture of thinking, etc.). Moreover, the first meaning, as a rule, is limited to the field of art. The purpose of the article is to characterize the phenomenon of culture as a border separating natural being and social being. Culture is the essence of human, not natural being, it is the noumenon of society, which is a system of phenomena, each of which is a specific side of its own human being. In light of this, to consider culture only the level of positive values seems incorrect, since negative values also apply to society. Culture as a border separating the two spheres of being is the interior and exterior sides, but these are sides of a single whole, which allows us to see the unity of the natural and social in culture, and this allows us to abandon the opposition «nature — culture».

Social welfare has been a part of the impact of population growth centers in overcoming poverty levels in Indonesia. Community perception is needed as an effort to revive that social welfare is an inseparable part of daily life and is very important in the effort of the government's role in overcoming the disparities that occur given the unstable economic growth in each year. This research was conducted with the aim to analyze people's perceptions of social welfare that occurs in the Batam city community. The method used is survey research in each district in Batam City with descriptive methods that are perceptual sharing of ten categories of assessment, data collected through the distribution of interview questionnaires, observations and supported by secondary data. The focus of this research is on community perceptions of social welfare in Batam City with descriptive qualitative data analysis used to approach that used an average score of interpretation of 0.6 with a scale of 1-4. The results of the analysis show that the indicator of the perception of the people of Batam on social welfare does not have a big impact by the people who only agree to perceive that; (P7) Government programs on social welfare that are right on target felt by the community and (P8) Empowerment of local wisdom / MSMEs that are right on target felt by the community.

Agricultural productivity in the border region of Bengkayang Regency is low, on one side the area of agricultural land is quite extensive (89.23%) coupled with a population density of only 44 people/km2. The research objective was to determine the leading agricultural commodities in the border region of Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province to support the development of a national food barn. This study uses secondary data covering data on crops harvest area, horticulture crop production, plantation production, and livestock populations in 2011-2015 obtained from the Bengkayang Regency Central Statistics Agency (BPS), West Kalimantan. The data is analyzed by analysis of Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share Analysis (SSA). The results of the study showed that oil palm was the plantation’s leading commodities in the border region of Jagoi Babang Subdistrict and pepper in Siding SubDistrict. Cows, pigs, and ducks are the leading commodities of livestock in the border region of Jagoi Babang Subdistrict and ducks in Siding Subdistrict.

Social relationships and cohabitation in urban areas. A psycho-anthropological reading of some keywords ----- Abstract --- The work that I propose comes from my research on urban regeneration within the 'neighborhood contracts' and from my passion for storytelling. This reflection, therefore, aims to be an occasion to give a boost to interdisciplinary dialogue and, in particular, to dialogue with anthropology and design on the analysis of the concept of urban space and on the possible interpersonal and social relationships that may arise in these spaces. On the merits, I will deal with the meaning of some keywords, from a psycho-anthropological point of view, because I believe that the specification of a lexicon facilitates dialogue and better supports the communication needs between disciplinary groups different ones.

The US–Mexican border towns are often defined as both multicultural and relatively young transnational cities, which have grown apart despite their common historical past. The border policy, which actually started during Eisenhower’s administration, seems to favor further differences. Border towns as well as the identity (construction) of their inhabitants – whether they are in passing or not – now seem to change more drastically. The present article analyzes how documentary film-maker Phillip Rodriguez translates urban imagery and ethnographic shifts to the screen, in particular in Mixed Feelings: San Diego/Tijuana (2002) and Los Angeles Now (2003). Close attention will be paid to multimodal strategies and other discursive practices, as well as to the dominant use of English language and the somehow biased focus on the social actors involved in the border zone. We argue that, in his portrayal of border towns, Rodriguez invites his audience to consider border towns from a mainly northern perspective, aiming to represent multilayered and connected worlds, while visualizing dual and divided spaces. We thus seek to answer the question to which extent this discourse on border towns enriches the larger socio-cultural polysystem in terms of transmission of knowledge and affects related to living experiences in urban borderlands.

The scientific novelty of the study consists of the unique, organic, integrative, synchronous and diachronic approach of this topic in the Romanian academic space after 1990. The author uses a diverse scientific methodology –inductive, deductive, cartographic, historical, statistical-mathematical, and analytical – from the intersection of political geography, geopolitics, geoeconomics, geostrategy, geo-culture and history. From the beginning of the book, he reveals an interdisciplinary vision, presenting his perspective through the complicated kaleidoscope of the main schools of geopolitics (American, German, French, British). Following in parallel, chronologically and thematically, the relations between post-totalitarian Romania and the USA, Germany and Russia, the author builds his conceptual, scientific and methodological edifice on a series of pillars, present in all five chapters: frontier, history, geopolitics, geostrategy, geoeconomics, geoculture. Benefiting from an impressive bibliography, the author offers an original and surprising view of the Romanian, American, German, and Russian geopolitical realities, managing to detach himself from prejudices, taboos, stereotypes, and leaving the sphere of official, formal and dull language, so often used in the Romanian space by politicians, journalists, and by some pseudo-specialists in geopolitics, security, etc.

This article explores borders, border crossings and the geography of separation in two recent Hungarian films. In The Maiden Danced to Death (2011) and The Notebook (2013), two films produced within a few years of one another and just before the recent re-erection of a border between Hungary and its neighbors, escape provides the vehicle for the brothers’ separation. Of particular interest is the frequent portrayal of brothers separated during communism, often with one brother staying and one leaving. In these films, regimes and ideology tear brothers apart; whether viewed on screen or only alluded to, the crossing of a border becomes a physical symbol of this separation and loss. The fraternal pairs’ personal lives interact with history, especially the repressive state as manifested in Hungary’s border. Geocriticism, border and trauma studies perspectives will help understand the anguish of this separation. In these films, political realities fray the bonds between brothers and lead to their separation through the border, or to its trace, as identities are subjected to traumatic reconfigurations.

The present article proposes to make a discussion about some points raised from the analysis of the “Sou Fronteira” song. Among the points discussed, are: border, space / place, territory, multi-territoriality, territoriality, interculturality, conflicts, territorialization, deterritorialization and identity. Representations about the rubber tree, the borders between Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, intercultural practices, internal and external con-flicts, among other issues, are woven into the song’s lyrics. The text seeks to dialogue with the argument that things, as a sign, are in the field of language, as a way of interpreting the world, where no being in the world belongs to a certain category, it is people who create and fit them on them. One of the observations points to the idea that there is no deterritorialized subject, but precariously territorialized and multiterritorialized.

The abject failure of British Prime Minister Theresa May to get the United Kingdom’s (UK) Withdrawal Agreement from the European Union (EU) through Parliament on 15 January 2019, with MPs overwhelmingly rejecting it by 432 votes to 202, has been put down to a variety of reasons. Primary among them has been the question of the post-Brexit status of the land border between the Republic of Ireland and the UK’s province of Northern Ireland. Although an issue which was initially seen as of minor importance, the significance of the Irish border steadily grew over time until it became the main stumbling block in UKEU Brexit negotiations brought about by the decision of the British people to leave the EU in a referendum held on 23 June 2016. Indeed, the key term of the ensuing debate, namely ‘the Irish backstop’, produced such confusion among politicians, political pundits and the general public that the House of Commons, split between so-called Brexiteers and Remainers, decided to reject May’s deal out of hand. This article seeks to argue that, from June 2016 (the time of the referendum) up to January 2019 (the time of the first vote on May’s Brexit deal in Parliament), the issue of the Irish backstop was seriously underestimated before suddenly taking centre stage and ultimately sabotaging the Withdrawal Agreement from within.

Objective/Context: The following article explores State formation in the frontier towns of Caquetá in the second half of the 19th century. It is argued that, rather than being an abandoned or isolated space, a particular form of government developed in this region that allowed it to engage with the Colombian state. This was vital both for the maintenance of international borders and for the very development of the extractive economies. Originality: The process of state formation in the Amazon is explored through the study of delegative forms of power –characterized by non-state actors exercising state functions— developed throughout the 19th century, which stands in contrast to interpretations centred on the rubber economy as the main factor in the process of incorporating Amazonian frontiers. Methodology: The research is based on the study of primary sources, relying on civil archives and the correspondence of the Capuchin mission. Conclusions: In rainforest and frontier spaces, the State operated under delegative forms of power, which led to unconventional actors appropriating its message of control and domination. This allowed Colombia to maintain its territorial claims, despite its precarious investment and institutional presence.

This paper explores the extent to which socio-political narratives about the U.S. and Mexico are circulated via Mexican headlines between the years 2000-2015, and questions if calculated jargon is orchestrated and distributed to serve national socio-political interests. It examines whether discursive formations represented by newspaper headlines function as a type of conformist, antipathetic, reproachful, and/or reclamative narrative producer that generates sentiment in the same manner that the Latino Threat Narrative, theorized by Leo Chavez, produces self-serving iterations of Latino (specifically Mexican) personification in the U.S. It then discusses the importance that geography has had in developing a political narrative within Mexico and proceeds to discuss how threat narratives are constructed with such historiography in mind. Finally, it analyzes headline jargon in the Mexican periodicals El Norte, Reforma, and Mural between 2000-2015. It is the intent of this paper to outline what function headline jargon serves in Mexican narrative arenas, and to examine whether the way they challenge the U.S. reconstitutes a Mexican identity, or establishes completely different priorities and socio-political agendas. Specific deliberation of Mexican print media geared towards a Mexican audience is absent from discussions on how the LTN and its counter-narrative effort operate.

National neighbourhood have a significant influence on the life of people living along the state borders. They shape human interactions across borders and border residents’ attitude towards neighbours. Many concepts like ‘neighbourhood’, ‘proximity’, ‘trust’, ‘(un)familiarity’, and ‘otherness’ are usually used to explain this processes in border studies. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the comparing of perceptions, life strategies and everyday life of borderland population depends on neighbouring policy, border regime and neighbourship. Here we focus on different Russian borders with Ukraine (the new contested border in Crimea), Kazakhstan (the EAEU`s internal border), and China (old international and contact border) using different sources of information, including expert interviews as well as field observations and focus groups conducted with locals. We find that people differentiate between the neighbors they know and the neighbouring state they do not trust. Significant differences between neighbouring territories, unfamiliarity, and otherness are not allowed to get in the way of contact, because it is this contact that allows local residents to make a living. In conclusion, our results suggest that while the objective differences between the various sections of Russian borders serve to diversify the neighbourhood situations, their subjective perceptions and social representations serve to unite them.

Based on fieldwork conducted in an Amerindian village in Guyana, located close to Venezuela, this article investigates how the border exists for local residents. Everyone is aware that the border, thick and porous, creates a differential between the two countries that motivates circulations and transactions, especially the migration of refugees from Venezuela, the smuggling of fuel, or the trade of food and other commodities. Such activities trigger rivalry and competition between the different actors involved. The local population is characterized by multiple forms of differentiation, and people who migrate between Venezuela and Guyana also move between two identity regimes: being Amerindian or not, being Venezuelan or Guyanese, do not hold the same meaning in all contexts. Finally, this article attempts to nuance a common argument : that people living in borderlands resist the imposition of borders by states. Those who reside in Guyana, including migrants, also want the border to act as a barrier, protecting them from the violence that currently affects Venezuela.

In 1946 Segal left Sanok, the city of his childhood, forever. However, he never broke emotional and spiritual ties with the “small town” on the San, as he calls it. That is why, most of his works are devoted to the “landscape of trust” in Podkarpacie. In his poems and prose, he often used the motifs deriving from the Jewish tradition. One of them is a mystical river Sambation. He shapes his own polemical standpoint on the meanings constructed around it. First of all, he rejects the eschatological and historiosophical symbolism of the legendary river. In his prose, it is an artificial border that differentiates people according to their nationality, wealth, social status, customs, religious and political beliefs.

This article understands the US-Mexican border not only as a border between nations, but as a border between denominations. Chicano literary texts show how (mostly) Mexican Catholicism and (mostly) US-Protestantism are both transcended into a third, unique religiousness that does not completely reject neither old nor new, but constructs an identity of one’s own – a transborder and transdenominational identity. Various denominational and religious references on different narrative levels serve the authors as literary means to transform the line that separates into a fruitful, identity-founding space. This article aims to add a new perspective to border discourse by approaching it through the literary analysis of religious, and mostly denominational, references. It amplifies the discourse of border and religion by tracing denominational elements in two literary cycles – José Antonio Villarreal’s unfinished tetralogy and Rudolfo A. Anaya’s New Mexico Trilogy – and by mapping their narrative functions. These denominational references are used to transcend religiousness and play a vital role in the literary development of a transborder identity.

The perspective on the Mexican-US Border is modified when looked at as frontera norte or as Southern Border. Along this enormous division line, the crossing of persons or merchandise between two distinct geopolitical entities becomes possible or is restricted. It is an emblematic zone to conceive the phenomenon of crossing. Contemporary literature, cinema and arts reflect a focus on displacements, a tendency that can be understood as a movement towards a transborder approach. Which phenomena of crossing between Mexico and the US exist, and how are they constructed and described in texts and images from and about the Northern/Southern Border? Transborder appears as an inherent category in the best-known concepts of the Border at the end of the 20th century (Anzaldúa, Canclini, Mignolo, amongst others). This article sounds out how crossings manifest in contemporary expression of Border writers, artists and theorists (such as Laura Varela, Norma Cantú, Mayra Martell, Perla de la Rosa, Puro Borde, Azzul Monraz y Aldo Guerra, Guillermo Gómez Peña). This way, the outline of a Phenomenology of Crossings is revealed, which is characterized by the double presence of crossing and not crossing, of difference and similarity, of vulnerable experiences and their transformation. The understanding of «two sides» starts to be interrupted, disseminated. In the act of crossing, the Border is, ambiguously, division and unity, regional and superregional entity, violence and healing.

It is necessary to have the knowledge of places and a logical, strategic, and practical view toward their future. Since spatial developments on a macro-scale in political, environmental, physical, social, and cultural dimensions can have different influences in a long-term perspective, the present study was carried out in accordance with the world’s effective approaches and the current situation of Iran and the region. The aim of the present study was to examine the primary factors affecting the promotion of tourism level in the border town of Piranshahr. In this regard, the present study was a descriptive-analytical investigation including a questionnaire which was conducted within Delphi model framework and software analyses. Afterwards, following dialog and consultation with the elites and academicians in the form of a research panel on urban issues, 40 individuals were chosen as the statistical population, and 39 variables were identified as the study’s primary variables in the form of 8 general categories. For the working process of the primary variables, crossover influences were described within a matrix framework in futures study MICMAC Software. Afterwards, the statistical population was required to use the level of influence – direct, indirect, or potential dependence – in order to evaluate the variables in the range from 0 (no influence) to 3 (very strong influence). The results of 2 repeats of data rotation indicated that the fit index of the obtained model was 96.52%, which shows the high level of influence of the variables on one another. Moreover, based on the results of the present study, the index of strategic situation of the town and being located on the border (R) with a score of 114 had the strongest level of direct influence. Finally, by taking into account the recognized key driving forces, desirable, middle, and disastrous scenarios were proposed.

Résumé : Cet article s’attache à mettre en évidence les liens de nature qui unissent la ville et le désert, deux espaces géographiques et symboliques apparemment antithétiques au plus haut point, dans l’œuvre romanesque de Roberto Bolaño. Dans un contexte géopolitique et migratoire mondialisé, la ville frontalière de Santa Teresa – double littéraire de Ciudad Juárez – cristallise les passages du sud du continent américain vers les États-Unis : ce sas migratoire constitue, en l’occurrence, le décor semble-t-il consubstantiel de milliers de féminicides. Si la ville se présente traditionnellement comme l’incarnation géographique et comme la réalisation spatiale d’une forme d’achèvement politique et civilisationnel, l’œuvre de Bolaño confronte son lecteur à la débâcle des prétentions civiles de la cité. Pour tenter d’expliquer le paradoxe d’une urbanité barbare, cet article se propose d’élucider la manière dont Santa Teresa apparaît poétiquement construite comme l’incubateur topologique du mal absolu dans les romans de l’écrivain chilien. Resumen: En este artículo se busca evidenciar los vínculos intrínsecos que unen ciudad y desierto en la obra de Roberto Bolaño, a pesar del carácter por lo visto altamente antitético de ambas entidades geográficas y simbólicas. En un contexto geopolítico y migratorio globalizado, la ciudad fronteriza de Santa Teresa –trasunto literario de Ciudad Juárez– cristaliza los flujos que llegan desde el sur del continente americano hacia los Estados Unidos: esta esclusa migratoria constituye, más concretamente, el escenario aparentemente consubstancial de miles de feminicidios. Si la ciudad se presenta tradicionalmente como la encarnación geográfica y como la realización espacial de cierta forma de logro político y civilizacional, la obra de Bolaño sin embargo enfrenta su lector a la desbandada de las pretensiones civiles de la ciudad. Para intentar explicar dicha paradoja de una bárbara urbanidad, este artículo se propone desentrañar la manera en que Santa Teresa se ve poéticamente elaborada como incubador topológico del mal absoluto. Abstract: This paper wishes to bring out the intrinsic links that seem to relate the city and the desert in Roberto Bolaño’s novels, despite the apparent antithesis of these two geographic and symbolic entities. In globalized geopolitical and migratory contexts, the border city of Santa Teresa—a fictional lookalike of Ciudad Juárez—gathers the traffic flows which connect the south of the American continent to the United States: this migratory airlock constitutes the apparently consubstantial scenery of thousands of feminicides. While, on the one hand, the city usually appears as the geographical embodiment and as the spatial realization of a certain form of political and civilizational achievement, on the other hand, Bolaño’s opus nonetheless leaves its readers facing the defeat of the city’s civilizational ambitions. This article attempts to clarify how Santa Teresa is here literarily built as a topological incubator of absolute evil, and aims at showing how this case exemplifies the paradox of a barbaric urbanity.

O presente artigo discute os desafios do Exército Brasileiro nas fronteiras nacionais, com foco na Amazônia, tendo como pano de fundo uma abordagem teórico-conceitual de natureza interdisciplinar. Em termos conceituais, ressalta-se a natureza distinta das duas noções de fronteira (border e frontier) e o significado de cada uma dessas noções em termos de defesa e segurança. Para tanto, o artigo sugere a divisão das ameaças à segurança nacional em duas categorias: ameaças geopolíticas e ameaças securitárias. A partir dessa abordagem teórica e considerando as políticas territoriais de fronteira historicamente adotadas pelo Brasil, o artigo discute os desafios militares em espaços fronteiriços na Amazônia, analisando as principais estratégias militares adotadas para aquela região.

The border between Mexico and Guatemala results from the geopolitical confluence of two countries with different priorities, generating different ways of organization in the lives of its inhabitants and the people who transit through this zone. This context has created conditions of interaction on what each country consider legal, illegal and punishable, leading to several interpretations of the migratory phenomena. We are facing real contexts that adopt the transit of human beings. Situations that are possible and give meaning to the lives of many people in divided contexts. This article presents an overview of two cross-border locations between Mexico and Guatemala that intend to describe the border zone and the mobility of people as a social phenomenon. What motivates people to move between both countries? and what are the relationships and decisions linked to someone or something being able to move and decide to do so? even more when this mobility means the crossing of a politically delimited border? are some of the questions raised in this article. To respond to the questions raised, I carried out a qualitative approach, which will also allow achieving a better understanding of the dynamics of people who live in these places.

Based on the importance of the Luso-Castilian border in the context of medieval Hispania and its complexity as a political construction, the objective of this reflection is to assess its impact at the level of manorial groups, either secular or ecclesiastical. The way how these social groups had interpreted the frontier is a central issue for this study. Fidalgos and miles Christi, usually called knights in simple terms, had traced similar tendencies for understandable reasons. Fidalgos and miles Christi were part of the medieval elites that boosted the peninsular exchanges, developing frequent trajectories over borders in medieval Hispania. The aristocracy and the friars of the Military Orders, in particular, those from the international Orders, had a very fluid conception of the frontier, to which family and institutional interests were superimposed. The noblemen found in the border crossing a natural mechanism to circumvent some political problems, arising from conflicts with monarchs, or to materialize strategies of power of some lineages with patrimonies constituted long before the creation of the kingdom of Portugal itself. In turn, the friars of the Military Orders were sometimes members of these families, imbued with non-border behaviors, which were reinforced when they professed in multinational institutions, not overlapping with the delimitations of the political and diplomatic border.

This paper considers what the northern Mauritanian border reveals about territory, mobility and belonging across the region of western Sahara. Historical examples trace a shift from a relatively permeable frontier zone during colonialism to an increasingly fixed border during decolonization. Ethnographic examples from the border crossing of Guerguerat and the northern Mauritanian town of Nouadhibou connect to recent developments during which the northern Mauritanian border has become a flashpoint in the Western Sahara conflict. Together, these examples show the significance of the northern Mauritanian border to social processes of value production, as well as political processes of subject formation across western Sahara. In focusing on historical shifts as well as contemporary, quotidian interactions, this paper highlights the uneven and changing effects of the northern Mauritanian border over time and across space, and its pivotal role in producing and reproducing disjunctures between people, territory and sovereignty across the region, particularly since decolonization.

Following a brief overview of immigration in Spain, the present paper first analyses the main routes of illegal immigration into Spain, giving recent data on the number of arrivals by sea and land to the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Spanish territories in North Africa. The sea has traditionally been the main route of entry to Spanish territory for immigrants primarily from Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the years 2013 to 2015 proved an exception to this rule, with immigration by land outstripping that by sea due to an increase in the arrival of Syrian immigrants to the cities of Ceuta and above all Melilla. Next, a description is given of the political and operational mechanisms established by the Spanish authorities to control Spain’s maritime borders, especially in the Canary Islands. Such border control is achieved through unilateral surveillance measures (the Integrated External Surveillance System, Spanish initials: SIVE), bilateral cooperation (inter-state agreements with Morocco and other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and regional cooperation within the European Union (EU). This is followed by a discussion of how immigration routes have been affected by increased cooperation between Spain and African States to intercept immigrants in their countries of origin or during transit. There is likewise an analysis of Spain’s use of summary returns or pushbacks following assaults or jumps on the border fences surrounding Ceuta and Melilla and attempts of arrival by swimming in Ceuta or by sea to Spanish islands and islets in North Africa, within the framework of the 1992 Spanish-Moroccan agreement on readmission of foreigners who have entered illegally. Lastly, we argue that the reinforcement of border control alone is insufficient to curb migration flows: to be effective, it must be accompanied by common policies in the European countries of destination and increased investment in the countries of origin to provide their citizens with the opportunity to obtain a higher standard of living and overcome the temptation to emigrate as a first option.

Abstract Background The border area between French Guiana and Brazil is an active HIV-transmission zone. The aim of the present study was to describe HIV knowledge, risk and the level of stigma among inhabitants of this border area. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 621 inhabitants over 18 years of age in the border cities of Saint-Georges-de-l’Oyapock in French Guiana and Oiapoque in Brazil. It was conducted between October 2017 and February 2018. An anonymous standardized questionnaire was filled out by culturally-trained mediators, then analyzed using STATA 12. Results Almost half (45.9%) of the individuals had a low education level. Participants whose native language was Portuguese or French demonstrated better HIV knowledge than other populations, notably native Amerindian and creole-speaking people. HIV risk behavior was more frequent in men and in younger age groups. People with good HIV knowledge reported having performed more HIV tests in the last year than participants with poor knowledge. The stigma level was high and reported in 74.8% of respondents. Conclusions These results illustrate the need for initiatives to improve HIV prevention among autochthonous populations on both sides of this border area. Cross-border collaboration on health policies could produce common key messages adapted to the education level and multi-linguistic populations who live in this area.

Abstract Background While the utility of parasite genotyping for malaria elimination has been extensively documented in low to moderate transmission settings, it has been less well-characterized in holoendemic regions. High malaria burden settings have received renewed attention acknowledging their critical role in malaria elimination. Defining the role for parasite genomics in driving these high burden settings towards elimination will enhance future control programme planning. Methods Amplicon deep sequencing was used to characterize parasite population genetic diversity at polymorphic Plasmodium falciparum loci, Pfama1 and Pfcsp, at two timepoints in June–July 2016 and January–March 2017 in a high transmission region along the international border between Luapula Province, Zambia and Haut-Katanga Province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Results High genetic diversity was observed across both seasons and in both countries. No evidence of population structure was observed between parasite populations on either side of the border, suggesting that this region may be one contiguous transmission zone. Despite a decline in parasite prevalence at the sampling locations in Haut-Katanga Province, no genetic signatures of a population bottleneck were detected, suggesting that larger declines in transmission may be required to reduce parasite genetic diversity. Analysing rare variants may be a suitable alternative approach for detecting epidemiologically important genetic signatures in highly diverse populations; however, the challenge is distinguishing true signals from potential artifacts introduced by small sample sizes. Conclusions Continuing to explore and document the utility of various parasite genotyping approaches for understanding malaria transmission in holoendemic settings will be valuable to future control and elimination programmes, empowering evidence-based selection of tools and methods to address pertinent questions, thus enabling more efficient resource allocation.

This paper is a study of water-sharing disputes in Inner Asia. The focal point is the issue of fresh water-sharing in the conditions of regional post-Soviet political order. The article is an attempt to verify a hypothesis: is there a correlation between hydro power control system and regional polticial order? We study the relations between Russia, China, and Mongolia that deal with transboundary rivers which fl ow into Lake Baikal. This lake is the world’s biggest fresh-water lake and is under protection by the UNESCO. The proposed paper is centered around the idea that institutional conditions influence the legitimization of rights on hydro reserves. The research is based on the methods of neo-institutionalism which is used to study the regional political order. The empirical basis of the paper is made up of legal acts on the distrubution of transboundary waters, speeches of Russian and Mongolian statesmen, offi cial statistical data, ecological monitoring data, and regional mass-media data. Our basic conclusion: the processes undergoing in Inner Asia could lead to a new political order in the foreseeable future. The ideas, values, and infrastructural macro-projects can change both the balance of power in the region and the level of water consumption. The arising ecological problems therefore become politicized.

The paper is about the emergence and development of the black market on the territory of Novi Pazar, Tutin, Raška, Sjenica, Nova Varoš, Priboj, Prijepolje, Pljevlja, and Bijelo Polje between 1941 and 1944, the profitability of numerous aspects of illegal trade, the massive participation of the local population of both religions in the various corrupt activities on the market, and the attitude of the occupational and collaborationist authorities as well as liberation movements, with regard to this phenomenon.

Following mass arrivals in Mexico’s northern border cities of people from many (especially Central American) countries seeking asylum in the United States, in late 2018 the Mexican government agreed to collaborate with the US on the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP), otherwise known as the “Remain in Mexico” programme. The Mexican government has pledged to host non-Mexican asylum seekers while they wait for their applications to be evaluated by US courts. Based on interviews with migrants and consulting government, academic and newspaper documentation, this paper analyses the emergence and development of this programme, which began in the city of Tijuana (Baja California) and has since been extended to other Mexican border cities.

ÖZ: Bu çalışma, sınırların kimlik, milliyetçilik ve yurttaşlıkla olan ilişkisini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Sınırların kimlik ifade etmede nasıl bir rol ve işleve sahip olduğu, milliyetçi ve devletçi kimliklerin sınırlar üzerinden nasıl kurgulandığı, ulus-devletin yurttaşlık tasarımında sınırlara nasıl bir anlam yüklendiği ve sınır güvenliğinin sağlanmasında sınırda yaşayanların nerede yer aldıkları, bu çalışmanın temel sorunsalını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye-Gürcistan sınırında bulunan Muratlı köyündeki 6 kişi ile nitel araştırma yöntemi kapsamında derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, sınırların kimlik ifade etme araçlarından biri olduğu, sınırda yaşayanların aidiyet duygusunun oluşmasına katkı sunduğu, onların sahip olduğu toplumsal değerleri çerçevelediği ve toplumlararası ilişkileri düzenlediği görülmüştür. Kimlik inşasının tanımlayıcı ve tamamlayıcı unsurlarından olan sınırlar, sınırda yaşayanların milliyetçi ve devletçi kimliklerinin kurgulanmasını sağlamasının yanı sıra bu kimliklerin başlangıç ve bitiş noktalarını da belirlemesi nedeniyle orada yaşayanlar tarafından sınırlara kutsallık özelliğinin atfedildiği anlaşılmıştır. Dahası, sınırların, ulus-devletin yurttaşlık tasarımının sacayaklarından birini oluşturduğu ve sınır bölgesinde yaşayanların kanunlara saygılı ve bağlı, sınırları koruyan ve devletin sınırlarına sadakat gösteren bir yurttaşlık kimliğini oluşturduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sınır güvenliği konusunda, devletin yanı sıra sınır bölgesinde yaşayan halkın da sınırın korunmasından kendilerini sorumlu tuttukları ve sınırı korumak amacıyla kendilerini devletin sınır muhafızları olarak gördükleri sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu sonuçlar, sınırların, kimliklerle, daha özelde ise milliyetçilik, devletçilik ve yurttaşlık kimlikleriyle iç içe geçen özellikler taşıdığını göstermektedir. ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to understand the relationship between borders and identity, nationalism, and citizenship. The role and function of the borders in the expression of the identity; how the nationalist and etatist identities have been planned on the borders; what kind of a meaning is attributed to the borders by the nation-state through the citizenship design; and where the position of the people living on the borders is while the security of the borders is provided, are the fundamental questions of the research. In this study, in-depth interviews have been had with 6 people, who live in Muratlı Village located on the border of Turkey and Georgia, within the context of the qualitative research method. In the survey, it is seen that the border; is one of the ways of identity expression; contributes to the construction of the sense of belonging among the people living on the borders; embraces their social values; and puts the inter-societal relations in order. It has been understood that one of the identificatory and supplementary factors, the borders, are enshrined by the locals living on the borders not only because their nationalist and etatist identities have been planned by the borders but also because their starting and end points are determined by the same borders. Moreover, it is concluded that the borders are one of the important building blocks of the plan of citizenship by a nation-state, also the people living on the borders are law-abiding. Furthermore, they show loyalty in guarding the borders which shows that they gained a citizenship identity. It is revealed that not only the state but also the locals feel responsible for the protection of the borders. Therefore, these locals accept themselves as the border guards of the state. All these results of the survey show that the borders have features enabling a close relationship between the borders and identities; further, this relationship covers nationalism, etatism, and citizenship.

The main objective of the paper is to highlight the changes in the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania and the Romanian minority in Hungary living in the divided Transylvania from the Second Vienna Arbitration from 30 August 1940 to the end of WWII. The author analyses the Hungarian and Romanian governments’ attitude regarding the new borders and their intentions with the minorities remaining on their territories. The paper offers a synthesis of the system of reciprocity, which determined the relations between the two states on the minority issue until 1944. Finally, the negative influence of the politics of reciprocity is shown on the interethnic relations in Transylvania.

Civil wars in Darfur or Syria showed what the global effects of migration could be and proved the importance of creation of multi-stakeholder partnerships. The consensus is not easy to find but only a global partnership for the migration climatic challenge can create proper conditions for successful and sustainable action. The European Union should assume its leading role in establishing a universal approach of “climate migrations”, based on its fundamental values: respect of human rights and global security. This article reviews the efforts to develop the understanding of the importance of global and cross-organisational involvement regarding migration in the context of climate changes. It highlights the initial effort to regulate and define the concepts of migration and refugees’ seekers by international organisations. More specifically, the article concentrates on more recent efforts to formulate common actions and policies crossing the European Union borders and passing by the international organisations and NGO’s involved in this matter.

Since the rise of modern nation-states, borders have played the important role to order society because they have the power to define territories, not only on the ground, but also on the level of the imaginary by shaping national identities and perceptions of the world. Borders can be intended not as places, rather as processes, as socially constructed and shifting structures of practices and discourses that produce norms of difference and exclusion. Within this context, arts, and particularly performing arts, can play a role in challenging these forms of representation, overturning the spectacle of the border into collective performances. Drawing upon these conceptual premises, the article presents the empirical insights related to Tania Bruguera’s ‘Referendum’. Referendum was intended both as a performance and as a form of political activism, inviting people to vote on the following question: “Borders kill. Should we abolish borders?”. After analysing the collaborative procedure that led to the final results of the performance, we reflect upon the role of arts as pedagogical and political tool capable of changing the existing imagery on borders - and specifically on the Mediterranean Sea - and human mobility, stimulating new forms of debate and responsabilization in terms of co-citizenship.

The work of an artist Natalia Kulka.

Apportionment of authority among states in the space is one of the fundamental function of public international law and aim of that serves state borders institution. State borders are define as a line or surface separating state territories in land, martime and airspace. However exist different kind of borders that their establish in space bases on delimitation and demarcation. As long as do not give rise controversy establish land and maritime borders, while in spite of lack border determine in air space accept that sit height about 100–150 km. To sum up in the light of public international law exists and significant border is submit of principle of territorial integrity of states at the same time by their establish essential role plays crucial role effectiveness in carry out control of territory and borders. Therefore the principle of territorial integrity of States and effectiveness control over territory defines essence and role of state border.

Digital networked media actively participate in the nation-state’s and tech entrepreneurs’ efforts to imagine and manage the borderlands. These media facilitate virtual forms of thinking about the border both by offering popular reference points for the new technology being developed (e.g. Google Maps, Pokémon Go, Call of Duty) and by providing the actual tools through which these ideas can become actionable. This article analyzes one such reference point within the first-person shooter (FPS) console game Call of Juarez: The Cartel (Ubisoft, 2011). Like other border-themed video games, The Cartel borrows on colonial tropes and ideologies by creating playable narratives that invoke the untamable frontier and position racialized subjects as Other. Through its virtual modes of representation and interaction, the game encodes the racialization processes that continue to shape popular imaginings of the border. While its digital aesthetics animate a dynamic space of possibility, the logic of the first-person shooter reins in the expansiveness of animated space by restricting it to an interactive experience of tunnel warfare, an ideological orientation to the border underground that channels the players’ purposive motion into a space of direct confrontation and racial violence. Analyzing the narrative and procedural work of this ostensibly reactionary video game demonstrates how border infrastructures structure and shape specific forms of racial and colonial violence.

Emerged in Wuhan China around Decembre 2019, the Covid-19 pandemic has spread allover the world and Indonesia is not an exception. By taking the case study on the West Kalimantan-Sarawak border area from April-June 2020, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the reality of the pandemic Covid-19 handling in the border area. Further, the paper has explored the causes of the small spread of Covid-19 in these border areas. Qualitative research methods were used in this research. Face to face interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from the stakeholders. Second, documentation was used to obtain demographic, theoretical, and contextual data. This research reveals that in comparison with Pontianak, capital of West Kalimantan Province, the spread of Covid-19 in the border area was actually less. This phenomenon occurred because of the awareness and knowledge of the people in the border area. The information dissemination about Covid-19 and health protocols shared by the local government were augmented by local wisdom, mass organizations and religions which abetted to control the spread of pandemic.

Introduction: Xylazine is a veterinary anesthetic increasingly present alongside illicit fentanyl in the US and Canada, presenting novel health risks. Although xylazine remains less common in the Western US, Mexican border cities serve as key trafficking hubs and may have higher prevalence of novel substances, but surveillance has been limited., Methods: We examined deidentified records from the Prevencasa harm reduction clinic in Tijuana, describing urine and paraphernalia testing from patients reporting using illicit opioids within 24 hr. Xylazine (two types), fentanyl, opiate, methamphetamine, amphetamine, benzodiazepine, and nitazene test strips were used to test urine and paraphernalia samples. Paraphernalia samples were also analyzed with mass spectrometry., Results: The study consisted of 23 participants that provided both urine and paraphernalia samples. Of the participants studied, 100 %, 91.3 %, and 69.6 % reported using China White/fentanyl, methamphetamine, and tar heroin, respectively. The mean age was 41.7 years, 95.7 % were male, 65.2 % were unhoused, and 30.4 % had skin wounds at the time of sample collection.Xylazine positivity in urine, for the two types used, was 82.6 % and 65.2 %. For paraphernalia testing, the xylazine positivity was 65.2 % and 47.8 %. Confirmatory testing of paraphernalia samples by mass spectrometry indicated a 52.2 % xylazine positivity. This testing also revealed positivity rates for fentanyl (73.9 %), fluorofentanyl (30.4 %), tramadol (30.4 %), and lidocaine (30.4 %).The mass spectrometry results suggest lidocaine triggered n = 3 and n = 0 false positives among the xylazine test strip types. A total of n = 0 and n = 1 false negatives were also observed., Discussion: Xylazine is present on the U.S.-Mexico border, requiring public health intervention. High lidocaine positivity complicates the clinical detection of xylazine via testing strips. Xylazine was found to be more prevalent in urine than in paraphernalia samples. Confirmatory urine studies are needed to better understand possible complications of using test strips for toxicological testing., Competing Interests: Disclosures Authors declare no disclosures or competing interests. Funders played no role in the study design or implementation.