Search

A new acetylated chalcone glycoside, trans-2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-O-(4″-acetyl-rhamnoside)-4-methoxychalcone (1) and a new biflavonoid glycosides, 5,3',5″,4″'-tetrahydroxy-3″',5″'dimethoxy-biflavone (4' → 8″)-7-O-((2-rhamnoside) rhamnoside) (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanol extract obtained from Trigonosciadium brachytaenium and have been purified by column chromatography and preparative TLC. Those structures were elucidated by UV, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR, HMBC, EI-MS and IR spectra. The antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. The results indicate that ethyl acetate extract from aerial part of T. brachytaenium possesses considerable antioxidant activity.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites providing Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy protection and color in almost all terrestrial plants and fruits. They have a fused ring system consisting of an aromatic ring and a benzopyran ring with a phenyl substituent. As their biological activities have an impact on human health, they serve as target molecules in the development of new drugs. The objective of this research was to study the antioxidant activity and chemical analysis of the luteoline fromCentaurea behenL. (Compositae family). The aerial parts of powdered and driedC. behenwere extracted with methanol (MeOH) in a Soxhlet apparatus over a period of 2 days. The concentrated total extract was extracted with petroleum ether, diethylether, and methanol. From the methanol extract of the aerial parts ofC. behen, the flavonoid derivative (luteoline) was identified. The aerial parts’ extract demonstrated effective antioxidant activity measured in terms of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The product extract has been isolated by UV, column chromatography (CC), and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures involved were elucidated by1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) spectra. The compound identified had not been reported in previous studies ofC. behenL.

The chemical constituents from the flower, leaf and stem of Helichrysum armenium DC. (Asteraceae) growing in Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil of flower was characterized by higher amount of limonene (21.2%), alpha-cadinol (18.2%), borneol (11.9%), delta-cadinene (9.0%), bornyl acetate (8.0%) and alpha-humulene (7.3%). Twenty one constituents representing 96.2% of the chromatographical leaf oil were identified of which limonene (29.2%), alpha-pinene (14.4%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%), alpha-gurjunene (6.3%), bornyl acetate (5.5%) and torreyol (5.2%) were the major components. The main components of the stem oil were limonene (23.6%), alpha-pinene (13.4%), spathulenol (6.4%), alpha-gurjunene (6.3%), caryophyllene oxide (5.3%), bornyl acetate (5.2%), beta-cubebene (4.8%) and delta-cadinene (4.3%). The composition of the oils is different, although the most abundant components are identical in leaf oil (96.2%). The antimicrobial effect of flower, leaf and stem essential oils from Helichrysum armenium was studied according to the agar diffusion cup method. The essential oils had a moderate effect on the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and had a substantial fungicidal effect on the fungi under study.

Antimicrobial effects of various hexane extract and fatty acids have been extensively studied. Fatty acids with nonpolar compounds have been found to have a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity. The hexane extracts from leaf and stem of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. Viride which were collected from Northwestern Iran, were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids in hexane extracts were derived to their methyl esters and determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems. The extracts from the leaf and stem were characterized by a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and long-chain hydrocarbons. The main components of the leaf and stem extracts were tridecane (14.6 and 16.1%), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid (ω-3) (14.7 and 1.2%), tetradecane (8.7 and 10.2%), hexadecanoic acid (1.6 and 6.7%) and pentadecane (5.7 and 4.1%), respectively. The hexane extract from O. vulgare leaf was detected as an important source of unsaturated fatty acid compounds. The hexane extract from stem of O. vulgare consisted mainly of aliphatic compounds; while in leaf extract of the plant, unsaturated fatty acids predominated over aliphatic components. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of those samples were determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger). The bioassay showed that the both oils exhibited a moderate antimicrobial activity. Key words: Origanum vulgare ssp. viride, Lamiaceae, antimicrobial activity, unsaturated fatty acid, ω- 6.

Flavonoids are present at very high concentrations in the several plant species. These compounds are known to have strong antioxidant activity and thus different beneficial effects on human health. In this study, ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts of Hypericum scabrum, a biflavonoid namely 5, 5″-dihydroxy-7, 4′, 7″, 4″′-tetramethoxybiflavone, has been isolated by column chromatography (CC) and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). Its structure was elucidated by ultra violet (UV), 1H- and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and infrared (IR) spectra. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethyl acetate extract of aerial part (flowers and leaves) were determined against some Gram-positive and -negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger). The bioassay showed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activities of the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of H. scabrum aerial part (flowers and leaves), were examined by a 1,1 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay. Among the two fractions, the ethyl acetate one showed the highest scavenging activity, with an IC50value of 48.9 μg/ml. The findings exhibited a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and the flavonoids compounds. In addition, this study reveals that the ethyl acetate extract of this plant is an attractive source of flavonoid, especially the essential ones, as well as of effective natural antioxidants. Key words: Hypericum scabrum, hypericaceae, ethyl acetate extract, 5, 5″-dihydroxy-7, 4′, 7″, 4″′-tetramethoxybiflavone, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites produced mainly in almost all terrestrial plants and fruits, where they provide UV protection and color. They have a fused ring system consisting of an aromatic ring and a benzopyran ring with a phenyl substituent. Their biological activities have an impact on human health so that they serve as target molecules to develop new drugs. From methanolic extract of aerial parts of Chaerophyllum macropodum (Boiss.) (Umbelliferae family), a diglycosylated flavonoid derivative namely4I„,5-O-dirhamnosid-3'-butanoat-7-hydroxyflavone and a phthalic acid ester namely dioctylphthalate have been isolated by column chromatography (CC) and preparative TLC. Those structures were elucidated by UV, 1H- and 13C- NMR, HMBC, EI-MS and IR spectra.The antimicrobial activity of the methanol and aqueous extracts of aerial part were determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger). The bioassay showed that both extracts exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity of methanol and aqueous extracts was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results indicate that methanol extract from aerial parts of C. macropodum possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected (IC50= 65 μg/ml). This study reveals that the methanolic extract of this plant is attractive sources of flavonoid, especially the essential ones, as well as of effective natural antioxidants. Key words: Chaerophyllum macropodum, Umbelliferae, methanolic extract, 4I„, 5-O-dirhamnosid-3'-butanoat-7-hydroxyflavone, dioctylphthalate, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity.

The hexane extracts of leaf and seed of Hypericum scabrum which were collected from northwestern Iran were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids were derived to methyl esters and determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems. The hexanic extract from the seed and leaf contained ω-3 (37.6 and 43.2% respectively). The other main components of the leaf and seed extracts were ω-6 (3.4 and 6.9%), Bis (2ethylhexyl) phthalate (5.8 and 35.7%) and Nonacosane (3.7 and 3.9%) respectively. The hexane extracts of leaf and seed from H. scabrum detected as an important source of ω-3 and ω-6 compounds among several Hypericum species. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of both samples were determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger). The bioassay showed that the oil exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity of those hexane extracts was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results indicate that hexane extracts from different parts of H. scabrum possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected in seed (IC50 = 135 μg/ml). This study reveals that the hexanic extracts of leaf and seed from this plant are attractive sources of ω-3 and other fatty acid components especially the essential ones as well as of effective natural antioxidants.

The leaves and stem-bark of Lavandula officinalis were investigated for activity against some pathogenic organisms. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, volatile oil and fatty acids. Twenty six and twenty were characterized representing 84.5% (leaf oil) and 91.4% (stem oil) of the lot of components detected. The leaf oil of the major constituents was identified as borneol (23.6%), 1, 8-cineol (17.6%), camphor (12.6%). In the stem oil of plant 1, 8cineol (20.8%), borneol (19.2%), α-cadinol (11.3%), caryophyllene oxide (10.4%) and camphor (7.4%) were the predominating compounds . The hexane extracts of leaf and stem of plant were obtained by soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids were derived to methyl esters and determined by gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (GC/MS) systems. The main components of the leaf and stem (hexanic extracts) were ω-3 (43.2 and 21.0%), ω-6 (3.4 and 14.5%), palmitic acid (7.4 and 12.4%) and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (12.8 and 16.7%), respectively. Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol, hexane extracts and essential oil from leaf and stem were evaluated using agar diffusion method. Results, suggest potential antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and extracts of L. officinalis, which may find those application in future research for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

The hexane extracts of flower, leaf, stem, and seed of Hypericum scabrum, which were collected from northwestern Iran, were obtained by extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids were converted to methyl esters and determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems. The hexane extract from the flower, leaf, stem, and seed contained 39.1%, 43.2%, 29.0%, and 37.6% of omega-3 fatty acids, respectively. The other main components of the flower extract were tetracosane (12.2%) and palmitic acid (9.3%), and that of the leaf extract was palmitic acid (7.4%). The stem and seed extracts contained bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (18.7% and 35.7%), nonacosane (11.7% and 3.9%) and linoleic acid (6.5% and 6.9%) as major components. The hexane extracts of different parts from H. scabrum represent an important source of omega-3 fatty acids in several Hypericum species. The antioxidant activity of all hexane extracts was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The results indicate that hexane extracts from different parts of H. scabrum possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected in seed, which had an IC50 = 165 microg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of those samples were determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger). The bioassay showed that the oil exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity. This study reveals that the all parts of this plant are attractive sources of fatty acid components, especially the essential ones, as well as of effective natural antioxidants.

The hexane extracts of flower and root of Althaea officinalis which were collected from northwestern Iran (Khalkhal) were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids were derived from methyl esters and determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems. The hexane extract from the flower and root contained omega-3 (20.5 and 14.9%, respectively). The other main compounds of the flower extract were palmitic acid (13.0%), heptacosane (9.3%) and nonacosane (11.2%). In the root extract, palmitic acid (16.8%), linoleic acid (omega-6) (28.0%) and naphthalene decahydro 2, 6- dimethyl (16.4%) were the main components. The antimicrobial activity of the hexane extracts of those samples were determined against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus andStaphylococcus epidermidis), as well as three fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans andSaccharomyces cerevisiae). The bioassay showed that the both extracts exhibited good antimicrobial activity. This study reveals that all the parts of this plant are attractive sources of fatty acid components. Key word: Althaea officinalis, Malvaceae, fatty acid, omega-3, omega-6, palmitic acid, antimicrobial activity.

This study presents ethanol production from molasses, dates and sugarcane syrup with sugar concentration of 35g/l in batch culture. Molasses (retention time, 24 h; initial sugar concentration, 100 g/l) gave highest yield of ethanol [conc., 45.5 g/l (theoretical yield 89%)] in a packed bed reactor loaded with immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae beads (mean diam, 3 mm). After 16 h of cultivation, free cells were harvested for immobilization. Entrapment method was used to encapsulate free cells using 2.5% sodium alginate solution, solidified in calcium chloride bath. Growth kinetic model for S. cerevisiae in batch culture and rate model for performance of immobilized cell reactor (ICR) were determined.