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Recently, the development of heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles (HDFCVs) has received intense attention. Unlike the refuelling protocol of SAE J2601 for light-duty fuel cell vehicles, the SAE J2601-2 for HDFCVs does not propose a specific filling strategy but only specifies the limits that need to be observed for safety. Refuelling data for HDFCVs at hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) shows that refuelling parameters are often set conservatively, resulting in long refuelling time. To shorten the refuelling time, energy consumption and power demand of the cooling system, we establish a detailed three-stage pressure filling model to study the effects of pressure ramp rate (PRR), initial pressure, number of onboard tanks and precooling temperature on the filling time. Then, a three-stage temperature precooling method is proposed simultaneously, whose cooling energy and power of the heat exchanger are compared with the single-stage temperature precooling method. Research shows that three-stage and two-stage pressure filling can reduce the average pressure difference between the station-side and the vehicle-side storage tanks, thereby reducing the Joule-Thomson heat generated by the reduction valve throttling and the heat exchanger energy consumption. Increasing the PRR and initial pressure can significantly and directly shorten the filling time. Increasing the number of onboard tanks and decreasing precooling temperature have little effect on the filling time but reduce the final hydrogen temperature in the onboard tank, which is beneficial to increase the PRR further to shorten the filling time. Within the ambient temperature range set in this article, compared with the single-stage temperature precooling method, the three-stage temperature precooling method can reduce the maximum peak cooling power by 16.69%–17.38% without increasing the total cooling energy of the heat exchanger and onboard tank's final hydrogen temperature, reducing equipment investment in cooling systems. This research is significant for optimizing HRS design and operation strategies. • A three-stage pressure filling model for heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles is developed. • Three-stage temperature precooling method is proposed and compared with single-stage. • Increasing pressure ramp rate and initial pressure can directly shorten filling time. • Increasing tank number and precooling intensity can benefit shortening filling time. • Three-stage precooling can reduce cooling power without increasing cooling energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate isotherm models contribute to predicting the amount of adsorbate adsorbed in the adsorbent within a certain range of pressure and temperature. Experimental adsorption isotherms of five components (CO 2 , CO, N 2 , CH 4 and H 2) on pelletized zeolite 13X from publication data were correlated with common-used fundamental isotherm models, including Langmuir, Sips, dual-site Langmuir (DSL), and temperature-dependent (TD) isotherm models, including TD Langmuir, TD Sips and TD DSL. Overall, the average relative errors (AREs) of TD models are higher than those of common-used fundamental isotherm models, but TD models have better applicability. In addition, three surrogate artificial neural networks (ANNs) optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) of single- and multi-component gas adsorption isotherm models are proposed. Three GA-ANN models set the adsorption amount as the output and take one, two or three potential inputs, such as adsorption pressure, temperature and adsorbate components. Three GA-ANN models generally have lower AREs and better applicability than fundamental isotherm models and TD isotherm models. The proposed GA-ANN3 model, which has three inputs, makes a new attempt at adsorption isotherms and can fit the multi-component gas adsorption at different temperatures with the change of adsorption pressure. The adsorber dynamics for multi-component adsorption (CO 2 : CO: N 2 : H 2 = 19.9: 0.1: 44.6: 35.4 mol%) in zeolite 13X bed are compared by the extended TD Langmuir model and extended TD DSL model. Since the AREs of the TD DSL model are smaller than that of the TD Langmuir, the breakthrough curves of multi-component gas simulated by the TD DSL model are better than that of TD Langmuir. These results can contribute to relevant researchers choosing suitable adsorption isotherm models for numerical simulations of adsorption processes. • Fitted dual-site Langmuir model performs better in breakthrough curve simulation. • Artificial neural network (ANN) enables construction of adsorption isotherm models. • Genetic algorithm (GA) optimizes the weights and biases of ANN for better performance. • Three GA-ANN models have lower average relative errors and better applicability. • GA-ANN3 attempts to express adsorption isotherms for multi-component mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression is currently the preferred storage technology for hydrogen vehicles due to its quick refueling process and relatively simple design. However, the temperature rise associated with fast filling must be controlled to ensure its safe operation. This article discusses general heat transfer models based on the mass and energy balance equations for the refueling process of the compressed hydrogen storage tank. Depending on the way of treating the geometric structure of the storage tank, three general lumped parameter models of single-zone (hydrogen), dual-zone (hydrogen and tank wall) and triple-zone (hydrogen, tank wall liner and shell) are built. The general single-zone and dual-zone models are reduced to some special cases which have been published. Under adiabatic and diathermic conditions, four models, including single-zone, dual-zone single-temperature (hydrogen temperature), dual-zone dual-temperature (hydrogen and tank wall temperatures) and triple-zone triple-temperature (hydrogen, tank wall liner and tank wall shell temperatures), are implemented using Matlab/Simulink™ to simulate the hydrogen refueling process under corresponding conditions. Analytical solutions of single-zone and dual-zone lumped parameter models are derived. The temperature rises of the compressed hydrogen storage tank are described by comparing the analytical solution with the numerical solution. The proposed general models were applied to estimate the final hydrogen temperature and mass, the SOC, the refueling time, and the precooling hydrogen temperature, reviewed and summarized in this article. The analytical solutions of the heat transfer during hydrogen refueling can provide theoretical guidance for improving the refueling efficiency and enhancing refueling safety. • Three general lumped parameter models of thermodynamic and heat transfer were built. • The models are single- (H2), dual- (H2 and tank) and triple-zone (H2, liner and shell). • Analytical solutions of single- and dual-zone lumped parameter models are derived. • Lumped parameter models are validated under the adiabatic and diathermic conditions. • The models and their solutions are widely applied for refueling hydrogen vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ensure the safety of hydrogen refueling systems and fuel cell vehicles under various filling conditions, the filling parameters are usually set very conservatively, leading to waste energy consumption and investment. The lumped parameter hydrogen gas model and one-dimension tank wall model of the hydrogen filling process previously proposed by our team were extended and improved to the entire hydrogen refueling system by considering the Joule-Thomson effect, kinetic energy and using a more accurate model of the heat transfer coefficients between the inner tank wall and hydrogen gas and between the outer tank wall and ambient. Based on our validated model, the effects of constant and two-stage average pressure ramp rates (APRRs) and precooling/inlet temperatures on refueling performances were investigated, respectively. Compared with the optimal filling strategy of the reference paper, where a constant APRR is the best, our two-stage APRRs can further reduce the cooling power for various inlet temperatures without increasing the cooling energy. For example, maximum cooling power can be reduced by 23.8% at the inlet temperature of −20 °C. Compared with the previous research result obtained using a constant inlet temperature solved by the analytical solution, the two-stage inlet temperatures can further reduce the cooling power by 16.3% at an APRR of 0.428 MPa/s without increasing the cooling energy. • A thermodynamic model for a hydrogen refueling system is improved and well validated. • Joule-Thomson effect, kinetic energy and accurate heat transfer model are considered. • Effects of two-stage average pressure ramp rates and inlet temperatures are studied. • Two-stage strategies can reduce cooling power without increasing cooling energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the gene that encodes the huntingtin protein (HTT). The exact function of HTT is still not fully understood, and previous studies have mainly focused on identifying proteins that interact with HTT to gain insights into its function. Numerous HTT-interacting proteins have been discovered, shedding light on the functions and structure of HTT. Most of these proteins interact with the N-terminal region of HTT. Among the various HTT-interacting proteins, huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) and HTT-interacting protein 1 (HIP1) have been extensively studied. Recent research has uncovered differences in the distribution of HAP1 in monkey and human brains compared with mice. This finding suggests that there may be species-specific variations in the regulation and function of HTT-interacting proteins. Understanding these differences could provide crucial insights into the development of HD. In this review, we will focus on the recent advancements in the study of HTT-interacting proteins, with particular attention to the differential distributions of HTT and HAP1 in larger animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The goal of this study is to investigate the social isolation (SI) subtypes of patients with breast cancer (BC) and to explore its influencing factors. Methods: A sample of 303 BC patients participated in the study from September to December, 2021. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to identify SI clusters based on the three sub-scales of the Chinese version of the Social Anxiety Scale, the Chinese version of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, and the Chinese version of the Loneliness Scale. Results: We found that SI can be divided into three categories: high-level (Class 1), middle-level (Class 2), and low-level (Class 3), accounting for 20.46%, 33.00%, and 46.54%, respectively. Compared to Class 3, Class 1, which had the lower average monthly income per family member (RMB) (< 3000: OR = 5.298, P =.021; 3000 ~ 5000: OR = 5.320, P =.018), was more likely to suffer from SI due to occupation (Laborer: OR = 12.023, P =.009). Surgery (OR = 14.138, P <.001; OR = 2.777, P =.020), chemotherapy (OR = 10.224, P =.001; OR = 3.545, P =.001); poorer family functioning (OR =.671, P <.001; OR =.801, P =.002), and lower levels of self-transcendence (OR =.806, P <.001; OR =.911, P <.001) were important influencing factors for SI in Class 1 and Class 2 compared to Class 3. Conclusion: SI is classifiably heterogeneous among patients with BC. Strategies that identify characteristics of SI and give targeted intervention focusing on family functioning and improving self-transcendence levels contribute to the prevention of SI among patients with BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redistribution of water by convection is important to the regional and global energy balance, but the characteristics of vertical water transport in convective clouds at different heights are not well understood. In this study, the vertical transport of water in continental isolated convective clouds is investigated using airborne in-situ measurements made in High Plain Cumulus (HiCu) project. The profiles of the mass flux of water vapor and condensed water, and the cloud width and vertical velocity dependency of the relative contribution to the water budget are statistically analyzed. The results show: 1) The probability density functions (PDFs) of the water vapor mass flux were in lognormal distributions and narrowed with height, while the PDFs of the mass flux of condensed water broadened with height from 2 to 8 km. 2) The net flux of vapor decreased significantly with height. Though the flux of condensed water increased with height, the net flux of total water at cloud top was only about 40% of the influx at cloud base. Averagely, about 80% of the observed condensed water at cloud top was in liquid phase. 3) The clouds provided the main contribution to the water vapor flux transit from small-scale at low-levels to medium and large-scale at high-levels. Overall, the clouds in a scale of 1–5 km had the major contribution to the water mass flux. 4) As the clouds developed vertically, stronger drafts accounted for an increasing contribution to the water budget, and most of the upward water transport can be attributed to updraft cores. • vertical transport of water in continental isolated convective clouds is investigated using airborne in-situ measurements. • The flux of vapor decreased with height, while the flux of condensed water increased with height. • As the clouds developed vertically, larger clouds with stronger drafts accounted for an increasing contribution to the water budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) based solid-state electrolytes are known for the low manufacturing cost and excellent processability, but their practical application is paved with thorns including the inferior ionic conductivity, low Li+ transfer number and insufficient Li dendrite blocking ability. Herein, we propose organic montmorillonite (OMMT) with expanded layer spacing (1.97 nm) as versatile fillers to construct PEO-OMMT electrolyte, in which OMMT not only increases Li+ transfer number (0.56) and ionic conductivity (7.15 × 10−4 S cm−1), providing fast ionic transport channels, but also endows PEO with high mechanical strength, resulting remarkable Li dendrite blocking ability (>2100 h). Additionally, the high dielectric constant and Lewis-rich polar sites of OMMT facilitate the dissociation of lithium salts and the rapid formation of LiF and Li 3 N-rich solid electrolyte interface layers. Impressively, the LiFePO 4 | PEO-OMMT | Li cell shows a high initial capacity (154.4 mAh g−1 at 0.5C) with ultralong cycling lifespan (>1200 cycles). Similarly, the LiNi 0.83 Mn 0.05 Co 0.12 O 2 | PEO-OMMT | Li cell retains a high discharge capacity of 151.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2C. This work highlights the indelible contributions of OMMT functionalized fillers in improving the interfacial stability of PEO based solid-state electrolytes, paving a feasible avenue for the practical application of solid-state lithium metal batteries. [Display omitted] • OMMT provides fast Li ionic transport channels through interactions with TFSI−. • OMMT facilitates the formation of LiF and Li 3 N-rich interface layers. • PEO-OMMT electrolyte shows remarkable Li dendrite blocking ability (>2100 h). • The solid-state cells with PEO-OMMT electrolyte exhibit ultralong cycling lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the mechanism of flame intensification during the suppression of transformer oil pool fire is investigated for foam and water sprays. The results show that the extinguishment time is proportional to the discharge height and inversely proportional to the discharge pressure because greater height or lower pressure reduces the amount of suppression agent reaching the fuel bed thus extending extinguishment time. The increase of heat release rate following activation is inversely proportional to the discharge height and directly proportional to the discharge pressure; again, affected by the amount of suppression agent. When the nozzle is above the flame, the foam spray is affected by the entrapped air within, resulting in greater flame intensification, which is 3.5 times compared to water spray. For radiation, when the nozzle is above the flame, the heat flux increase is inversely proportional to the discharge pressure, which differs from the relationship for heat release rate increase. This difference is due to the shielding effect of the blanketing spray. For predict the heat release rate increase, an empirical model is developed, and an air mixing coefficient, τ, is introduced for foam spray to account for a 20%–35% increase in the heat release rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating over a wide temperature range can avoid additional internal/external heating or cooling devices for the PEMFCs operating. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) doped with phosphoric acid (PA) exhibits significant potential in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). Nevertheless, the traditional PA-PBI membranes are limited to operating within 140∼180 °C. In this work, a sulfonated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane crosslinked polybenzimidazole membrane enriched pyridine and diazafluorene (CSPBI-X) is prepared where the sulfonation and crosslinking are accomplished by one-step heating. The theoretical calculations confirm that PA molecules have strong interactions with sulfonic acid groups and nitrogen-containing groups, enabling the membrane to achieve proton conductivity in a wide temperature range (80–180 °C). Moreover, the cross-linked sulfonated membranes have excellent PA retention ratio as high as 83.8% under 80 °C and 40% relative humidity for 120 h. Remarkably, with the acid doping level of 7.6, the proton conductivity of the CSPBI-20 membrane reaches 0.0491 S cm−1 and 0.145 S cm−1 at 80 °C and 180 °C in dry state, respectively. The highest power density of the CSPBI-20 at 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, and 180 °C is 257.3, 362.9, 485.3, 604.6, 755.3, and 956.1 mW cm−2, respectively. [Display omitted] • Achieve crosslinking and sulfonation in one step. • Synergistic effects of multiple proton transport paths reduce phosphoric acid loss. • Operate over a wide temperature range of 80∼180 °C. • Excellent proton conductivity at low phosphoric acid doping levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swarm intelligence represents an artificial intelligence discipline, founded upon the principles governing the conduct of animal societies. The sheep optimization algorithm (SO), a novel contribution to the field, emulates three distinct sheep behaviors, namely bellwether guidance (BGD), sheep interaction (SIA), and shepherd dog supervision (SDS). To augment its performance, we devise an enhanced method known as the improved sheep optimization algorithm (ISO), drawing upon the salient features of these three strategies. In particular, we introduce the gradient descent strategy (GDS) to expedite the convergence rate of the BGD process. For the SIA procedure, we employ a dimension by dimension improvement (DDI) technique, enabling the exploration of a broader solution space. In the SDS stage, we adopt an effective variable neighborhood search (VNS) to strike a balance between exploration and exploitation. Furthermore, ISO assumes the role of a versatile algorithm framework, allowing for the customization and adaptation of the aforementioned strategies to cater to specific solutions. To evaluate the efficacy of ISO, we test it using the CEC 2017 test suite. Comparative analyses are conducted against state-of-the-art solvers in the CEC competition. Experimental results convincingly demonstrate that ISO outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of solution quality, convergence speed, and solution stability. Lastly, ISO effectively showcases its advancement by successfully tackling two real-world engineering problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Filling model of zero-dimensional gas and one-dimensional wall is built and verified. • Modified formula and artificial neural networks (ANN) models for MC are proposed. • Latin hypercube sampling, Genetic algorithm and Sobol sensitivity analysis are used. • Modified formula and ANN models for MC parameter improve MC's calculation accuracy. • ANN model of MC extends applicability to situations of filling time less than 30s. The MC method was officially released in SAE J2601 protocol in 2016 to refuel light-duty hydrogen fuel cell vehicles quickly and safely. For the non-communication MC method, the pressure target for controlling the end of filling is calculated based on the formula of the final hydrogen temperature, which contains a key parameter, MC. SAE has proposed two formulas to estimate the MC parameter. This article proposes a modified formula and artificial neural networks (ANN) model for MC parameter. To generate simulated data for fitting the modified formula and training the ANN model, a hydrogen filling model (0D1D) with a zero-dimensional gas and a one-dimensional tank wall is established and thoroughly verified. In establishing the ANN model, Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is used to sample independent variables randomly, and genetic algorithms (GA) are used to optimize the initial weights and biases of the ANN. The Sobol sensitivity analysis is used to determine the importance of various initial conditions on the MC parameter. Research shows that the final fueling time and initial pressure have a greater impact on the MC parameter , while the ambient and precooling temperatures have little impact. The modified formula of the MC parameter improves R2 from the original 0.76073 to 0.98132 when fitting the MC simulated data. In situations of short filling time, the modified formula and ANN models of the MC parameter reduce the relative error between the 0D1D model by 13.8 % − 58.8 % and 16.6 % − 82.3 %, respectively, thus improving the calculation accuracy of the final hydrogen temperature and ending pressure target. Moreover, the ANN model can predict the MC parameter during the whole fueling process, while the MC formula utilizes the fixed value when the fueling time is less than 30 s. This work has positive significance for improving refuelling protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with single-stage hydrogen storage refuelling, cascade storage refuelling has more advantages and significantly reduces cooling energy consumption. In the cascade system, the parameters of cascade storage tanks are critical, especially the initial pressure and volume. This article analyzes the thermodynamic processes in a cascade hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) and establishes the simulation model in Matlab/Simulink platform. The state of charge (SOC) of the onboard storage tank and the cooling energy consumption of the refuelling system are obtained from different initial pressures and volumes of the cascade storage tanks by using the simulation model. These data are introduced into the artificial neural networks in Matlab to generate a relationship between the decision variables and objective functions. The decision variables are optimized to minimize the cooling energy consumption and maximize the SOC through the genetic algorithm and Pareto optimization. So that optimal initial pressure and volume of the cascade storage tanks are determined. The research shows that when the ambient temperature is 293.15 K, and the SOC is 0.98–0.99, using the optimal initial pressure and volume of the cascade storage tanks can reduce the cooling energy consumption by up to 11.43%, compared with the baseline situation. Among the factors affecting cooling energy consumption and SOC, initial pressure is more sensitive than volume, so optimizing initial pressure, especially for the high-pressure cascade storage tank, seems more meaningful than volume. This research is instructive for the construction of the cascade HRS. • A thermodynamic model for cascade hydrogen refuelling is developed and well validated. • Effect of initial pressure and cascade tank volume on SOC and cooling energy is studied. • Artificial neural network (ANN) is trained by orthogonal test data from physical model. • The ANN model is used to determine objective functions and constraints of optimization. • Genetic algorithm and Pareto algorithm are combined for multi-objective optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on mechanical properties of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete (SSRAC) filled double-skin tubular square columns (DSTCs). A total of 45 square DSTCs, included 12 fully-filled FRP confined SSRAC (fiber-reinforced polymer) columns, 21 FRP-SSRAC-aluminum tube columns, and 12 FRP-SSRAC-stainless steel tube columns, were tested under axial compression. The effects of the key parameters, including void ratio, recycled aggregate (RA) replacement ratio, and tube materials' properties, on the structural behavior of SSRAC-filled square DSTCs are discussed. The test results indicate that mixing seawater and sea-sand with RAs could make up the early strength reduction caused by RA replacement. The void ratio significantly influences the stress–strain relationship of SSRAC filled in DSTCs due to the nonuniform hoop confinement pressure caused by the square cross-section. This nonuniform hoop confinement is also highly related to the inner tubes' material properties due to their different local buckling behaviors. The test results are also used to assess the suitability of existing models proposed for different kinds of DSTCs. The evaluation results suggest that the models could provide satisfying predictions as long as the corner radius and void ratio's coupling effects are reasonably considered. • Inner tube material affects the mechanical properties of the confined SSRAC. • The inner void ratio influences the stress-strain behavior of square SSRAC. • The effects of RAs replacement ratio alter with inner tube materials' properties. • The FRP rupture strain is dependent on the void ratio and RAs replacement ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The effect of acetate to butyrate ratio in electron acceptor (EA) on CCE was studied. • The higher content of butyrate in feedstock led to the higher production of caproate. • The maximum production of caproate was 3.7 ± 0.3 g·L−1, when butyrate was the only EA. • Butyrate would be selected as EA only when acetate was much lower than butyrate. • Metagenomic analysis proved that high butyrate content strengthened the CCE process. This study investigated the effect of electron acceptor (EA) distribution (acetate to butyrate ratio) on the carbon chain elongation (CCE) process. The results showed that the higher content of butyrate in the initial material led to the higher production of caproate. The maximum production of caproate was 3.74 ± 0.30 g·L−1, which was obtained when only butyrate was added as EA. Little caproate but much butyrate was produced where only acetate was added as EA. This indicated that CCE bacteria preferentially selected acetate as the EA to produce butyrate, and butyrate could be selected as EA to produce caproate only when the acetate content was much lower than butyrate. Unclassified_f_Dysgonomonadaceae , Massilibacterium , and Seramator were the predominant bacteria. Functional enzyme analysis showed that high butyrate content strengthened the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and reverse β-oxidization pathway. The findings showed the importance of butyrate in CCE for caproate production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) can operate over 100 °C without humidification, which avoids the catalyst poisoning and enhances the efficiency of the power conversion. However, the classic phosphoric acid (PA) doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) still remains the challenge in the trade-off between mechanical strength and proton conductivity. The γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH560), as a crosslinking agent, is widely used to improve the mechanical properties of membranes. Although it can enhance the mechanical strength of PBI membranes, it sacrifices the hydrogen of imidazole groups, resulting in a decrease in proton conductivity. In this present work, silane-crosslinked PBI proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were synthesized by the reaction between the pyridine-bridged PBI containing different hydroxyl (-OH) content with KH560. Through comprehensive structural characterization of the polymer and model compound, it has been determined that this crosslinking method does not compromise the N–H acidic sites on the imidazole ring. The crosslinking agent KH560 provides additional hydroxyl groups to PBI and participates in the construction of hydrogen bonding networks after the ring-opening reaction. It was found that the addition of pyridine and hydroxyl groups could promote the phosphoric acid uptake, and the appropriate degree of silane crosslinking could maintain the PBI membranes with reasonable mechanical properties. Proton conductivity and HT-PEMFCs performance of the obtained crosslinked films were further enhanced with the dimensional stability, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Among them, CPyOPBI–OH–20 presented the best overall performance, exhibiting the highest proton conductivity of 0.095 S cm−1 and the maximum power density of 767 mW cm−2 at 180 °C under the anhydrous condition, which was 4.2 times that of OPBI (182 mW cm−2). [Display omitted] • Silane cross-linked PBI membranes were fabricated by the reaction between the epoxy group of KH560 and the hydroxyl group of PBI without consuming the N–H on the imidazole ring which was proved by model reaction. • The CPyOPBI-OH-20 membrane exhibited a peak power density of 767 mW cm−2 at 180 °C without humidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) is a member of the family Potyviridae . The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of viral genomic RNA has been reported to significantly impact viral infection. Nevertheless, the role of the TVMV 3'UTR during viral infection remains unknown., Methods: Here, a 3'UTR-GFP expression vector was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana , in which the 3'UTR of TVMV was introduced upstream of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the genes associated with plant resistance. The effect of the TVMV 3'UTR on GFP expression was studied using an Agrobacterium -mediated transient expression assay, revealing that the TVMV 3'UTR significantly inhibited GFP expression. Transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes in 3'UTR-GFP in N. benthamiana was performed to elucidate the why the TVMV 3'UTR inhibited GFP expression., Results: Eighty genes related to plant disease resistance were differentially expressed, including 29 upregulated and 51 downregulated genes. Significantly upregulated genes included those encoding the calcium-binding protein CML24, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like tyrosine-protein kinase, and respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein E. The significantly downregulated genes included calcium-binding protein 7, ethylene-responsive transcription factor 10, endoglucanase 5, and receptor-like protein kinase., Discussion: These findings indicate that the 3'UTR of TVMV may inhibit the expression of GFP gene by inducing the expression of plant resistance genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on the function and mechanism of the TVMV 3'UTR., Competing Interests: DL was employed by Liangshan Zhou Company of Sichuan Province Company of Tobacco Corporation in China. BL was employed by Sichuan Province Company of Tobacco Corporation in China. FY was employed by Panzhihua City Company of Sichuan Province Company of Tobacco Corporation in China. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sun, Liu, Li, Yan, Wang, Yang, Wang, Xu, Zhou and Zhao.)

Phosphoric acid (PA) leakage and volume expansion are critical factors limiting long-term stable operation of PA-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Enhancing the interaction between the polymer matrix and PA provides an effective way to minimize PA loss and inhibit excessive membrane swelling. The covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are helpful in improving the performance of PA-PBI membranes due to the robust frameworks, adjustable structures, and good compatibility with polymers. Here, in this work, we synthesized porous COFs named TTA-DFP containing triazine rings and pyridine groups at room temperature for as short as 2 h without oxygen isolation. TTA-DFP was then blended with commercial poly[2,2'-( p -oxidiphenylene)-5,5'-benzimidazole] (OPBI) to prepare composite membranes. The abundant alkaline N sites in TTA-DFP exhibit strong interactions with PA and OPBI, which not only provide more proton transport pathways to promote proton conduction but also immobilize PA in acidophilic micropores to reduce PA leakage. The composite membranes exhibit a much lower volume swelling ratio than that of the OPBI membrane. The PA retention of the composite membrane after 120 h of treatment at 80 °C and 40% relative humidity can reach as high as 84.6%. Particularly, the proton conductivity of the composite membrane doped with 15 wt% TTA-DFP achieves 0.112 S cm -1 at 180 °C without humidification with a swelling ratio of 24.1%. In addition, it has an optimal peak power density of 824.4 mW cm -2 at 180 °C, which is 1.7 times that of the OPBI membrane. The stability of the composite membrane is much better than that of OPBI at a current density of 0.3 A cm -2 at 140 °C for 120 h.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are expected to be the next-generation energy storage system due to the ultrahigh theoretical energy density and low cost. However, the notorious shuttle effect of higher-order polysulfides and the uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth are the two biggest challenges for commercially viable Li-S batteries. Herein, these two main challenges are solved by in situ polymerization of bi-functional gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). The initiator (SiCl 4 ) not only drives the polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) but also induces the construction of a hybrid solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with inorganic-rich compositions on the Li anode. In addition, diatomaceous earth (DE) is added and anchored in the GPE to obtain PDOL-SiCl 4 -DE electrolyte through in situ polymerization. Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the hybrid SEI provides abundant adsorption sites for the deposition of Li + , inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites. Meanwhile, the shuttle effect is greatly alleviated due to the strong adsorption capacity of DE toward lithium polysulfides. Therefore, the Li/Li symmetric cell and Li-S full cell assembled with PDOL-SiCl 4 -DE exhibit excellent cycling stability. This study offers a valuable reference for the development of high performance and safe Li-S batteries., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Although three-dimensional (3D) genome structures are altered in cancer cells, little is known about how these changes evolve and diversify during cancer progression. Leveraging genome-wide chromatin tracing to visualize 3D genome folding directly in tissues, we generated 3D genome cancer atlases of murine lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Our data reveal stereotypical, non-monotonic, and stage-specific alterations in 3D genome folding heterogeneity, compaction, and compartmentalization as cancers progress from normal to preinvasive and ultimately to invasive tumors, discovering a potential structural bottleneck in early tumor progression. Remarkably, 3D genome architectures distinguish histologic cancer states in single cells, despite considerable cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Gene-level analyses of evolutionary changes in 3D genome compartmentalization not only showed compartment-associated genes are more homogeneously regulated, but also elucidated prognostic and dependency genes in lung adenocarcinoma and a previously unappreciated role for polycomb-group protein Rnf2 in 3D genome regulation. Our results demonstrate the utility of mapping the single-cell cancer 3D genome in tissues and illuminate its potential to identify new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in cancer., Competing Interests: S.W., M.L., M.D.M., S.J., and S.S.A. are inventors on a patent applied for by Yale University related to this work. M.D.M. received research funding from a Genentech supported AACR grant and an honorarium from Nested Therapeutics. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

High-performance lithium metal anodes are crucial for the development of advanced Li metal batteries. Herein, this work reports a novel plasma coupled electrolyte additive strategy to prepare high-quality composite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li metal to achieve enhanced performance and stability. With the guidance of calculations, this work selects diethyl dibromomalonate (DB) as an additive to optimize the solvation structure of electrolytes to modify the SEI. Meanwhile, this work groundbreakingly develops DB plasma technology coupled with DB electrolyte additive to construct a combinatorial SEI: inner plasma-induced SEI layer composed of LiBr and Li 2 CO 3 plus additive-reduced SEI containing LiBr/Li 2 CO 3 /organic lithium compounds as an outer compatible layer. The optimized hybrid SEI has strong affinity toward Li + and good mechanical properties, thereby inducing horizontal dispersion and uniform deposition of Li + and keep structure stable. Accordingly, the symmetrical cells exhibit enhanced cycling stability for 1200 h at an overpotential of 23.8 mV with average coulombic efficiency (99.51%). Additionally, the full cells with LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 cathode deliver a capacity retention of 81.7% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C, and the pouch cell achieves a volumetric specific energy of ≈664 Wh L ‒1 . This work provides new enlightenment on plasma technology for fabrication of advanced metal anodes for energy storage., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Reducing pollution caused by coal dust has always been a hot issue in the coal mining industry, and the water absorption of coal particles plays an important role in dust reduction. To study the relationship between different immersion time and the water absorption of coal particles, the substance content of coal particles after immersion was analyzed and water absorption characterization of coal particles was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), water absorption calculations, and water absorption measurements. The results indicate that immersion can alter the material content of coal particles, leading to a decrease in the content of soluble mineral kaolinite, thereby affecting the wettability of coal particles. Notably, the longer the immersion time, the higher the water absorption rate of the particles, indicating a more significant water absorption effect. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between particle sizes and water absorption of coal particles. The research results provide a theoretical reference for reducing coal dust pollution and improving the efficiency of dust suppression through spray., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have attracted unprecedented attention in the past decade due to their excellent safety performance and high energy storage density. However, the sulfide solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) as the core component of ASSLBs have a certain stiffness, which inevitably leads to the formation of pores and cracks during the production process. In addition, although sulfide SSEs have high ionic conductivity, the electrolytes are unstable to lithium metal and have non-negligible electronic conductivity, which severely limits their practical applications. Herein, a grain boundary electronic insulation strategy through in situ polymer encapsulation is proposed for this purpose. A polymer layer with insulating properties is applied to the surface of the Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 (LPSC) electrolyte particles by simple ball milling. In this way, we can not only achieve a dense electrolyte pellet but also improve the stability of the Li metal anode and reduce the electronic conductivity of LPSC. This strategy of electronic isolation of the grain boundaries enables stable deposition/stripping of the modified electrolyte for more than 2000 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm -1 in a symmetrical Li/Li cell. With this strategy, a full cell with Li(Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 )O 2 (NCM811) as the cathode shows high performance including high specific capacity, improved high-rate capability, and long-term stability. Therefore, this study presents a new strategy to achieve high-performance sulfide SSEs.

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are attracting tremendous attention due to their improved safety and higher energy density. However, the use of a metallic lithium anode poses a major challenge due to its low stability and processability. Instead, the graphite anode exhibits high reversibility for the insertion/deinsertion of lithium ions, giving ASSLBs excellent cyclic stability but a lower energy density. To increase the energy density of ASSLBs with the graphite anode, it is necessary to lower the negative/positive (N/P) capacity ratio and to increase the charging voltage. These strategies bring new challenges to lithium metal plating and dendrite growth. Here, a nano-Ag-modified graphite composite electrode (Ag@Gr) is developed to overcome these shortcomings for Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 1.5 -based ASSLBs. The Ag@Gr composite exhibits a strong ability to inhibit lithium metal plating and fast lithium-ion transport kinetics. Ag nanoparticles can accommodate excess Li, and the as-obtained Li-Ag alloy enhances the kinetics of the composite electrode. The ASSLB with the Li(Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 )O 2 cathode and Ag@Gr anode achieves an energy density of 349 W h kg -1 . The full cell using Ag@Gr with an N/P ratio of 0.6 also highlights the rate performance. This work provides a simple and effective method to regulate the charge transport kinetics of graphite anodes and improve the cyclic performance and energy density of ASSLBs.

Purpose: Thrombus aspiration in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with high thrombus burden did not improve clinical outcomes. The clinical efficacy of the bailout use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) in this clinical scenario remains unknown., Methods: We assessed associations between GPI use and in-hospital major bleeds, ischemic events, and mortality among STEMI patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and thrombus aspiration in a nationwide acute coronary syndrome registry (the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-Acute Coronary Syndrome project)., Results: A total of 5896 STEMI patients who received thrombus aspiration were identified, among which 56.3% received GPI therapy. In a 1-to-1 propensity-score-matched cohort, compared with STEMI patients not treated with GPI, GPI use was associated with a 69% increase in major in-hospital bleeds, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.69, a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.08 to 2.65, and a nonsignificant reduction in ischemic events (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.06), as well as a neutral effect on mortality (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.58). However, among patients aged < 60 years, GPI use was associated with a reduction in ischemic events (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.98), and no significant increase in major bleeds was observed., Conclusion: In a nationwide registry, routine use of GPI following thrombus aspiration was not associated with reduced in-hospital ischemic events and mortality but at the cost of increased major bleeding. However, for patients aged < 60 years, there may be a potential net benefit., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Huntington's disease (HD) arises from the abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene ( HTT ), resulting in the production of the mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) with a polyglutamine stretch in its N-terminus. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying HD are complex and not yet fully elucidated. However, mHTT forms aggregates and accumulates abnormally in neuronal nuclei and processes, leading to disruptions in multiple cellular functions. Although there is currently no effective curative treatment for HD, significant progress has been made in developing various therapeutic strategies to treat HD. In addition to drugs targeting the neuronal toxicity of mHTT, gene therapy approaches that aim to reduce the expression of the mutant HTT gene hold great promise for effective HD therapy. This review provides an overview of current HD treatments, discusses different therapeutic strategies, and aims to facilitate future therapeutic advancements in the field.

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) have attracted wide attention due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density and the ability of completely avoiding the shuttle effect. However, the further development of ASSLSBs is limited by the poor kinetic properties of the solid electrode interface. It remains a great challenge to achieve good kinetic properties, by common strategies to substitute sulfur-transition metal and organosulfur composites for sulfur without reducing the specific capacity of ASSLSBs. In this study, a sulfur-(Ketjen Black)-(bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide lithium salt) (S-KB-LiTFSI) composite is constructed by introducing LiTFSI into the S-KB composite. The initial discharge capacity reaches up to 1483 mA h g -1 , benefited from the improved ionic conductivity and diffusion kinetics of the S-KB-LiTFSI composite, where numerous LiF interphases with a Li 3 N component are in situ formed during cycling. Combined with DFT calculations, it is found that the migration barriers of LiF and Li 3 N are much smaller than that of the Li 6 PS 5 Cl solid electrolyte. The fast ionic conductors of LiF and Li 3 N not only enhance the Li + transfer efficiency but also improve the interfacial stability. Therefore, the assembled ASSLSBs operate stably for 600 cycles at 200 mA g -1 , and this study provides an effective strategy for the further development of ASSLSBs.

Introduction: Potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum L.) can be infected by various viruses, but out of all of viruses, the potato virus Y (PVY) is the most detrimental. Research shows that the potato cultivar YouJin is especially vulnerable to PVY and displays severe symptoms, including leaf vein chlorosis, curled leaf margins, large necrotic spots on the leaf blades, and the growth of small new leaves., Methods: PVY infection in potato cultivar YouJin was confirmed through symptom observation, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the genes associated with PVY pathogenesis in this cultivar., Result: Transcriptome analysis of differential genes was conducted in this study to examine the pathogenesis of PVY on YouJin. The results showed that 1,949 genes were differentially regulated, including 853 upregulated genes and 1,096 downregulated genes. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that carbohydrate synthesis and metabolism pathways were suppressed, and electron transferase and hydrolase activities were reduced. Moreover, there were increased expression levels of protein kinase genes. By focusing on plant-pathogen interaction pathways, six core genes all upregulating the WARK family of transcription factors were obtained. Additionally, a constructed PPI network revealed the identification of key modular differential genes, such as downregulated photosynthesis-related protein genes and upregulated AP2/ERF-ERF transcription factors. Functional network enrichment analysis revealed that PVY infection limited RNA metabolism, glutathionylation, and peroxiredoxin activity while triggering the expression of associated defense genes in YouJin. After analyzing the above, 26 DEGs were screened and 12 DEGs were confirmed via RT-qPCR., Conclusion: These results establish a hypothetical framework for clarifying the pathogenesis of PVY in the YouJin variety of potatoes, which will help design the disease resistance of YouJin., Competing Interests: WL, JH, and GL were employed by the Inner Mongolia Zhongjia Agricultural Biotechnology Co. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Yang, Zhao, Bai, Lv, Chen, Hu, Liu, Zhao, Zhou, Zhao and Zheng.)

Introduction: The processing of visual information in the human brain is divided into two streams, namely, the dorsal and ventral streams, object identification is related to the ventral stream and motion processing is related to the dorsal stream. Object identification is interconnected with motion processing, object size was found to affect the information processing of motion characteristics in uniform linear motion. However, whether the object size affects the spatial orientation is still unknown., Methods: Thirty-eight college students were recruited to participate in an experiment based on the spatial visualization dynamic test. Eyelink 1,000 Plus was used to collect eye movement data. The final direction difference (the difference between the final moving direction of the target and the final direction of the moving target pointing to the destination point), rotation angle (the rotation angle of the knob from the start of the target movement to the moment of key pressing) and eye movement indices under conditions of different object sizes and motion velocities were compared., Results: The final direction difference and rotation angle under the condition of a 2.29°-diameter moving target and a 0.76°-diameter destination point were significantly smaller than those under the other conditions (a 0.76°-diameter moving target and a 0.76°-diameter destination point; a 0.76°-diameter moving target and a 2.29°-diameter destination point). The average pupil size under the condition of a 2.29°-diameter moving target and a 0.76°-diameter destination point was significantly larger than the average pupil size under other conditions (a 0.76°-diameter moving target and a 0.76°-diameter destination point; a 0.76°-diameter moving target and a 2.29°-diameter destination point)., Discussion: A relatively large moving target can resist the landmark attraction effect in spatial orientation, and the influence of object size on spatial orientation may originate from differences in cognitive resource consumption. The present study enriches the interaction theory of the processing of object characteristics and motion characteristics and provides new ideas for the application of eye movement technology in the examination of spatial orientation ability., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Yang, He, Wu, Wang, Wang, Li, Guo, Wu and Liu.)

Background: Suicide is a worldwide public health problem. Evidence from previous studies has confirmed the relationship among anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. However, the complex psychopathological pathways between anxiety and suicidal ideation and between depression and suicidal ideation require further study., Methods: A total of 505 college students from Shanghai during COVID-19 pandemic were investigated in an online study. Anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation of the participants were investigated. R software was used to construct the anxiety-suicidal ideation and depression-suicidal ideation networks and to evaluate the bridge expected influences., Results: The anxiety-suicidal ideation network had 28 cross-community edges, the strongest one was A7 "Afraid something will happen"-S7 "Unable to solve personal problem"; A5 "Restlessness" and S3 "Hopelessness and suicide thoughts" had the highest bridge expected influences. The depression-suicidal ideation network had 36 cross-community edges, and the strongest one was D9 "Thoughts of death"-S5 "Unable to accomplish something important"; D9 "Thoughts of death" and S3 "Hopelessness and suicide thoughts" had the highest bridge expected influences., Conclusion: Intricate psychopathological pathways exist between anxiety and suicidal ideation and between depression and suicidal ideation. "Restlessness", "Thoughts of death" and "Hopelessness and suicide thoughts" are considered targets for suicidal ideation interventions. The present study enriches the theory of symptoms and mental disorders and provides a reliable reference for the intervention practice of suicidal ideation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The use of poly(1,3-dioxolane) (PDOL) electrolyte for lithium batteries has gained attention due to its high ionic conductivity, low cost, and potential for large-scale applications. However, its compatibility with Li metal needs improvement to build a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) toward metallic Li anode for practical lithium batteries. To address this concern, this study utilized a simple InCl 3 -driven strategy for polymerizing DOL and building a stable LiF/LiCl/LiIn hybrid SEI, confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM). Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and finite element simulation (FES) verify that the hybrid SEI exhibits not only excellent electron insulating properties but also fast transport properties of Li + . Moreover, the interfacial electric field shows an even potential distribution and larger Li + flux, resulting in uniform dendrite-free Li deposition. The use of the LiF/LiCl/LiIn hybrid SEI in Li/Li symmetric batteries shows steady cycling for 2000 h, without experiencing a short circuit. The hybrid SEI also provided excellent rate performance and outstanding cycling stability in LiFePO 4 /Li batteries, with a high specific capacity of 123.5 mAh g -1 at 10 C rate. This study contributes to the design of high-performance solid lithium metal batteries utilizing PDOL electrolytes., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Pterygium is a common ocular surface disease. Pterygium combined with corneal perforation is rare., Case Presentation: A 28-year-old female patient visited our outpatient clinic due to sudden onset of blurred vision and increased tearing in her left eye. The visual acuity was 1.0 OD and intraocular pressure (IOP) of 19.5 mmHg for the right eye with no significant abnormalities found in the anterior and posterior segments. The visual acuity of her left eye was 0.06, and IOP was 6.2 mmHg. A triangular vascular membranous tissue was seen in her left eye below the nose growing into the cornea and the pupil area was not touched. Slit-lamp examination revealed a tiny round corneal perforation in 8 o'clock position of the lesion area. Hospital diagnosis was given as pterygium combined with corneal perforation. The patient was treated with levofloxacin eye drops and autologous serum-based eye drops., Conclusions: We report a rare case of pterygium combined with corneal perforation. Perforation is a very rare complication of pterygium. This patient received proper treatment and good result was seen. This article aimed to improve clinicians' understanding of pterygium., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Anxiety and depression are among the greatest contributors to the global burden of diseases. The close associations of personality traits with anxiety and depression have been widely described. However, the common practice of sum scores in previous studies limits the understanding of the fine-grained connections between different personality traits and anxiety and depression symptoms and cannot explore and compare the risk or protective effects of personality traits on anxiety and depression symptoms., Objective: We aimed to determine the fine-grained connections between different personality traits and anxiety and depression symptoms and identify the detrimental or protective effects of different personality traits on anxiety and depression symptoms., Methods: A total of 536 college students from China were recruited online, and the average age was 19.98 ± 1.11. The Chinese version of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to investigate the personality traits and symptoms of anxiety and depression of participants after they understood the purpose and filling method of the survey and signed the informed consent. The demographic characteristics were summarized, and the scale scores were calculated. The network model of personality traits and symptoms of anxiety and depression was constructed, and bridge expected influence (BEI) was measured to evaluate the effect of personality traits on anxiety and depression. The edge accuracy and BEI stability were estimated, and the BEI difference and the edge weight difference were tested., Results: In the network, 29 edges (indicating partial correlations between variables) bridged the personality community and the anxiety and depression community, among which the strongest correlations were extraversion-fatigue, agreeableness-suicidal ideation, conscientiousness-uncontrollable worry, neuroticism-excessive worry, neuroticism-irritability, and openness-feelings of worthlessness. Neuroticism had the highest positive BEI value (0.32), agreeableness had the highest negative BEI value (-0.27), and the BEI values of neuroticism and agreeableness were significantly different from those of most other nodes ( p  < 0.05)., Conclusion: There are intricate correlations between personality traits and the symptoms of anxiety and depression in college students. Neuroticism was identified as the most crucial risk trait for depression and anxiety symptoms, while agreeableness was the most central protective trait., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Yang, Guo, Zhu, Liu and Guo.)

Abstract: Background: It is unknown whether early renal replacement therapy (RRT) initiation strategy in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with both acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis with or without renal failure is clinically beneficial. Patients and methods: A total of 818 patients with both ARDS and sepsis admitted to the ICU of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were included in the analysis. Early RRT was defined as initiating the RRT strategy within 24 h of admission. The relationship between early RRT and clinical outcomes, including primary (30-day mortality) and secondary (90-day mortality, serum creatinine, Pa o2 /Fi o2 , duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, cumulative fluid output, and cumulative fluid balance) outcomes, was compared using propensity score matching (PSM). Results: A total of 277 patients (33.9% of the total population) underwent an early RRT initiation strategy before PSM. After PSM, a cohort of 147 patients with early RRT and 147 patients without early RRT with matched baseline characteristics (including serum creatinine at admission) were constructed. Early RRT was not significantly associated with 30- (hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-1.85; P = 0.258) or 90-day mortality (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.91-1.87, P = 0.150). At each time point within 72 h after admission, there was no significant difference in serum creatinine, Pa o2 /Fi o2 and duration of mechanical ventilation between the early and the no early RRT groups. Early RRT significantly increased total output at all time points within 72 h of admission and reached a statistically significant negative fluid balance at 48 h. Conclusions: Early RRT initiation strategies had no statistically significant survival benefit in ICU patients with both ARDS and sepsis, with or without renal failure, nor did they significantly improve serum creatinine and oxygenation or shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation. The use and timing of RRT in such patients should be thoroughly investigated., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 by the Shock Society.)

Objective: Although complications and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 have been elucidated, the prevalence of long-term sequelae of COVID-19 is less clear in previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This review and meta-analysis present the occurrence of different symptoms up to 1 year of follow-up for previously hospitalized patients., Methods: We performed a systematic review from PubMed and Web of Science using keywords such as "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "sequelae", "long-term effect" and included studies with at least 3-month of follow-up. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were performed to estimate the pooled prevalence for different sequelae. Subgroup analyses were conducted by different follow-up time, regions, age and ICU admission., Results: 72 articles were included in the meta-analyses after screening 11,620 articles, identifying a total of 167 sequelae related to COVID-19 from 88,769 patients. Commonly reported sequelae included fatigue (27.5%, 95% CI 22.4-33.3%, range 1.5-84.9%), somnipathy (20.1%, 95% CI 14.7-26.9%, range 1.2-64.8%), anxiety (18.0%, 95% CI 13.8-23.1%, range 0.6-47.8%), dyspnea (15.5%, 95% CI 11.3-20.9%, range 0.8-58.4%), PTSD (14.6%, 95% CI 11.3-18.7%, range 1.2-32.0%), hypomnesia (13.4%, 95% CI 8.4-20.7%, range 0.6-53.8%), arthralgia (12.9%, 95% CI 8.4-19.2%, range 0.0-47.8%), depression (12.7%, 95% CI 9.3-17.2%, range 0.6-37.5%), alopecia (11.2%, 95% CI 6.9-17.6%, range 0.0-47.0%) over 3-13.2 months of follow-up. The prevalence of most symptoms reduced after > 9 months of follow-up, but fatigue and somnipathy persisted in 26.2% and 15.1%, respectively, of the patients over a year. COVID-19 patients from Asia reported a lower prevalence than those from other regions., Conclusions: This review identified a wide spectrum of COVID-19 sequelae in previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with some symptoms persisting up to 1 year. Management and rehabilitation strategies targeting these symptoms may improve quality of life of recovered patients., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

Background: No consensus has been reached on an optimal blood lactate evaluation system although several approaches have been reported in the literature in recent years. A group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) method could better stratify patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complicated with sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU)., Patients and Methods: 760 patients from the comprehensive ICU of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital with ARDS complicated with sepsis were eligible for analysis. Serial serum lactate levels were measured within 48 h of admission. In addition to the GBTM lactate groups, the initial lactate, peak lactate level, the area under the curve of serial lactate (lactate AUC), and lactate clearance were also considered for comparison. The short- and long-term outcomes were the 30- and 90-day mortality, respectively., Results: Three lactate groups were identified based on GBTM, with group 3 exhibiting the worse short- [hazard ratio (HR) for 30-day mortality: 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79-4.87, P < 0.001] and long term (HR for 90-day mortality: 3.49, 95% CI 2.06-5.89, P < 0.001) outcomes followed by group 2 (HR for 30-day mortality: 2.05, 95% CI 1.48-2.84, P < 0.001 and HR for 90-day mortality: 1.99, 95% CI 1.48-2.67, P < 0.001). GBTM lactate groups exhibited significantly improved diagnostic performance of initial lactate + SOFA scores/APACHE II scores models. Based on the multivariable fractional polynomial interaction (MFPI) approach, GBTM lactate groups could better differentiate high-risk patients than the initial lactate groups in short- and long-term outcomes., Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that GBTM-based serial blood lactate evaluations significantly improve the diagnostic capacity of traditional critical care evaluation systems and bring many advantages over previously documented lactate evaluation systems., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a dosage compensation phenomenon that occurs in females. Initiation of XCI depends on Xist RNA, which triggers silencing of one of the two X chromosomes, except for XCI escape genes that continue to be biallelically expressed. In the soma XCI is stably maintained with continuous Xist expression. How Xist impacts XCI maintenance remains an open question. Here we conditionally delete Xist in hematopoietic system of mice and report differentiation and cell cycle defects in female hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). By utilizing female HSPCs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we find that X-linked genes show variable tolerance to Xist loss. Specifically, XCI escape genes exhibit preferential transcriptional upregulation, which associates with low H3K27me3 occupancy and high chromatin accessibility that accommodates preexisting binding of transcription factors such as Yin Yang 1 (YY1) at the basal state. We conclude that Xist is necessary for gene-specific silencing during XCI maintenance and impacts lineage-specific cell differentiation and proliferation during hematopoiesis., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Aims: Information regarding β-blocker use and bleeding risk in patients on antithrombotic therapy in contemporary practice is limited. We examined the association between early (within the first 24 hours) oral β-blocker therapy and major in-hospital bleeds among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)., Methods and Results: In the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-ACS project, among patients without contraindications to β-blocker, we examined the association between early oral β-blocker exposure [users/non-users, dosing, and type (metoprolol vs. bisoprolol)] and major in-hospital bleeds. Of the 43,640 eligible patients, 36.0% patients received early oral β-blocker and 637 major bleeds were recorded. Compared with non-users, early oral β-blocker was associated reduced risks for major bleeds [odds ratio (OR): 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38-0.61] and in-hospital mortality (OR: 0.47; 95%CI: 0.34-0.64) in multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models. Early oral β-blocker use associated reduction in major bleeding was evident both in high-dose (defined by metoprolol-equivalent dose ≥50 mg/day) users (OR: 0.47; 95%CI: 0.33-0.68) and in low-dose users (metoprolol-equivalent dose <50 mg/day; OR: 0.61; 95%CI: 0.47-0.79). No significant difference was observed between metoprolol and bisoprolol in terms of reductions in major bleeding and mortality. Analyses based on inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighted regression adjustment and propensity-score matching yielded consistent findings., Conclusion: In this retrospective study based on the nationwide ACS registry, among patients treated by PCI, in addition to a reduction in in-hospital mortality, oral β-blocker therapy initiated within the first 24 hours was associated with a reduced risk for major in-hospital bleeds. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02306616., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental disease caused by complex genetic and environmental factors. The pathological process and clinical manifestation of SZ are heterogeneous among patients, which hampers precise diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Since no objective marker for SZ has been established today, to identify a subgroup of the patients with homogeneous biochemical traits will provide a new angle for both researchers and clinicians to understand and manage the disease. In this study, we employed the niacin skin-flushing test in Chinese population and confirmed a niacin-blunted subgroup of SZ patients distinguishable from mood disorders (MD) and normal individuals. This subgroup accounted for 30.67% of the total SZ patients with a specificity of 88.37% in male subjects and 83.75% in female subjects. We support the notion that bluntness in niacin skin test might reflect abnormalities in membrane fatty acid composition, which could be induced by increased PLA2 enzyme activity, in vivo oxidative stress or lipid metabolism imbalance in SZ. Further studies are encouraged to clarify the molecular origins of niacin-bluntness in SZ, which would provide extra clues for etiological research in schizophrenia and for new targeted treatment.

MoS 2 films are grown on SiO 2 /Si substrates by chemical vapor deposition. The vibrational properties of optical phonons of mono-, bi- and multilayer MoS 2 are studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy over temperature range from 90 to 540 K with 514.5 nm and 785 nm lasers. The Raman peaks of E2g1 and A 1g modes are observed simultaneously for mono-, bi- and multilayer MoS 2 with 514.5 nm laser, but only the Raman peak of E2g1 mode is seen for monolayer MoS 2 as 785 nm laser is used, revealing electron-phonon exchange excitation mechanism of A 1g mode for the first time. The Raman shifts of E2g1 and A 1g modes present obvious nonlinear temperature dependence. A semi-quantitative model is used to fit the nonlinear temperature dependence of Raman shifts which matches well to experimental data. Meanwhile, the fitting results reveal that the nonlinear temperature dependence of Raman shifts of E2g1 mode mainly originates from three-phonon anharmonic effect, while one of A 1g mode is contributed by stronger three- and weaker four-phonon anharmonic effects cooperatively but two contributions are comparable in intensity.