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A total of 403 multiple diagnoses were independently assigned to 41 patient protocols by 73 psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to determine the levels of interrater reliability of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) diagnostic categories. With the exception of the psychotic disorders category, these diagnostic categories were found to have low levels of interdiagnostician reliability. Differences in the reliabilities across disciplines and levels of training were found. It is noted, however, that neither years of experience, kind of training, nor direct contact with the patient can be regarded as a substitute for improvements in the classification system itself. The importance of a reliable classification system for child psychiatry is emphasized and suggestions for improvements in the present GAP system are made.

The cavity reciprocity method of calibrating pressure microphones involves the use of similar WE‐640AA condenser microphones in a coupler of approximately 18 cc volume. Extension of the method to allow the calibration of small diaphragm type crystal microphones was made with special emphasis on the use of dissimilar microphones in the calibrating coupler. In general, couplers of considerably smaller volume were required because of the lower sensitivity of the crystal microphone. It was found that the WE‐640AA microphone could be calibrated in the coupler of 1.5 cc volume required for calibration of the crystal microphones, up to a frequency of 13 kc without the use of hydrogen in the cavity, although the errors introduced might be too great for precision work. Difficulties were encountered in calibrating the crystal microphones due to effects produced by mechanical coupling between the microphone and the coupler.

Excerpt As early as the beginning of the present century the late Victor C. Vaughan1already had an adequate understanding of the problems of bacterial sensitization. This eminent biochemist maintai...

The attenuation of jet noise obtained by the use of a complete enclosure helmet when worn by a human observer has been investigated. The measurements were made in the reverberant field of a synthetic jet noise source. Helmets were essentially spherical in shape with a diameter of 14 in., and were strapped to the body of the observer, together with a seal of foam rubber. A helmet constructed of clear lucite produced over‐all attenuations of about 20 db for the frequency range 75 to 9600 cps. Results indicated that low‐frequency noise entered the helmet through the seal at the shoulders. Liquid (water) seals increased the attenuation in the two lower octave bands by about 9 db. A minimum in the attenuation occurred in the 1200‐ to 2400‐cps octave band. In this frequency range the wavelength of the sound is the order of 12 to 1 times the sphere diameter. For a stiffer sphere of thin gauge steel the band of minimum attenuation was one octave higher. The attenuation increased in the highest octave bands and co...

Sound pressures measured with a probe‐tube microphone in front of the tympanic membrane of the guinea pig have been compared at 100 cps intervals in the frequency range 50 to 8000 cps to the sound pressures similarly measured in a speculum coupling an acoustic source to the ear canal. Rather different functions were obtained for each of five conditions: (1) normal, (2) hair‐line slit in the tympanic membrane, (3) rupture of tympanic membrane, (4) fluid behind tympanic membrane, and (5) bulla open. The variability in each of the categories will be presented. The correlation between the physical measurements and the physiological response as indicated by the cochlear microphonic will be discussed.

The epidemic here reported, which includes 487 cases of septic sore throat, with twenty-two deaths, occurred almost exclusively among the customers of a single raw-milk dairy. All but one of the patients who died had drunk this milk. Prompt detection of the cause of the epidemic and equally prompt control of the milk supply by heating were made possible by complete cooperation between the clinicians, the city health bureau and the dairy management, and resulted in checking further extension of the epidemic within twenty-four hours after the suspicion of a milk-borne epidemic was first brought to the attention of the health bureau, March 27, 1922. HISTORY OF THE OUTBREAK A child, aged 2 years, died, March 25, 1922, with the clinical picture of sore throat and acute encephalitis. Other cases occurred in various parts of the west side of Portland on this day and the next two days, all evidently

I note a letter from Mr. W. J. Gunning in the April issue of the Bulletin, in which he brings out the necessity for prospective inventors (sic) to refrain from disclosing their invention in any way, if they wish to obtain Patent rights. (I would like to add that it is almost impossible, because of the stringent regulations, for an applicant to handle his application personally, without the services of a Patent Attorney. As a former Patent Examiner, I handled several overseas applications submitted by eminent physicists, whose applications did not conform with the most simple requirements of the regulations.

Patient. —J. T., Marcaline, Mo., entered South Side Hospital Feb. 1, 1912. Examination revealed almost complete destruction of cornea of the right eye and patient was entirely unable to see from the eye at the time of entrance to the hospital. The eye was properly conditioned, pupil dilated and the cornea removed as follows: Technic. —Under local anesthesia the cornea was completely excised, except 1/16 inch near the limbus, and the cornea of the rabbit's eye was cut to fit the excised area. Superficial sutures were taken in the conjunctiva, both horizontal and perpendicular and drawn over the graft to hold it firmly in position. Small cannulas, bent to lit, were placed in the internal and external canthi and connected with vacuumbottles by rubber tubing to draw oil' secretions which otherwise would flood the eye and prevent union. These were held in position by bands of adhesive plaster and the

A series of studies has been made in an attempt to determine the selection of the proper independent variable that will allow for the prediction of the distribution of internal friction in mechanical vibrators of various geometries. Previous studies of cylindrical vibrating bars have indicated that the loss is a sole function of the longitudinal strain. The choice of a material for use in a generating or receiving system based upon its internal friction, can be misleading when practical geometries are used rather than the cylindrical geometry used for laboratory measurements. Impedance discontinuities caused by the selection of shape or the use of disimilar materials can lead to internal friction, in addition to that anticipated on a longitudinal‐strain basis. The results of numerous measurements of losses and corresponding theoretical calculations are presented to indicate the complexity of the problem. Preliminary conclusions are presented to indicate the application of these findings.

The combined effects of sonic and gamma energy were studied to determine if chemical reactions may be produced which are different from those reactions initiated by either type of these energies alone. Both gamma and ultrasonic irradiations can cause changes in many systems. The mechanisms responsible for these reactions are, in general, different. Consequently, it is expected that the combined use of these two types of energy sources probably will not result in a linear addition relationship. The degradation of polystyrene in carbon tetrachloride solution was investigated since this reaction is known to be initiated efficiently by both ultrasonic and gamma radiations. (This research was supported by Armour Research Foundation.)

AET was moderately toxic when administered in single doses to mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and cats. When given by intravenous injection, doses ranging from 50 to 450 mg/kg were lethal; by intraperitoneal injection, the lethal range was 350 to 650 mg./kg. Administered orally as a single dose, the lethal range was 250 to 1000 mg/kg. Rats fed dietary levels of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% for a period of 1 month showed no effects on growth. A 1.0% dietary level produced a moderate depression of growth. An increase in white cell counts was observed at all dietary levels of AET. No histological lesions were found that could be attributed to the ingestion of AET. The protective effects of S, BETA aminoethylisothiuronium - Br - HBr - (AET) against the lethal effects of 594 r of 1-Mev x radiation was tested in 21 dogs, with 14 additional dogs as controls. Data presented indicate failure of this compound to enhance survival or survival rate. (auth)

A relatively small array of equipment is described that permits the measurement of the power spectrum of irregular or discontinuous sounds, including speech. A sample of speech, or any other sound, is recorded on a loop of magnetic tape that can be played back over and over again. Repetitions of the sample are independent of the variability of the talker. The output of the tape playback is fed through a system of cascaded, variable electronic filters; the output of the filters is fed to a square‐law integrator circuit, which has been adapted from Rudmose et al.; and the output pulses of the integrator activate an electronic scaler. Scaler counts are proportional to the energy and an absolute value of energy is obtained from a calibration in counts per second. Flexibility is enhanced by the fact that the number and the width of frequency bands measured may be determined or changed at will. From an apparatus point of view it is shown that spectral analysis of speech need not require special components, which must be purchased for that purpose alone, but rather mostly employs equipment that is standard in most experimental laboratories. Increase in the time required for measurement is offset by a reduction in the size and complexity of equipment. Preliminary measurements in which both octave and equal‐mel bands were used yield results that are in substantial agreement with those of previous workers.

Negotiation is an everyday task in economic processes; ranging from corporations to markets, from agents to nations, always there is the need to mediate between conflicting intents or expectations. Therefore, in the scientific literature and in practice, several negotiation procedures have been developed, each one elaborated to perform in a specific context and under particular assumptions, as, for example, voting systems, auction and fair division mechanisms, negotiation protocols, and so on. All these may seem disjoined from each other, as their contexts are; nevertheless they all share the same assumption that each subject pursues his own best utility. Moreover, despite their specialization, they all have some problems in practical use like, for example, the presence of a dictator, the lack of truthfulness, or the possibility of being manipulated by fictitious declarations. In this contribution we focus on the negotiation over continuous issues and in particular we analyze the jointly Improving Direction Method (IDM), which is known for its generality, since different other negotiation protocols can be seen as an its particular subclass, and also because it has the nice theoretical property of being Pareto efficient. Nevertheless it is easy to implement, which makes IDM the perfect candidate for an automated negotiation support system. Despite its theoretical properties, we show the practical inefficiency of this method (even in the simple case of just two negotiating parties), which reduces significantly its performance in the operative context. In particular we show that the main drawback of IDM is due to the possibility to retrieve information about other ones utilities during the negotiation steps and to exploit it to manipulate the negotiation itself. For better explaining this phenomenon we show the deep connection between negotiation and the social choice problem. The bridge we build allows to carry in this context the Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem and the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem, thus implying that each step of IDM (and of all the methods which it generalizes) may be affected by a dictatorial or a manipulatory party who can deviate the efficient Pareto frontier to get a better gain during the negotiation. In order to avoid the operative inefficiency of IDM, we propose a different negotiation paradigm, where the hypothesis that agents maximize their own utility is not modified, while the way they pursuit maximum satisfaction is substantially different, since each agent has to express a sub optimal choice, rather than his optimal one. In this context, the constraint of a sub optimal declaration by one side protects from information retrieval and by the other side it forces each party to leave to the others the possibility to improve their own gains in order to pursue his own best. The comparison of the performances with the IDM ones in different negotiation domains, both in terms of Pareto efficiency and manipulation resistance, shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.