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The results of four thermophilous forests restorations done in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) are shown. The soil and climatic characteristics of the four plots are described, as well as the percentages of survivorship, the evolution of heights and basal diameters during the experiencie and their correlations. The aim of this study is to know the viability of this works, and to compare the development of the species used in this kind of ecological restorations. In base of their survival and development, Pistacia atlantica and Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis show the best results., Se muestran los resultados del seguimiento de cuatro parcelas de restauración de formaciones termófilas en la isla de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias). Se describen las características edafológicas y climáticas de dichas parcelas, se muestran porcentajes de supervivencia, evolución de alturas y diámetros basales de las especies arbóreas y arbustivas utilizadas y la correlación existente entre alturas y diámetros basales para Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis. La finalidad de este estudio es comprobar la viabilidad de este tipo de actuaciones, así como el comportamiento de las diferentes especies en las mismas, destacando por su desarrollo y supervivencia Pistacia atlantica y Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis.

The results of four thermophilous forests restorations done in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) are shown. The soil and climatic characteristics of the four plots are described, as well as the percentages of survivorship, the evolution of heights and basal diameters during the experiencie and their correlations. The aim of this study is to know the viability of this works, and to compare the development of the species used in this kind of ecological restorations. In base of their survival and development, Pistacia atlantica and Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis show the best results. Se muestran los resultados del seguimiento de cuatro parcelas de restauración de formaciones termófilas en la isla de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias). Se describen las características edafológicas y climáticas de dichas parcelas, se muestran porcentajes de supervivencia, evolución de alturas y diámetros basales de las especies arbóreas y arbustivas utilizadas y la correlación existente entre alturas y diámetros basales para Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis. La finalidad de este estudio es comprobar la viabilidad de este tipo de actuaciones, así como el comportamiento de las diferentes especies en las mismas, destacando por su desarrollo y supervivencia Pistacia atlantica y Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis.

The agronomic profitability of nut production in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is hampered by several factors such as the production of empty nuts, the small size and dry weight of the edible kernel and the low percentage of endocarp dehiscence. The causes underlining these problems are still unknown. The effect of pollinations with pollen from P. atlantica and six different P. vera genotypes on several fruit, nut and embryo characters was compared to study possible xenic and/or metaxenic effects. The use of P. atlantica pollen affected some traits, but there were no clear differences when the pollen of the different P. vera genotypes was used suggesting that, at the intraspecific level, the main limitation to pistachio fruit production problems might not be due to pollen factors.

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and mineral content were recorded for 4 years in the major Sicilian pistachio cultivar, Bianca, budded in 1991 onto eight in v/fro-propagated clonal rootstocks (Pistacia atlantica and P. integerrima) and one seedling rootstock (P. terebinthus). The trees were grown using standard cultural practices for Sicilian dry-land farming in a fine sandy soil, located inland in Sicily (20 km SW of Palermo, 350 m a.s.l.). From nine trees per rootstock, samples of 10 leaflets from the mid-section of current year shoots were taken yearly in August and analyzed for the main plant mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B). The TCSA was measured at the end of each growing season. Clones of P. integerrima, especially clone 2, proved to be the most vigorous among the tested rootstocks, with a TCSA more than three times that of P. terebinthus. Clones of P. atlantica were of intermediate vigor, but differences in TCSA among the rootstocks tended to disappear in the last year of observation. There were no particular significant differences in the foliar concentrations of N, P, Fe, Mn and Zn, whereas there were significant differences among the rootstocks for Mg and K. Clone 3 of P. atlantica was the most efficient in using Mg and P. terebinthus in using K. Finally, an antagonistic effect was detected between these last two elements, with a highly significant negative correlation between K and Mg.

Objective: The present in vitro studies aimed to investigate the pancreatic and extrapancreatic effects of crude aqueous extracts (AE) of Achillea santolina L, Eryngium creticum Lam, and Pistacia atlantica Desf utilized in Jordan diabetes ethnomedicine. Methods: Bioassays of β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion as well as glucose diffusion as possible modes of action were recruited. Results: Similar to L-alanine insulinotropic efficacy in MIN6 β-cell, glucose-stimulated Ca2+ regulated- insulin secretion was potentiated by AEs of E.creticum (0.01 mg/ml) and P.atlantica (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/ml). A.santolina AE, however, was found ineffective. Comparable to glucagon-like peptid-1-enhanced β-cell proliferation in 2-day treatment wells, a dose dependent augmentation of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation was obtained with the A.santolina AE (0.05-1 mg/ml), and E.creticum AE (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml). P.atlantica concentrations lacked pancreatic proliferative capacity. While A.santolina and E.creticum AEs proved inactive, P.atlantica inhibited dose dependently overnight glucose movement in vitro, as effectively as guar gum diffusional hindrance in a simple glucose dialysis model. Conclusion: Current findings signify the in vitro diverse therapeutic antidiabetes properties of the selected medicinal plants. Future directives may assess the use of A.santolina, E.creticum and P.atlantica as new potential sources of functional foods or nutraceuticals or active leads into diabetes type 2 pharmacotherapy.

Ce séminaire a permis de réunir de nombreux chercheurs forestiers africains et français autour des recherches en cours sur la biologie et la physiologie des essences adaptées aux zones arides. Les thèmes plus précisément retenus sont : l'adaptation des essences forestières à la sécheresse, la compétition et l'installation d'un peuplement d'arbres, les symbioses racinaires des arbres en zones arides, la physiologie d'Acacia albida, la gommose et l'optimisation de la conduite d'Acacia senegal, les apports de la physiologie des palmiers dattiers à la régénération des palmeraies, la physiologie des essences de reboisement

Swart, W. J., and Botes, W.-M. 1995. First report of stem canker caused by Botryosphaeria obtusa on pistachio. Plant Dis. 79:1036-1038. Dieback of 3-year-old Pistacia vera L. trees, grafted onto P atlantica rootstocks, was observed in trial plantings in the Prieska district of South Africa during the spring of 1992. Close examination of diseased trees revealed the presence of cankers on the lower part of the stem in the vicinity of the graft. Isolations from the margins of diseased tissue onto malt-extract agar consistently yielded black fungal colonies and pycnidia bearing mature conidia identified as belonging to the Sphaeropsis anamorph of Botryosphaeria obtusa. The fungus was shown to be highly virulent to three Pistacia species in pathogenicity tests in the field. Branches, measuring 5 mm in diameter, of P atlantica, P vera and P integerrima developed mean cambial lesions measuring 53, 51, and 15 mm, respectively, 14 days after artificial inoculation with fungal mycelium. Wounding of branches prior to inoculation resulted in significantly larger cambial lesions. As far as we have been able to determine, there are no published reports of B. obtusa being associated with disease symptoms on cultivated pistachio trees.

Pistacia integerrima (rootstock cultivar Pioneer Gold) is resistant to Verticillium dahliae, and P. atlantica (rootstock cultivar Standard Atlantica) is susceptible in the field. We developed greenhouse and laboratory assays that differentiate between the resistant and the susceptible cultivars. After injection of the stems of seedlings with conidia, the cultivars showed differential symptoms. After infusion of conidia into stems, V. dahliae colonized significantly fewer xylem vessels in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar (...)

Research on the floristic The Saharan Atlas Bechar was undertaken. The Saharan Atlas covers important plant resources spread over the plains, mountains, chotts the Dayas and desert areas. Their potential for biological resources and their impressive diversity across the country imperatively require a preservation strategy is developed. Ratification by Algeria, the Convention on Biological Diversity is an important step in the management of this valuable capital and an irrefutable proof which strengthens the position of our country in the conservation of biological diversity across planetary and in building sustainable development. Our work is part of an overall framework that aims the preservation of plant species such as the case of the Atlas Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) are currently the object of our concern. It is a very special forest heritage since it is an interesting species in many ways. The Pistachio Atlas is a large powerful xeric very special tree trunk up to ten meters high. The approach used consisted of floristic inventory from phytoecological identified in the pistachio range. The 50 surveys are conducted and 127 species (woody and herbaceous) belonging to 97genres grouped into 36 families were inventoried. The Pistacia atlantica is a promising species for Western Algeria, its adaptation to environmental stresses enables a dynamic and some biological recovery. Floristic diversity of the group to Pistacia atlantica is very special because of its biological characterization, systematic and phytogeographical. This review highlights the importance of endemic species-Saharan Africa through adaptation and resistance under more favorable typically Saharan bioclimate.

In the present study, four forms of pseudo second (PS) order kinetic linearized equations for the adsorption of Pb(II) by pistacia atlantica shells were investigated. Kinetic parameters determined for all forms of linearized equations and results obtained from this study show that not only the parameters obtained can be differed but also based on the kinetic parameters obtained is recommended to calculate the PS-order parameters by the linearized equation 1, because this form has the maximum amount of adsorbed of Pb(II) at equilibrium(qe=50.000 mgg-1) and coefficient of determination (R2=0.996).

The objective of this study was to establish a regional profile of the indigenous knowledge on the treatment of various gynaecological disorders by Baluch Tribes of Iran. The ethical guidelines adopted by the International Society of Ethnobiology were strictly followed during the field survey. Data were collected during 2013-2014 based on interviews, group conversations and close consultation with local informants. Participants were selected using the snowball sampling technique. Secondary methods of data collection were also used for triangulation. A quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor and use value was performed to evaluate the medicinal plants. A total of 33.3% Baluch women reported high affiliation with herbal remedies for gynaecological problems, while others attribute was also positive for medicinal plants. A total of eighty plant species belonging to 43 botanical families were documented. Levels of Relative frequency of citation decreased as follows: Nigella sativa (0.92), Pistacia atlantica (0.91), Anethum graveolens (0.88), Carum carvi (0.87) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (0.85). Results of the informant consensus factor showed that menstrual problems (0.87) and vaginal infection (0.74) were the most common problems of women in the studied area. The use value and informant consensus factor validated that the relative importance of plant species and shared knowledge of herbal therapies between Baluch womenfolk of this area is still rich. Keywords: Gynecology, Medicinal plant, Informant consensus factor, Baluch, Iran

Summary Fifty-eight atopic and nine non-atopic volunteers, all residents of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. Israel, were skin tested with extracts made from filtered pollen of Pistacia atlantica, P. lentiscus, P. palaestina and P. vera. Twenty-four out of the fifty-eight patients examined (41.4% had positive skin reactions to at least one of the four examined species of Pistacia: seven of the patients reacted to all the examined extracts, whereas the other seventeen reacted to only some of them. Fifteen patients reacted to extracts of P. atlantica, sixteen patients reacted to extracts of P. lentiscus, ten patients reacted to extracts of P. palaestina and seven patients reacted to extracts of pollen of P. vera. None of the healthy, non-atopic volunteers reacted to any of the extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of immunological reactions to pollen extracts of the genus Pistacia.

Mohammadi MF, Vaezin SMH, Etemad V, Sepahvand A, Shirvani A, Azam S. 2014. Qualitative and financial evaluation of public and private forest nurseries; Case study of southern Zagros forests, Iran. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 152-158. This study has examined the efficiency of two nurseries, private and public divisions, based on qualitative and financial evaluation in the Southern Zagros forests of Iran. To achieve this purpose, we selected two species including pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) and poplar (Populus nigra) in one year period. Results of qualitative evaluation showed that all produced seedlings by private nursery significantly had better features than the public one at a significant level of 0.05. Also, the results of financial evaluation showed that cost price of each poplar seedling at private nursery (0.734 $) was 19.6 times less than public one (14.4 $). The interest rate for pistachio seedling in private sector ranges from 1.9 to 2.2 $, while it ranges from 1.5 to 1.9 $ for poplar seedling. Such researches may help to improve management as well as financial and qualitative efficiency, especially in public nurseries. Future researches will be required to document other aspects of private management on nurseries in seedling products.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Pistacia atlantica (wild pistachio) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, and growing from the Mediterranean basin to central Asia, especially in Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Saudi Arabia where it is extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to relieving upper abdominal discomfort and pain, dyspepsia and peptic ulcer. Objective: Despite the diverse biological activities of P. atlantica, there is no current review summarizing medicinal properties of its subspecies, including cabulica, kurdica and mutica. Thus, this paper aims to explore the current understanding of the chemical, pharmacological, and biochemical properties of the extracts and the main active constituents found in each subspecies of this plant. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles, using “Pistacia atlantica” as search term (′′ all fields′′ ), were retrieved from Scifinder, Pubmed, Science direct, Wiley, Springer, ACS, Scielo, Web of Science and other web search instruments (Google Scholar, Yahoo search). Papers published until July 2020 are considered. In addition, various books were consulted that contained botanical and ethnopharmacological information. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers in English and French. Results: Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, including volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols. P. atlantica contains also minerals and trace elements, like iron, lead, copper, potassium, sodium and calcium; fatty acids, like oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid; fat-soluble vitamins, such as α, β, γ and δ tocopherols; phytosterols, like betasitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and Δ5-avenasterol. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from P. atlantica show a wide range of pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, wound healing, anticancer, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, urease inhibition, antihypertension, nipple fissure healing, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities. However, there are no reports summarizing the P. atlantica bioactivity, its therapeutic value, and the roles played by each of the numerous phytoconstituents. Conclusion: Many traditional uses of P. atlantica and its subspecies have now been confirmed by pharmacologic research. Systematic phytochemical investigation of the P. atlantica subspecies and the pharmacological properties, especially the mechanisms of action and toxicology, to illustrate their ethnomedicinal use, to explore the therapeutic potential and support further health-care product development, will undoubtedly be the focus of further research. Therefore, detailed and extensive studies and clinical evaluation of P. atlantica subspecies should be carried out in future for the safety approval of therapeutic applications.

The oleoresin of Pistacia atlantica Desf. ssp. atlantica, growing wild in different arid and semi-arid regions of Algeria, is a popular naturally-occurring chewing gum and has been used traditionally in the treatment of peptic ulcer. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil obtained from solvent distillation of the fresh oleoresin has led to the identification of many terpenoids: α-pinene (39.4%), β-pinene (12.9%), carvacrol (11.8%), pinocarvone (5.5%), limonene (5.1%), germacrene-D (2.4%), trans-pinocarveol (2.1%), camphenol (2%), borneol (2%), α-terpene (1.8%), p-cymene (1.7%), terpinolene (1.4%), terpinene-4-ol (1.4%), isopinocarveol (1.1%) and verbenene (1.0%). Other minor constituents were also identified.

Pistacia atlantica subsp. atlantica (Atlas pistachio) is the only tree of North-African steppe. It is describe like a fossil tree and its Anacardiaceae is dioecious. It can reach to great dimensions (25 m height and 5 m circumference). We can found it essentially in “dayas” (alluvial depressions) or following hydrographic network of those areas. The study of the responses of its root system for textural variations of soil, allowed us to deduce that the young pistachio emit an orthogeotrope seminal root pivot. It disappears and organize itself according to soil texture. If the soil is sandy, so less humid and less compact, a few roots plunge deeply looking for moisture resources and more stability; others roots continuous growing less deeply in the soil. If the soil is loamy, so more humid and more compact, roots still grows less deeply and develop an horizontal root network, but as it became old, it can sent out a powerful and deeply roots looking for moisture and best anchorage.

Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of essential oils obtained from leaves and flowers of Pistacia atlantica were studied . GC/GC-MS analyses of the essential oils afforded twenty-two compounds from flower oil and thirty from leaf oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was determined using b -carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH • and ABTS • + -scavenging effects . The essential oils exhibited a good antioxidant activity and inhibited the activity of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase.

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves collected from different regions of Algeria were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil was rich in monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The major components were alpha-pinene (0.0-67%), delta-3-carene (0.0-56%), spathulenol (0.5-22%), camphene (0.0-21%), terpinen-4-ol (0.0-16%) and beta-pinene (0.0-13%). Among the various components identified, twenty were used for statistical analyses. The result of principal component analysis (PCA) showed the occurrence of three chemotypes: a delta-3-carene chemotype (16.4-56.2%), a terpinen-4-ol chemotype (10.8-16.0%) and an alpha-pinene/camphene chemotype (10.9-66.6%/3.8-20.9%). It was found that the essential oil from female plants (delta-3-carene chemotype) could be easily differentiated from the two other chemotypes corresponding to male trees.

Large populations of Pistacia grow wild in dif-ferent parts of Iran. The fruits of two species, namely,Pistacia atlantica Subsp.mutica andP. atlantica Subsp.kurdica are consumed by the natives because of the high content of oil in kernels and outer skin layers. The kernels of both species are rich in oil (over 50%), and the oil content in the outer skin layer ofP. atlantica Subsp.kurdica is 63% and in the other variety 30%. Unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid compositions of the oils were determined and the results compared with the oil fromPistacia vera L.

Plant growth rates and rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of chloride and sodium were compared between seedlings of the rootstock Pistacia atlantica Desf. and a scion cultivar P. Vera L. cv. Kerman treated with 30 mM NaCl for 63 days. Uptake and distribution of chloride, sodium and potassium ions were then investigated in P. atlantica and in another rootstock P. terebinthus L. subjected to periods of increasing salinity, commencing with 30 mM chloride and 18 mM sodium, and then increasing sequentially by these amounts every 3 weeks to reach a maximum of 150 mM chloride and 90 mM sodium. Shoot growth rates of P. Vera and P. atlantica were not affected by treatment with 30 mM NaCl. Rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of chloride were similar between the two species. However, the rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of sodium by P. atlantica were approximately 2-fold and 4-fold higher, respectively, than in P. vera. The chloride and sodium accumulated in the shoots of both species was diluted by growth, with the result that there was no marked increase in leaf and stem chloride and sodium concentrations in either species with time. After 63 days of salt-treatment, mean leaf chloride concentrations were less in P. atlantica, which had a higher relative growth rate and a higher shoot to root ratio than P. vera. Mean leaf sodium concentrations were higher in P. atlantica, reflecting the greater rate of root to shoot transport of sodium by this species. Sequentially increasing salinities up to a maximum of 150 mM chloride and 90 mM sodium had no significant effect on the dry matter production of P. atlantica and P. terebinthus. Laminae chloride concentrations of both species increased as the level of salinity was increased. Sodium concentrations in laminae of P. terebinthus showed a small but significant increase during treatment with the two highest salinity levels. Chloride concentrations on a tissue water basis were highest in laminae and petioles of salt-treated plants, whereas sodium concentrations were highest in roots, especially the proximal root, indicating retention of sodium in the lower part of the plant.

Background Adenosine triphosphate-cassette binding protein (ABC) type G is considered as a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process in modification and metabolism of plasma and tissue cholesterol. This study aims to evaluate the effect of endurance training with or without Pistacia atlantica (Baneh) supplementation on the female rat tissues ABC type G expression and its correlation with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration. Methods Twenty Wistar rats (six to eight weeks old, 125–135 g weight) were arbitrarily allocated into training (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups and further divided into saline-control (n = 5), saline-training (n = 5), Baneh-control (n = 5), and Baneh-training (n = 5). The training groups were given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. The rats were fed orally with Baneh extract and saline for six weeks. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, the rats were sacrificed and their tissues were excised for tissues ABCG4 expression which was detected by Real-time PCR method. Results The ABCG4 gene expressions were significantly higher in liver (P = 02), small intestine (P = 06), and visceral fat tissues (P = 04) of the trained rats compared to the tissues of the control rats, but were lower in Baneh treated rats (liver P = 045, small intestine P = 06 and visceral fat P = 004) with lower HDL-C concentrations (P = 008). Conclusions The Baneh administration lowered tissues ABCG4 expression and plasma HDL-C concentrations while endurance training increased the expression in female rat tissues.