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This study aims to show the effect of conventional tillage (CT) in olive orchards in the medium term (15 years) on carbon (C) storage considering the complete soil profile, on the soil C sequestration and stabilisation capacity and on the viability for the achievement of Objective 4‰. The results obtained showed important losses in soil organic carbon (SOC) and SOC stock (SOC-S), with a significant loss of total SOC-S of 42.3%. Concerning the SOC and the SOC-S linked to the fine soil fraction (20 μm), the evolution over time led however to a SOC increase in depth (BC and C horizons) of 58.3% and 20.9% and increases in SOC-S of 17.2%, 34.7% and 27.3% for the Ap, BC and C horizons, respectively. Finally, it was seen that the goals set by the 4‰ initiative were not met, as losses of 2.1 Mg C ha

Seasonal flu is caused by influenza infection, a virus that spreads easily in human population with periodical epidemic outbreaks. The high mutational rate of influenza viruses leads to the emergence of strains resistant to the current treatments. Due to that, scientific research is focusing on the development of new anti-influenza agents as alternative or complementary treatments. Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) has been a source of ancestral remedies due to its antimicrobial activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the anti-influenza activity of a standardized olive leaf extract rich in elenolic acid (EA), Isenolic®, compared with oseltamivir. Isenolic® extract was characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-Mass Spectrometry and its content in EA was determined by HPLC. Cytotoxicity, viral neuraminidase inhibitor activity and cell viability protection against influenza infection of Isenolic® were tested in vitro using sialic acid overexpressing Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells. Isenolic® formulations showed a 4% and 8% dry basis. Oseltamivir and Isenolic® extracts showed anti-influenza activity. The 8% Isenolic® formulation showed a dose-dependent neuraminidase inhibitor activity higher than the 4% formulation, and preserved cell viability under viral infection. Thus, Isenolic® become a promising natural alternative to existing influenza treatments.

In this study, the reducing effects of varying levels of olive leaf extract (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in pan-cooked salmon at 180 and 220 °C were examined.All salmon samples were analyzed for ten HAAs: IQx, IQ, MeIQx, MeIQ, 4,8-DiMeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP, AαC, MeAαC and Trp-P-2. The most abundant HAA was MeIQ (≤2.98 ng gThe current study displayed that olive leaf extracts could be efficient when added in up to 1% concentration prior to cooking for reducing HAA formation without changing organoleptic characteristics of salmon. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Several novel antimicrobials with different concentrations of olive, pomegranate, and orange fruit pulp extracts were produced from agricultural byproducts and, after lyophilization, their antimicrobial activity and potential synergistic effects were evaluated in vitro and in food samples against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and fungi. The Minimum Inhibitory of the tested bacteria was 7.5% or 10%, while fungi were inhibited at a concentration of 10% or above. The optical density of bacterial and yeast cultures was reduced to a different extent with all tested antimicrobial powders, compared to a control without antimicrobials, and mycelium growth of fungi was also restricted with extracts containing at least 90% olive extract. In food samples with inoculated pathogens and spoilage bacteria and fungi, the 100% olive extract was most inhibitory against E. coli, S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes in fresh burger and cheese spread samples (by 0.6 to 1.8 log cfu/g), except that S. typhimurium was better inhibited by a 90% olive and 10% pomegranate extract in burgers. The latter extract was also the most effective in controlling the growth of inoculated fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium italicum, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) in both yogurt and tomato juice samples, where it reduced fungal growth by 1–2.2 log cfu/g at the end of storage period. The results demonstrate that these novel encapsulated extracts could serve as natural antimicrobials of wide spectrum, in order to replace synthetic preservatives in foods and cosmetics.

Depression is broadly acclaimed as a mental health anomaly and despite advancements in the development of antidepressant drugs, they are linked with side effects. Dietary modifications and medicinal plants like olives can be used as effective strategies due to their antioxidant, immune-modulatory, antiinflammatory, and anticonvulsant properties. Considering the compositional alterations in olive fruits during ripening, the antidepressant potential of olive fruits at different degrees of ripeness, that is, un-ripened (green) and ripened (black) was investigated. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: G0 (Normal diet), G1 (Normal diet + smoke exposure (SE), G2 (Normal diet + SE + Citalopram), G3 (Normal diet + SE + Green olive extract), and G4 (Normal diet + SE + Black olive extract). Depressive-like behaviors were induced in all groups through cigarette smoke exposure except G0 . Green and black olive extracts prevented depressive behaviors by reducing the immobility time of rats in forced swim test and tail suspension test while increased the latency to respond in hot plate assay. Moreover, lipid peroxidation in brain tissue was reduced with citalopram, green, and black olive extracts. Additionally, treatments also enhanced the antioxidant pool of brain tissues. Histological examination revealed that olive extracts and citalopram prevented cigarette smoke-induced moderate to severe necrosis and congestion in the brain parenchyma and elucidated antidepressant potential by improving the expression of monoamine oxidase-A, solute carrier family 6 member 4, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes. Conclusively, olives may act as a promising antidepressant agent in ameliorating cigarette smoke-induced depressive-like behaviors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Olive extracts at both ripening stages revealed an antidepressant-like effect almost similar to the standard antidepressant drug and also prevented oxidative damages. Therefore, from the current findings, it can be recommended that food ingredients with antidepressant potential like olives should be incorporated in future interventions to combat depression/psychiatric anomalies and diet therapy should be encouraged to alleviate lifestyle-related disorders.

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is an environmentally critical effluent, specifically due to its high content of phenolic compounds (PCs), which are hazardous due to their antimicrobial activities in water. However, their properties have good health effects at suitable doses. For the first time, the electrosorption of PCs from actual OMWW has been proposed for their possible recovery as value-added compounds, while decontaminating OMWW. A bio-sourced alginate-activated carbon (AC) fixed-bed electrode was prepared based on the reuse of olive pomace solid waste as powdered AC. At the optimal AC content (1% w/v), the internal ohmic drop voltage was lower (2.26 V) and the mass transport coefficient was higher (9.7 10

This work aims to study the influence of olive fruit maturity on physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity which determine the quality of virgin olive oils (VOO). According to the results, the values of all parameters were within the range specified by the Codex Alimentarius (2017). With the increase of fruit maturity, the oil content continued to increase until reached the maximum value (20.05%) in the 7th maturity (M7). K

Olea europaea L. var. sativa (OESA) preparations are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean region to prevent and treat different diseases. In this research, olive extracts derived from the leaves of the OESA tree have been screened for antioxidant activity by two methods: the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (DPPH) and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The DPPH assay showed that OESA possesses a stronger antioxidant activity (84%) at 1 mg/mL while the FRAP method showed a strong metal ion chelating activity (90%) at 1 mg/mL. The low IC50 values, obtained by two different methods, implies that OESA has a noticeable effect on scavenging free radicals comparable to standards. During EBV infection, the free radicals increased triggering lipid oxidation. Therefore, the monitoring of the secondary lipid peroxidation products was done by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (DC). The simultaneous treatment of Raji cells with OESA and TPA, as an inductorof the lytic cycle, generated a significant decrease in MDA levels and DC (p &lt, 0.05). Besides, Raji cells simultaneously exposed to TPA and OESA exhibited a percentage of EBV-positive fluorescence cells lower than TPA treated cells (**** p &lt, 0.0001). This suggests that OESA treatment has a protective effect against EBV lytic cycle induction.

The main objective of this study concerns the bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes into high added value products, such as proteinaceous animal feed, using Solid State Fermentation process (SSF). For this purpose, the Olive Mill Stone Waste (OMSW) which is known to contain low amounts of proteins and a high concentration of anti-nutritional substances was used as substrate. Subsequently, OMSW was fermented with Oat Bran (OB) or Lathyrus clymenum pericarp (LP) in proportions varying from 10 %w/w to 30 %w/w, applying SSF process initiated by Pleurotus ostreatus utilizing latter's secreted enzymes for their degradation. The respective results indicated that the addition of 30 %w/w of OB, resulted in a 39% increase of the protein content at the end of fermentation (Day 21). In addition, we observed a 5-fold increase of 1,3-1,6 β-glucan content and a simultaneous decrease of unwanted lignin of 24%. The addition of 20 %w/w of LP afforded, at the end of fermentation (Day 21), an increased protein content of 57%, a 3-fold increase in 1,3-1,6 β-glucans and a decrease in lignin concentration of 13%. These findings demonstrate the potential of the LP utilization by using SSF process, for the production of high nutritional value dietary supplements for animal feed. This endeavor constitutes the first literature report for the utilization of the agro-industrial waste LP. The developed methodology herein is considered as crucial for the circular economy since it refers to the reuse of agro-industrial wastes and the production of a high added-value product.

Lavrio is a Greek town with several abandoned Ag/Pb mines. In this study, 19 potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were measured in soil, weeds, and olives. Levels of seven of the studied PTEs in soil were highly elevated: Zn (56.2-58,726 mg kg

Received: 19.05.2021. Revised: 21.09.2021. Accepted: 08.11.2021. Available online: 09.11.2021. The total phenol content and the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity were compared in olive leaf (OL) extracts obtained using both subcritical water extraction (SbWE) and conventional solvent extraction (ethanol-water). The method proposed by Ellman (in vitro) was used to study the inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The total content of phenolic compounds and AChE activities of OL extracts varied depending on the used extraction method. Thus, the extract obtained using the subcritical water technique (220 °C) showed the highest amounts of total phenolic components, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, (70.4 mg/g raw material) and the highest inhibitory AChE-activity (IC50 = 0.35 mg/ml). The obtained values of the anti-AChE activity of the extracts of OL demonstrated that the inhibitory activity for SbW-extract 120 °C (IC50 = 2.92 mg/ml) and SbWextract 180 °C (IC50 = 0.8 mg/ml) is higher than that of the traditional extract (IC50 = 3.6 mg/ml), respectively. These results indicate a great potential of the subcritical water technique to develop the techniques to produce commercial extracts of OL, and these results could encourage improved utilization of the OL. The collected data on the anti - acetylcholinesterase activity of olive leaves clearly demonstrate the prospects for use of OL extracts in the development of novel pharmaceutical substances and nutraceuticals for the prevention and/or the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as well as some other neurodegenerative diseases. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (State assignment in the field of scientific activity, project No 0852-2020-0031) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR, grant no. 19-33-90211-Aspiranty (S. S. Khizrieva)).

Herein pyrolysis, torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization of olive tree pruning were compared from an economic perspective. For this economic comparison a hypothetical industrial plant of 1250 kg/h of capacity was selected, and the profitability analysis was performed through the discounted cash flow method. A baseline scenario was defined, which serves for basis of later comparison. Results show that under these circumstances, none of the alternatives are profitable, with net present values between -37 M€ and -45 M€. Therefore, different scenarios were studied regarding either the reduction of the associate costs or the improvement of the revenues to analyze the negative economic outputs obtained in the baseline scenario. From the revenues side, breakeven prices for the different solid products between 1.14 and 1.35 €/kg are needed to reach profitability. To reach such values, either subsidies from governments or greater selling product prices are required. When examining the associated costs share, the energy consumption is the main cost factor (representing between 70 and 90% of the total, depending on the technology). This means that a variation on the rest of the parameters will not significantly affect the overall performance. Covering the total investment needed for the plants would still present negative net present values (around -34 M€ for the three alternatives). Similarly, even if the price of electricity could be reduced to 0.02 €/kWh, none of the alternatives would reach profitability. This study reveals the importance of finding economic solutions to evolve towards circular economy societies.

Olive pomace oil (OPO), a by-product of olive oil industry, is directly consumed after refining. The novelty of this study consists of the direct use of crude high acidic OPO (3.4–20% acidity) to produce added-value compounds, using sn-1,3-regioselective lipases: (i) low-calorie dietetic structured lipids (SL) containing caprylic (C8:0) or capric (C10:0) acids by acidolysis or interesterification with their ethyl esters, (ii) fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for biodiesel, and (iii) sn-2 monoacylglycerols (emulsifiers), as by-product of FAME production by methanolysis. Immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase showed similar activity in acidolysis and interesterification for SL production (yields: 47.8–53.4%, 7 h, 50℃) and was not affected by OPO acidity. Batch operational stability decreased with OPO acidity, but it was at least three-fold in interesterification that in acidolysis. Complete conversion of OPO into FAME and sn-2 monoacylglycerols was observed after 3 h-transesterification (glycerol stepwise addition) and lipase deactivation was negligeable after 11 cycles info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium causing a range of economically important plant diseases in hundreds of crops. Over the last decade, a severe threat due to Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS), caused by Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca, affected the Salento olive groves (Apulia, South-East Italy). Very few phyto-therapeutics, including a Zn/Cu citric acid biocomplex foliar treatment, were evaluated to mitigate this disease. However, the traditional foliar applications result in the agro-actives reaching only partially their target. Therefore the development of novel endo-therapeutic systems was suggested. Metabolite fingerprinting is a powerful method for monitoring both, disease progression and treatment effects on the plant metabolism, allowing biomarkers detection. We performed, for the first time, short-term monitoring of metabolic pathways reprogramming for infected Ogliarola salentina and Cima di Melfi olive trees after precision intravascular biocomplex delivery using a novel injection system. Upon endo therapy, we observed specific variations in the leaf content of some metabolites. In particular, the

The use of high throughput sequencing (HTS) for the analysis of Spanish olive trees showing leaf yellowing discoloration, defoliation, and/or decline has provided new insights into the olive viruses present in Spain and has opened discussions about the pros and cons of these technologies for diagnostic purposes. In this study, we report for the first time in Spanish orchards the presence of olive leaf yellowing-associated virus (OLYaV), for which the second full coding sequence has been determined. This virus has also been detected in a putative vector, the psyllid Euphyllura olivina. In addition, the presence in Spain of Olea europaea geminivirus (OEGV), recently reported in Italy, has been confirmed, and the full-length sequence of two isolates was obtained by HTS and Sanger sequencing. These results, as well as the detection of other viral sequences related to olive latent virus 3 (OLV-3) and olive viral satellite RNA, raises questions on the biological significance of the findings, about the requirement of standardization on the interpretation of HTS results, and the necessity of additional tests to confirm the relevance of the HTS detection of viral sequences.

The olive tree is a venerable Mediterranean plant and often used in traditional medicine. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Olea europaea L. cv. Arbosana leaf extract (OLE) and its encapsulation within a spanlastic dosage form on the improvement of its pro-oxidant and antiproliferative activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and Caco-2 human cancer cell lines. The LC-HRESIMS-assisted metabolomic profile of OLE putatively annotated 20 major metabolites and showed considerable in vitro antiproliferative activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and Caco-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 9.2 ± 0.8, 7.1 ± 0.9, and 6.5 ± 0.7 µg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation of OLE within a (spanlastic) nanocarrier system, using a spraying method and Span 40 and Tween 80 (4:1 molar ratio), was successfully carried out (size 41 ± 2.4 nm, zeta potential 13.6 ± 2.5, and EE 61.43 ± 2.03%). OLE showed enhanced thermal stability, and an improved in vitro antiproliferative effect against HepG-2, MCF-7, and Caco-2 (IC50 3.6 ± 0.2, 2.3 ± 0.1, and 1.8 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively) in comparison to the unprocessed extract. Both preparations were found to exhibit pro-oxidant potential inside the cancer cells, through the potential inhibitory activity of OLE against glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (IC50 1.18 ± 0.12 and 2.33 ± 0.19 µg/mL, respectively). These inhibitory activities were proposed via a comprehensive in silico study to be linked to the presence of certain compounds in OLE. Consequently, we assume that formulating such a herbal extract within a suitable nanocarrier would be a promising improvement of its therapeutic potential.

Women and men share similar diseases; however, women have unique issues, including gynecologic diseases and diseases related to menstruation, menopause, and post menopause. In recent decades, scientists paid more attention to natural products and their derivatives because of their good tolerability and effectiveness in disease prevention and treatment. Olive oil is an essential component in the Mediterranean diet, a diet well known for its protective impact on human well-being. Investigation of the active components in olive oil, such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, showed positive effects in various diseases. Their effects have been clarified in many suggested mechanisms and have shown promising results in animal and human studies, especially in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and other disorders. This review summarizes the current evidence of the role of olives and olive polyphenols in women’s health issues and their potential implications in the treatment and prevention of health problems in women.

Oxidative stress has a crucial role in diabetic pathophysiology, therefore consuming naturally derived antioxidants as a remedial target. This study examines the naturally occurring antioxidant and antidiabetic of Olea europaea L. ethanolic leaves extract. Olea europaea L. leaves were macerated (OLE) by using absolute ethanol. Phytochemical and physiochemical analysis of OLE was screened using standard methods. The antioxidant effects were examined by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic was assayed by α-amylase enzyme inhibition study. Ethanolic extraction of OLE by maceration technique, 10% yield. Loss on drying, foreign organic matters and total ash value of OLE showed 2%, 0.2% and 16.5%, respectively. Phytochemical test on OLE confirmed saponin, flavonoid, glycoside, tannin, phenol and carbohydrate presences. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of OLE is 490 mg GAE/g and 855 mg RUE/g of extract, respectively. OLE (IC50 38.37 ± 0.26 µg/ml) showed functional DPPH scavenging assay comparable to ascorbic acid (IC50 30.37 ± 0.17 µg/ml). In the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, Acarbose showed an IC50 value of 20.06 ± 0.19 µg/ml, while OLE portrayed an IC50 value of 37.99 ± 0.15 µg/ml. The kinetic studies revealed that all samples at high concentrations reacted within a very short time, and a steady state was reached almost immediately. The lowest concentration showed slow kinetic behaviour implied longer periods before the constant state was reached. Molecular docking studies evidenced that most of the phenolic compounds of OLE interact with the active site of Human pancreatic α-amylase through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction confirming the alpha-amylase inhibitory effect. The results suggest that Olea europaea L. has been a conceivable natural bioactive source as an antioxidant and an antidiabetic agent.

Olive oil production using three-phase decanter systems creates olive oil and two by-products: olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and pomace. These by-products contain the highest share of polyphenolic compounds that are known to be associated with beneficial effects on human health. Therefore, they are an attractive source of phenolic compounds for further industrial use in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The use of these phenolics is limited due to difficulties in recovery, high reactivity, complexity of the OMWW matrix and different physiochemical properties of phenolic compounds. This research, focused on OMWW, was performed in two phases. First, different polyphenol extraction methods were compared to obtain the method that yields the highest polyphenol concentration. Twenty-five phenolic compounds and their isomers were determined. Acidifying OMWW, followed by five minutes of ultrasonication, resulted in the highest measured polyphenol content of 27 mg/L. Second, the collection of polyphenolic compounds from OMWW via adsorption on unmodified iron (II, III) oxide particles was investigated. Although low yields were obtained for removed polyphenolic compounds in one removal cycle, the process has a high capability to be repeated.

In this study, an overall survey regarding the determination of several bioactive compounds in olive fruit is presented. Two methodologies were developed, one UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method for the determination of olive fruit phenolic compounds and one HPLC-DAD methodology targeting the determination of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), tocopherols (α-, β, -γ, δ-) and squalene. Target and suspect screening workflows were developed for the thorough fingerprinting of the phenolic fraction of olives. Both methods were validated, presenting excellent performance characteristics, and can be used as reliable tools for the monitoring of bioactive compounds in olive fruit samples. The developed methodologies were utilized to chemical characterize the fruits of the Kolovi olive variety, originating from the island of Lesvos, North Aegean Region, Greece. Twenty-five phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in Kolovi olives with verbascoside, hydroxytyrosol, oleacein and oleomissional found in significantly high concentrations. Moreover, 12 new bioactive compounds were identified in the samples using an in-house suspect database. The results of pigments analysis suggested that Kolovi variety should be characterized as low pigmentation, while the tocopherol and squalene content was relatively high compared to other olive varieties. The characterization of Kolovi olive bioactive content highlighted the high nutritional and possible economic value of the Kolovi olive fruit.

The community health plans commonly use malathion (MAL), an organophosphate pesticide (OP), to eliminate pathogenic insects. The objective of the present research is to evaluate the consequences of Coffea arabica L. oil and Olea europaea L. oil on MAL-intoxicated male rats. Six equal groups of animals were used for conducting this study (n = 10). Animals in group one were designated as control, animals belonging to group two were exposed to MAL in the measure of hundred mg per kg BW (body weight) for forty-nine days (seven weeks), rats in the third and fourth groups were administered with 400 mg/kg BW of Coffea arabica L. and Olea europaea L. oils, respectively, and the same amount of MAL as given to the second group. Groups five and six were administered with the same amount of Coffea arabica L. oil and Olea europaea L. oil as given to group three. Exposure of rats to 100 mg/kg body weight of MAL resulted in statistical alteration of the serum lipid profile. A marked decline was noticed in the severe changes of these blood parameters when MAL-intoxicated rats were treated with Coffea arabica L. oil and Olea europaea L. oil. Two compounds from Coffea arabica L. oil (Chlorogenic acid) and Olea europaea L. oil (Oleuropein) demonstrated good interaction with xanthine oxidase (XO) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzymes that are associated with cholesterol production. The present study indicated that Coffea arabica L. oil and Olea europaea L. oil could be considered prospective and potential healing agents against metabolic conditions induced by MAL.

In the Olive drupe (Olea europaea L.) oil extraction process, 80% of the volume generated is waste (bagasse). Advancing the expansion of the olive oil market, it is necessary to develop alternatives that, in addition to adding value to industrial waste, also reduce possible environmental damage. Our study aimed to understand the antimicrobial and Cytotoxic activity potential of the residues from the extraction of olive oil from the blend of the varieties Arbequina and Arbosana. The extract shows cytotoxic activity, inhibiting about 75% of cancer cells in the human colon at a concentration of 0.15 mg of Gallic Acid equivalent (GAE)/mL. The effectiveness of the extract against microorganisms often associated with foodborne diseases and food decomposition has also been discovered, without compromising the microorganisms responsible for fermentation. Thus, this study provides future perspectives for the use of active ingredients extracted from the residue from the extraction of olive oil.

In this study, four different kinds of table olive fermentations belonging to Olea europaea L. Itrana cultivar were evaluated: A, spontaneous fermentation; B, fermentation with a single inoculum (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum B1); C, fermentation with multiple inoculum (L. plantarum B1 + L. plantarum B51 + L. plantarum B124, 1:1:1); and D, fermentation with mixed (bacterium + yeast) inoculum (L. plantarum B1 + Candida boidinii). This research focuses on the correlation between the different mixes of inoculations and their effect under the chemical, sensorial, and textural profiles in the final products (olives) for potential applications on table olive fermentation. During the fermentation, some specific parameters were monitored: chemical characterization of oil fraction (pigments, tocopherols, fatty acids, alkyl esters, and sterol composition), Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), determination of olive color, and sensory evaluation of the final products. The use of LAB starters (single and multiple inocula) compared to spontaneous process revealed a greater performance in preventing the spoilage process and in developing favorable physico-chemical conditions during the fermentation. In fact, the highest values of fatty acid alkyl esters were reached in spontaneous fermentation (~480 mg/kg in jar A). The presence of C. boidinii as inoculum in jar D was involved in table olive softening: the fermented olives showed the lowest values of the parameters related to consistence of fruit as hardness (~2300 g) and gumminess (~990 g) and high value of fatty acid methyl esters (~110 mg/kg).

Among the most important agro-industrial activities in the Mediterranean basin, olive oil production has a high impact on the economy of many Mediterranean countries. However, olive oil extraction generates huge quantities of byproducts, including leaves, pomace residues, stones and wastewater, which have severe environmental impacts mainly because of their phytotoxicity and great organic content. Olive oil byproducts are regarded as inexpensive and abundant raw materials rich in bioactive compounds with high and varied health-related activities. Several phenolic compounds and terpenoids were recovered from olive byproducts using different conventional and advanced extraction methods due to their potential to be used in food, packaging, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Recently, the use of olive byproducts and their functional compounds to enhance the functional properties of packaging systems was investigated as a sustainable strategy for food preservation, fostering the sustainability of the olive-oil chain, and promoting circular economy. In this framework, the main goals of this review are to summarize the main bioactive compounds in olive byproducts, to review the main advancements in their extraction, purification, and characterization, and finally to discuss their applications in food packaging systems as well as safety-related aspects.

The olive tree is a venerable Mediterranean plant and often used in traditional medicine. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Olea europaea L. cv. Arbosana leaf extract (OLE) and its encapsulation within a spanlastic dosage form on the improvement of its pro-oxidant and antiproliferative activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and Caco-2 human cancer cell lines. The LC-HRESIMS-assisted metabolomic profile of OLE putatively annotated 20 major metabolites and showed considerable in vitro antiproliferative activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and Caco-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 9.2 ± 0.8, 7.1 ± 0.9, and 6.5 ± 0.7 µg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation of OLE within a (spanlastic) nanocarrier system, using a spraying method and Span 40 and Tween 80 (4:1 molar ratio), was successfully carried out (size 41 ± 2.4 nm, zeta potential 13.6 ± 2.5, and EE 61.43 ± 2.03%). OLE showed enhanced thermal stability, and an improved in vitro antiproliferative effect against HepG-2, MCF-7, and Caco-2 (IC50 3.6 ± 0.2, 2.3 ± 0.1, and 1.8 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively) in comparison to the unprocessed extract. Both preparations were found to exhibit pro-oxidant potential inside the cancer cells, through the potential inhibitory activity of OLE against glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (IC50 1.18 ± 0.12 and 2.33 ± 0.19 µg/mL, respectively). These inhibitory activities were proposed via a comprehensive in silico study to be linked to the presence of certain compounds in OLE. Consequently, we assume that formulating such a herbal extract within a suitable nanocarrier would be a promising improvement of its therapeutic potential.

This study was aimed to determine the temporal effects of olive pomace (OPC) and vineyard pruning waste (VPC) composts on soil aggregation of three different textured soils. Both OPC and VPC are the most common agricultural wastes in the Mediterranean Region. The application of these composts to soils with different textures (clay, loam, and sandy loam) at different rates and knowing how long after the application the aggregate stability (AS) reaches the maximum (for different compost, texture, and rate) increases the novelty value of this study. Composts were prepared in automatic temperature and aeration-controlled reactors. The experiment consisted of three different soil textures (clay, loam, and sandy loam), five different treatments (control, 3% and 6% OPC, 3% and 6% VPC), 10 different incubation times, and four replications. The highest AS values were obtained with 6% VPC application on the 210th day of incubation for clay and loam soils while it was the highest for 6%OPC on the 120th day of incubation for sandy loam soil. Soil carbon (TC) was the strongest and positively correlated with AS 90 days after VPC and OPC applications in all soils. Final TC stocks increased by 131% and 417% in clay, 72% and 251% in loam, and 21 to 257% in sandy loam soil, compared to 15 days of incubation. OPC and VPC amendments to clay, loam, and sandy loam soils increased AS while reducing the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates. It took a shorter time (90 days) for the VPC application to increase the amount of TC in soils.

Plant pathogens pose increasing threats to global food security, causing yield losses that exceed 30% in food-deficit regions. Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) represents the major transboundary plant pest and one of the world’s most damaging pathogens in terms of socioeconomic impact. Spectral screening methods are critical to detect non-visual symptoms of early infection and prevent spread. However, the subtle pathogen-induced physiological alterations that are spectrally detectable are entangled with the dynamics of abiotic stresses. Here, using airborne spectroscopy and thermal scanning of areas covering more than one million trees of different species, infections and water stress levels, we reveal the existence of divergent pathogen- and host-specific spectral pathways that can disentangle biotic-induced symptoms. We demonstrate that uncoupling this biotic–abiotic spectral dynamics diminishes the uncertainty in the Xf detection to below 6% across different hosts. Assessing these deviating pathways against another harmful vascular pathogen that produces analogous symptoms, Verticillium dahliae, the divergent routes remained pathogen- and host-specific, revealing detection accuracies exceeding 92% across pathosystems. These urgently needed hyperspectral methods advance early detection of devastating pathogens to reduce the billions in crop losses worldwide., The study was partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through grant agreements POnTE (635646) and XF-ACTORS (727987), as well as by projects AGL2009-13105 from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, P08-AGR-03528 from the Regional Government of Andalusia and the European Social Fund, project E-RTA2017-00004-02 from ‘Programa Estatal de I + D + I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad’ of Spain and FEDER, Intramural Project 201840E111 from CSIC, and Project ITS2017-095 Consejeria de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Pesca de las Islas Baleares, Spain. The views expressed are purely those of the writers and may not in any circumstance be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission.

Nyons table olives, named after the French city where they are processed, are naturally fermented black table olives. Their specificity relies on the use of the "Tanche" olive variety harvested at full maturity and their slow spontaneous fermentation in 10% salt brine driven by yeast populations. This study aimed at investigating the benefit of inoculating autochthonous consortia to produce Nyons table olives by fermentation in 10% salt brine and in reduced salt conditions (8%). Two strategies were evaluated: inoculation with a defined autochthonous consortium and inoculation by spent brine backslopping. To define the consortium, yeasts were selected among 48 autochthonous isolates and key features included high halotolerance, low pectinolytic and proteolytic activities, however none had β-glucosidase activities. The consortium included eight yeast strains with distinct technological properties belonging to five dominant species, i.e. Citeromyces nyonsensis, Pichia membranifaciens, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Zygotorulaspora mrakii and Candida atlantica. Fermentation trials were conducted over a year and compared by evaluating microbial community shifts (16S and ITS metagenetics) and volatile profiles (GC-MS). Regarding fermentations with the defined consortium, four out of five species implanted in early stages while one, Pichia membranifaciens, persisted and largely dominated by the end of the fermentation. Altogether, inoculation with the defined consortium did not disrupt microbial shifts compared to traditional fermentations although minor differences were observed in volatile profiles. The backslopping method yielded the highest impact on microbial populations and olive volatile profiles, with higher ester abundances at the end of fermentation. Finally, reduced salt in brine gave very promising results as no deleterious effects on microbial communities, volatile dynamics but also safety criteria of the olives were observed compared to traditional fermented olives.

10 Páginas.-- 5 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, The C6 aldehydes, alcohols, and the corresponding esters are the most important compounds of virgin olive oil aroma. These C6 volatile compounds are synthesized via the 13-hydroperoxide lyase (13-HPL) branch of the lipoxygenase pathway. In this investigation, a functional analysis of the olive (Olea europaea L.) 13-HPL gene by its overexpression and silencing in olive transgenic lines was carried out. With this aim, sense and RNAi constructs of the olive 13-HPL gene were generated and used for the transformation of embryogenic olive cultures. Leaves from overexpressing lines showed a slight increase in 13-HPL gene expression, whereas RNAi lines exhibited a strong decrease in their transcript levels. Quantification of 13-HPL activity in two overexpressing and two RNAi lines showed a positive correlation with levels of transcripts. Interestingly, RNAi lines showed a high decrease in the content of C6 volatiles linked to a strong increase of C5 volatile compounds, altering the volatile profile in the leaves. In addition, the silencing of the 13-HPL gene severely affected plant growth and development. This investigation demonstrates the role of the 13-HPL gene in the biogenesis of olive volatile compounds and constitutes a functional genomics study in olive related to virgin olive oil quality., We acknowledge Prof. Manuel Mancha for his strong support at the beginning of the olive transformation studies, and for his continuous encouragement, which made it possible to undertake this collaborative research. This work was supported by the OLEAGEN Project funded by the Fundación Genoma España, Junta de Andalucía through Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA) and Corporación Tecnológica de Andalucía (CTA).

The present study was aimed to prepare and evaluated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of olive leaves extract powder (OLP) which contained many anti-oxidant and antimicrobial agents like oleuropein, a natural polyphenol. The major issue concern OLP was the instability due to environmental conditions and hence compromised bioactivity. To overcome this problem, SLNs were designed by hot homogenous followed by sonication technique to protect the drug and improve its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Lipids like compritol 888ATO and surfactant like tween 80 were used for the development and stabilization of SLNS and optimization was done by Box-Behnken statistical design (3x3). The optimized batch (F9) showed particle size, entrapment efficiency, PDI, and zeta potential 277.46 nm, 80.48%, 0.275, and －23.18 mV respectively. Optimized formulation (F9) exhibited a sustained release pattern up to 24 h with first-order release kinetic (R

The Mediterranean olive oil industries are producing annually a massive quantity of olive mill wastewater (OMWW). Unfortunately, the OMWW is released arbitrarily in the nature without any pretreatment. Thus, it exhibits a high toxicity against the whole natural ecosystem including, microorganisms, plants and animals. In order to eliminate or reduce its pollution, OMWW must be properly treated prior to its release in the nature. In this regard, different treatment methods have been developed by researchers, but some of them were costly and others were inappropriate. Thus, more efforts should be made to save the nature from this pollutant. In the light of that, the current work summaries the state of knowledge regarding the OMWW from a chemical, biological, nutraceutical point of view, and the treatment methods that were used to eliminate its risk of pollution.

This work is a continuation of efforts to establish the nutritional profile of virgin olive oil (VOO) from cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis and Chalkidiki and to strengthen its positioning in the global VOO landscape. VOOs produced at an industrial scale in different olive mills of the Chalkidiki (Greece) regional unit as well as VOOs obtained at the laboratory scale from drupes of different maturity stages for four consecutive harvesting years were examined for their squalene (SQ) content using both HPLC and GC procedures. The mean values of SQ were found to be 4228 (HPLC) and 4865 (GC) mg/kg oil (n = 15) and were of the same magnitude as that in VOOs from cv Koroneiki (4134 mg/kg, n = 23). Storage of VOOs in the dark at room temperature for 18 months indicated an insignificant mean SQ content loss (~2%) in comparison to a mean loss of 26% for alpha-tocopherol content. This finding strengthens our view that SQ does not act as a radical scavenger that donates hydrogen atoms to the latter. The four consecutive harvest years studied indicated a clear declining trend in VOO SQ concentration upon olive ripening. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic work concerning the SQ content of Chondrolia Chalkidikis and Chalkidiki VOOs.

Background: The present study investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of four Olea europaea leaf extracts, Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO), and Boswellia carteri EO against Fusarium oxysporum. Methods:Fusarium oxysporum Lactucae was detected with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The chemical compositions of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of O. europaea leaves and T. vulgaris EO were analyzed using GC-MS analysis. In addition, a molecular docking analysis was used to identify the expected ligands of these extracts against eleven F. oxysporum proteins. Results: The nucleotide sequence of the F. oxysporum Lactucae isolate was deposited in GenBank with Accession No. MT249304.1. The T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol efficiently inhibited the growth at concentrations of 75.5 and 37.75 mg/mL, whereas ethyl acetate, and B. carteri EO did not exhibit antifungal activity. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major and most vital compounds of the T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, and dichloromethane were thymol, carvacrol, tetratriacontane, and palmitic acid. Moreover, molecular modeling revealed the activity of these compounds against F. oxysporum. Conclusions: Chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol, olive leaf extract, and T. vulgaris EO showed a strong effect against F. oxysporum. Consequently, this represents an appropriate natural source of biological compounds for use in healthcare. In addition, homology modeling and docking analysis are the best analyses for clarifying the mechanisms of antifungal activity.

Aridity negatively affects the diversity and abundance of edaphic microbial communities and their multiple ecosystem services, ultimately impacting vegetation productivity and biotic interactions. Investigation about how plant-associated microbial communities respond to increasing aridity is of particular importance, especially in light of the global climate change predictions. To assess the effect of aridity on plant associated bacterial communities, we investigated the diversity and co-occurrence of bacteria associated with the bulk soil and the root system of olive trees cultivated in orchards located in higher, middle and lower arid regions of Tunisia. The results indicated that the selective process mediated by the plant root system is amplified with the increment of aridity, defining distinct bacterial communities, dominated by aridity-winner and aridity-loser bacteria negatively and positively correlated with increasing annual rainfall, respectively. Aridity regulated also the co-occurrence interactions among bacteria by determining specific modules enriched with one of the two categories (aridity-winners or aridity-losers), which included bacteria with multiple PGP functions against aridity. Our findings provide new insights into the process of bacterial assembly and interactions with the host plant in response to aridity, contributing to understand how the increasing aridity predicted by climate changes may affect the resilience of the plant holobiont.

11 Páginas.-- 3 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, Virgin olive oil (VOO) is one of the most emblematic products of the Mediterranean diet. Its content in phenolic compounds is strongly associated with the antioxidant and health-promoting properties of this diet. VOO's phenolic profile is determined mainly by the phenolic compounds present in the olive fruit, so knowing their content allows for a fairly precise estimate of the antioxidant and functional properties of the corresponding oil. In this sense, a convenient, green, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the quantitative determination of total phenolic compounds in olive fruits. The method is based on an easy-to-use extraction procedure of olive fruit phenolics using dimethyl sulfoxide and quantification with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Oleuropein proved to be a suitable reference compound for quantification, displaying a good linear response (r = 0.9996) over the concentration range of 0.58-6.48 mg/mL, with a variation coefficient of 0.42% and limits of detection and quantification of 0.0492 and 0.1490 mg/mL, respectively. The method was validated using a wide array of fruit samples representative of the Olea europaea L. genetic diversity. The results obtained with this spectrophotometric method, expressed as mg/mL of oleuropein, showed a good correlation with those obtained with the fruit samples analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, with an r value of 0.9930 and a slope value of 1.022, confirming its reliability. Thus, this method can become a very useful simple tool to estimate the total phenolic content of olive fruits, especially when working with numerous samples such as in olive breeding programs or in commercial olive production, in which it is especially useful to know the phenolic state of the fruit and thus determine the optimal harvest date or the most appropriate agronomic treatment to increase the functional properties of the olive fruit and the olive oil., This research was funded by ‘Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad’, Government of Spain, grant number PID2020-115853RR-C32/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033.

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a wind-pollinated crop that exhibits an extreme alternate bearing habit. To improve fruit set, several methods have been used to determine the most successful compatible combinations of cultivars. In this study, priority is given to seed paternity analysis based on simple sequence repeats (SSRs), microsatellite markers used for the identification of potential pollen donors of cultivar ‘Oblica’ in a mixed olive orchard during two consecutive years. Seven microsatellite primers were successfully used to examine the paternity of olive embryos from ‘Oblica’ mother trees. Embryos were considered as a product of self-fertilization if only maternal alleles were present, but not a single case of self-fertilization was found among all the embryos analyzed. Two dominant pollen donors were not the closest nor the cultivars with the highest number of trees in the orchard, suggesting that cross-compatibility may have a key role in determining pollen donor success. In our earlier studies, pollen tube growth and fertilization success correlated with fruit set when controlled crosses between cultivars were performed, however, some discrepancy might appear compared to paternity analyses when mother trees have a free choice among different pollen sources from cultivars growing in their surroundings.

The rationale of this paper was to investigate whether earthquakes impact airborne pollen concentrations, considering some meteorological parameters. Atmospheric pollen concentrations in the Region ofMurcia Aerobiological Network (Spain)were studied in relation to the occurrence of earthquakes ofmoment magnitude (up toMw=5.1) and intensity (intensity up to grade VII on the European Macroseismic Scale). In this study, a decade (2010–2019) was considered across the cities of the network. Earthquakes were detected in 12 out of 1535 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Cartagena, 49 out of 1481 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Lorca, and 39 out of 1441 days in the Olea Main Pollen Season in Murcia. The Olea pollen grains in this network were attributed to the species Olea europaea, i.e., the olive tree, a taxon that appears widely in the Mediterranean basin, in both cultivated and wild subspecies. Differences between the Olea concentration on days with and without earthquakes were only found in Lorca (Kruskal-Wallis: p-value=0.026). The low frequency and intensity of the earthquakes explained these results. The most catastrophic earthquake felt in Lorca on May 11th, 2011 (IVII, Mw=5.1, 9 casualties) did not result in clear variations in pollen concentrations, while meteorology (e.g., African Dust Outbreak) might have conditioned these pollen concentrations. The research should be broadened to other active seismological areas to reinforce the hypothesis of seismological impact on airborne pollen concentrations. This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Spanish Government, grant number SICAAP-CPI RTI2018-096392-BC21; the Interministerial Committee of Science and Technology, grant numbers BOS2000-0563-C02-02, BOS2003-06329-C02-02, and BOS 2006-15103; and the Seneca Foundation of the Region of Murcia, grant number 08849/PI/08. The anonymous reviewers are thanked for their comments to improve the quality of the manuscript. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. Belén Elvira-Rendueles for her advice and commitment with REAREMUR and, Ms. Paula García López, technician at REAREMUR, funded by the Spanish State Research Agency, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (code: PTA2017-13571-I). Authors thank NOAA for providing the synoptic charts, AEMET for the meteorological data and IGN for the seismological information. Gratitude is also shown to Laura Wettersten for the language edition.

No previous study assessed the combined effect of olive pruning residues (OLPR) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) on P. ostreatus production and nutritional value. The aim of this study was to determine the capacity of P. ostreatus to degrade lignocellulosic nature of combined OLPR and SCG as well as their resultant nutrient composition. A complete randomized design was adopted with five treatments: S1:100%wheat straw (WS) (control), S2:33%WS+33%SCG+33%OLPR,S3:66%WS+17%SCG+17%OLPR,S4:17%WS+66%SCG+17%OLPR, and S5:17%WS+17%SCG+66%OLPR, and ten replicates per treatment. Substrate’s and mushroom’s composition were analyzed on chemical scale, including fatty acids and heavy metals profiles, following international standards. Only S1, S2, and S3 were productive, with comparable biological yield, economical yield, and biological efficiency. Organic matter loss decreased with increasing proportions of OLPR and SCG. Percentage lignin loss was higher in S1 than in S2 and S3 (53.51, 26.25, and 46.15% respectively). Mushrooms of S3 had some enhanced nutritional attributes compared to control: decrease in fat, increase in protein, increase in monounsaturated fatty acids, and lower zinc accumulation. Lead was less accumulated in S2 than S1 mushrooms. Sodium content of mushroom decreased in S2 and S3. The latter substrates yielded mushrooms with lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and higher saturated fatty acids (SFA) contents. All mushrooms had a valuable PUFA/SFA. This study suggests using OLPR and SCG in low proportions as nutritional supplements to the commercial wheat straw.

The Mediterranean diet includes virgin olive oil (VOO) as the main fat and olives as snacks. In addition to providing nutritional and organoleptic properties, VOO and the fruits (olives) contain an extensive number of bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, which are considered to be powerful antioxidants. Furthermore, olive byproducts, such as olive leaves, olive pomace, and olive mill wastewater, considered also as rich sources of phenolic compounds, are now valorized due to being mainly applied in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The digestive system must physically and chemically break down these ingested olive-related products to release their phenolic compounds, which will be further metabolized to be used by the human organism. The first purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current status of in-vitro static digestion models for olive-related products. In this sense, the in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion methods are widely used with the following aims: (i) to study how phenolic compounds are released from their matrices and to identify structural changes of phenolic compounds after the digestion of olive fruits and oils and (ii) to support the functional value of olive leaves and byproducts generated in the olive industry by assessing their health properties before and after the gastrointestinal process. The second purpose of this review is to survey and discuss all the results available to date. Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-098633-B-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. IJC2019-038895-I Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481D- 2019/001

Various products are used to mitigate the negative effects of abiotic stress in olive trees. The aim of the research was to examine an anti-transpirant product (Vapor Gard®, V) and a kaolin- based product (Manisol, K) effect on the growth of two-year-old olive tree seedlings under high temperature. The study was conducted in a greenhouse on trees of a native cultivar of Campania (cv. Salella) grown in pot during the growing season from May to September 2020. The experimental design included two products: di-1-p-menthene (product V) and kaolin (product K), applied five times at 20 day intervals compared with a control. The following biometric, physiological, and nutraceutical parameters were evaluated: stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a fluorescence, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) index, relative water content (RWC), shoots growth, total leaf area per plant, trunk cross-sectional area, dry matter partitioning, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity. The results obtained showed that the application of di-1-p-menthene (V) was able to induce a significant improvement of shoots growth (+37.22%) and trunk cross-sectional area (+46.60%) and a reduction of the stomatal conductance and an increase of leaf RWC values. Application with kaolin had positive effects on the total polyphenol content, with an increase over the control of 240.33% and higher antioxidant activity values. Further studies are necessary to determine the effect of these products on the biometric, physiological and nutraceutical parameters of mature olive trees cultivated in open field conditions.

Σε αυτή τη μελέτη διερευνήθηκε η εκχύλιση αντιοξειδωτικών πολυφαινολών από τα φύλλα ελιάς (Olea europaea), με τη χρήση ενός καινοφανούς βαθέως εύτηκτου διαλύτη (DES), βασισμένου σε βιομόρια, που αποτελείται από γλυκερόλη και γλυκίνη. Η μελέτη που παρουσιάζεται εδώ περιγράφει για πρώτη φορά τη χρήση ενός φιλικού προς το περιβάλλον βαθέως εύτηκτο διαλύτη ως εξαιρετικά αποτελεσματικού διαλύτη για την εκχύλιση πολυφαινολών από φύλλα ελιάς.Στο πρώτο μέρος βελτιστοποιήθηκε η συγκέντρωση του DES (CDES) και η αναλογία υγρού προς στερεό (RL/S), χρησιμοποιώντας ένα πειραματικό σχέδιο Box-Behnken. Εν συνεχεία, για να εκτιμηθεί η επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας στην απόδοση της εκχύλισης πραγματοποιήθηκε μια κινητική δοκιμασία. Συγκριτική αξιολόγηση με χρήση 60% αιθανόλης, 60% μεθανόλης και νερού έδειξε ότι το DES που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν σημαντικά πιο αποτελεσματικό στην εκχύλιση πολυφαινολών και φλαβονοειδών, αποδίδοντας εκχυλίσματα με μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα απόσβεσης ελευθέρων ριζών (AAR) και αναγωγική ισχύ (PR). Τέλος, πραγματοποιήθηκε ανάλυση με υγρή χρωματογραφία-φασματοσκοπία συστοιχίας-φασματομετρία μάζας (LC-PDA-MS) του εκχυλίσματος DES, η οποία έδειξε ότι οι κύριες πολυφαινόλες ήταν οι γλυκοζίτες της λουτεολίνης και της απιγενίνης, καθώς και η ελευρωπαΐνη.Στο δεύτερο μέρος αξιολογήθηκε η επίδραση της μεθυλ-β-κυκλοδεξτρίνης (m-β-CD) στην αποτελεσματικότητα της εκχύλισης πολυφαινολών από φύλλα Ο. europaea. Η διαδικασία που αναπτύχθηκε βασίστηκε σε μια μεθοδολογία επιφανειακού σχεδιασμού και σε ένα πειραματικό σχέδιο Box-Behnken, για να εκτιμηθεί η ταυτόχρονη επίδραση της συγκέντρωσης της m-β-CD (Cm-β-CD), του λόγου υγρού προς στερεό (RL/S) και της θερμοκρασίας (T). Η κινητική της εκχύλισης έδειξε επίσης ότι ο ρυθμός εκχύλισης επιβραδύνθηκε παρουσία m-β-CD, αλλά επιβεβαιώθηκε η υψηλότερη ικανότητα εκχύλισης του μέσου DES/m-β-CD. Τέλος, πραγματοποιήθηκε ανάλυση με LC-PDA-MS του εκχυλίσματος με DES/m-β-CD και DES, όπου αποδείχτηκε ότι δεν υπήρχε επιλεκτική εκχύλιση οποιασδήποτε συγκεκριμένης πολυφαινόλης, υποδηλώνοντας ότι η m-β-CD ενήργησε απλώς ως ενισχυτικό εκχύλισης.Στο τρίτο μέρος πραγματοποιήθηκε έλεγχος σταθερότητας των εκχυλισμάτων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα εκχυλίσματα (με χρήση DES/m-β-CD ή DES ή 60% αιθανόλη ή νερό) μετά την παρασκευή τους αφέθηκαν σε διάφορες θερμοκρασίες, όπως ψύξης (4 °C), κανονικές συνθήκες (22 °C) και θέρμανσης (50 °C) για 20 μέρες. Μετά το πέρας του διαστήματος αυτού, η PR παρακολουθήθηκε για την ανίχνευση αλλαγών στην αντιοξειδωτική ισχύ των εκχυλισμάτων. Η εξέταση του πολυφαινολικού προφίλ με τη χρήση LC-PDA-MS έδειξε ότι μετά από αποθήκευση επί 20 ημέρες στους 50 °C, ορισμένες πολυφαινόλες που υπάρχουν στα φύλλα της ελιάς (OLL) υπέστησαν εκτεταμένη αποικοδόμηση.Στο τέταρτο και τελευταίο μέρος μελετήθηκε η χρήση ενός νέου φυσικού DES που επέτρεψε την αποτελεσματική εκχύλιση των πολυφαινολών από OLL και τη δοκιμή τους ως δεσμευτές ελευθέρων ριζών, παρουσία ή απουσία m-β-CD, χρησιμοποιώντας περιγραφική κινητική. Οι δοκιμές επεκτάθηκαν για να συμπεριλάβουν αλληλεπιδράσεις με το ασκορβικό οξύ, ένα φυσικό ισχυρό αντιοξειδωτικό, εφαρμόζοντας την μεθοδολογία επιφάνειας απόκρισης. Η κινητική μελέτη έδειξε ότι η m-β-CD μπορεί να παρεμποδίσει τη δέσμευση ελευθέρων ριζών των εκχυλισμάτων από OLL, αποδίδοντας χαμηλότερη στοιχειομετρία κατά την αντίδραση με την ελεύθερη ρίζα DPPH.

Objectives Inflammatory process and apoptosis are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac injury and oxidative damage caused by diabetes mellitus. The cardioprotective effects of standardized aqueous ethanolic olive leaf extract (OLE), metformin (as a cardiovascular protective agent) and valsartan (as an angiotensin receptor blocker) in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. Methods Wistar rats divided into control, diabetic, OLE-treated (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), metformin (300 mg/kg)-treated, valsartan (30 mg/kg)-treated and metformin/valsartan-treated diabetic groups. Biochemical parameters, including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activates, and the total contents of thiol were measured, and histopathological and gene expression studies were done on cardiac tissues. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and cardiac injury markers were examined in serum. Key findings FBS; the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-muscle/brain (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST); and heart tissue MDA levels due to diabetes were significantly alleviated by OLE treatment (effect size; ηp2 = 0.934, 0.888, 0.848, 0.888 and 0.879, respectively), and SOD and CAT activity and the thiol content in heart tissue were significantly increased (effect size; ηp2 = 0.770, 0.749 and 0.753, respectively). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells were reduced in cardiac tissues of OLE-treated groups compared with the diabetic rats (effect size; ηp2 = 0.969 and 0.949, respectively). OLE up-regulated BCL2 gene expression and down-regulated BAX gene expression in cardiac tissue (effect size; ηp2= 0.490 and 0.522, respectively). Conclusion OLE in a dose-dependent manner ameliorates cardiac damage in diabetic cardiomyopathy, perhaps through attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

With the aim to recommend an integrated alternative for the combined treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) and cotton residues (CR), and the production of high value and environmentally friendly products, two compost piles were set up. The first pile (control, pile 1) consisted of ginned CR, whereas the second (pile 2) was made of CR with the addition of OMW. A series of physicochemical parameters and the culturable microbial diversity in both piles were assessed. Co-composting (pile 2) displayed higher temperatures during the whole process, a prolonged second thermophilic phase and temperature values higher than 40 °C even after the thermophilic stage. Comparing the physicochemical parameters of the pile 2 with those of the pile 1, it was deduced that pH in the former was more acidic during the onset of the process; the EC values were higher throughout the process, while the levels of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, as well as the NH4+/NO3− ratios, were lower at most of the sampling dates. By evaluating the abovementioned results, it was estimated that the co-composting process headed sooner toward stability and maturity, Isolated microorganisms from both piles were identified as members of the genera Brevibacillus, Serratia, Klebsiella, and Aspergillus, whereas active thermotolerant diazotrophs were detected in both piles at the 2nd thermophilic phase emerging a promising prospect upon further evaluation for enhancing the end-product quality. Our findings indicate that co-composting is an interesting approach for the exploitation of large quantities of agro-industrial residues with a final product suitable for improving soil fertility and health.

Background Olive oil continues to be the main destination for olives. The production of table olives is increasing. 'Californian-style' processes are among the most frequently employed to produce oxidized olives. Sensory evaluation requires the development of an instrumental detection method that can be used as an adjunct to traditional tasting panels. Results An electronic nose (E-nose) was used to classify two varieties of olives following exposure to different sterilization. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that both varieties had different volatile profiles. Sensory panel evaluations were similar for both. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) obtained from the E-nose was able to separate the two varieties and explained 82% of total variance. Moreover, volatile profiles correctly classified olives according to sterilization times recorded up to 121 °C . The only exception was at F0 ≥ 22 min, at which a plot of PCA outcomes failed to differentiate scores. E-nose data showed similar results to those produced from the volatile analysis when grouping samples were sterilized to F0 ≥ 18 min, at the same time distinguishing these samples from those subjected to less intense thermal treatments. A partial least squares (PLS) chemometric approach was evaluated for quantifying important olive quality parameters. With regards to validation parameters, R P 2 pertaining to perceived defect was 0.88, whilst R P 2 pertaining to overall assessment was 0.78. Conclusions E-nose offers a fast, inexpensive and non-destructive method for discriminating between varieties and thermal treatments up to a point at which cooking defects are highly similar (from F0 = 18 onwards). © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

PURPOSE Peggy Olive of the BC cancer research center (BCCRC), Vancouver, Canada, dedicated her career to improving the efficiency of radiation in the treatment of cancer. Keenly interested in the study of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, she recognized the importance of DNA repair in improving the efficacy of radiotherapy. At the BCCRC she developed two methods for clinical practice that detect and quantitate DNA damage in mammalian cells. The alkaline comet assay and phosphorylated gamma histone H2AX (γH2AX) protein foci staining were two sensitive and attractive techniques that she attempted to apply in clinical practice. CONCLUSION Peggy Olive was able to establish the comet and the γH2AX assays as prospective predictive biomarkers in the application of personalized radiation treatment and improved cancer treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, several studies with a large number of samples are required before application of these biomarkers in routine radiotherapy could become a reality. The advent of 'omis' and microchip technologies envisage successful outcomes of future research in this direction.

Applying pruning residues in the lanes of olive groves has become a popular practice because it is economical and accrues benefits for soil and water management. This study presents an analysis of the impact of different rates of pruning residue on soil properties, in particular related with soil quality. Over 4 annual campaigns, chopped pruning residues used as a mulch were analyzed in terms of composition, coverage and moisture content to evaluate their effects on the amount of soil organic carbon (−10 cm and −20 cm) and CO2 emissions, temperature and moisture. The experiment was carried out in a super-intensive olive orchard in Cordoba (SE, Spain) and used four amounts of fresh pruning residue: 7.5 t ha⁻1(T1), 15.0 t ha⁻1 (T2) and 30.0 t ha⁻1 (T3), with a control T0 = 0.0 t ha1. Mulch mean leaf fraction was 46.0 ± 17.5% (±SD) and initial water content, 24.8 ± 8.6%. The mulching benefits for soil moisture were observed in amounts of pruning residue >7.5 t ha⁻1, which are only produced in super-intensive olive groves or in orchards with high tree densities. The low impact of the treatments on soil moisture was explained by the dramatic annual variations in residue moisture contents, caused by the regimes of high temperatures and rainfall-evapotranspiration deficits inherent to the Mediterranean Basin climate. Thus, the mulching capacity only resulted efficient when the residues were still humid in spring. In addition, 15.0 t ha⁻1 of pruning residues was the threshold to provide significant increases in soil organic carbon at depths of 0–20 cm. Thus, accumulating pruning residue in lanes at rates of over 15 t ha⁻1 (T2 and T3) is more convenient than a uniform distribution with lower amounts, due to the low mineralization rates occurring during warm seasons and the larger inputs of OM increasing the annual balance of SOC., This research was supported by the research projects CGL 2015-64284-C2-2-R, funded by the MINECO-FEDER (Spanish Ministery of Economy and Competitiveness).

Specialized metabolism is an evolutionary answer that fortifies plants against a wide spectrum of (a) biotic challenges. A plethora of diversified compounds can be found in the plant kingdom and often constitute the basis of human pharmacopeia. Olive trees (Olea europaea) produce an unusual type of secoiridoids known as oleosides with promising pharmaceutical activities. Here, we transiently silenced oleuropein β-glucosidase (OeGLU), an enzyme engaged in the biosynthetic pathway of secoiridoids in the olive trees. Reduction of OeGLU transcripts resulted in the absence of both upstream and downstream secoiridoids in planta, revealing a regulatory loop mechanism that bypasses the flux of precursor compounds toward the branch of secoiridoid biosynthesis. Our findings highlight that OeGLU could serve as a molecular target to regulate the bioactive secoiridoids in olive oils.

Current legislation in Spain indicates that table olives must be free of off-odors and off-flavors and without symptoms of ongoing alteration or abnormal fermentations. In this regard, the International Olive Council (IOC) has developed a protocol for the sensory classification of table olives according to the intensity of the predominantly perceived defect (PPD). An electronic nose (e-nose) was used to assess the abnormal fermentation defects of Spanish-style table olives that were previously classified by a tasting panel according to the IOC protocol, namely zapateria, butyric, putrid, and musty or humidity. When olives with different defects were mixed, the putrid defect had the greatest sensory impact on the others, while the butyric defect had the least sensory dominance. A total of 49 volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography, and each defect was characterized by a specific profile. The e-nose data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The different defects were clearly separated from each other and from the control treatment, independently of PPD intensity. Moreover, the e-nose differentiated control olives from table olives with combined sensory defects despite the dilution effect resulting from the combination. These results demonstrate that e-nose can be used as an olfactory sensor for the organoleptic classification of table olives and can successfully support the tasting panel.