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Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and isoenzyme were determined in 27 human renal carcinoma (RC) tissues. Although LDH-1 and LDH-2 were predominant in the normal kidney, a completely inverted isoenzyme pattern was observed in 16 carcinomas. The others, however, showed either a normal or an incompletely inverted pattern. The LDH activity in the tumours with a completely inverted pattern was significantly higher than the activity of incompletely inverted or normal kidney pattern. It was also found that the isoenzyme pattern was more closely correlated with cell type than the grade of malignancy of the tumour, 14 out of the 16 cases of the completely inverted pattern being of the clear cell type, and 9 out of the 11 cases of incompletely inverted or normal kidney pattern being of either granular cell or mixed cell type. These results seemed to well substantiate an opinion that in clear cells anaerobic glycolysis provides a major energy source, whereas granular cells seek energy source primarily in TCA cycle and subsequent oxidative phosphorylation.

To examine the use of interleukin 2 as a therapeutic agent for human renal cell carcinoma the peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from patients with renal cell carcinoma were grown in interleukin 2 and tested in a 4-hour 51chromium release cytotoxicity assay against autologous cultured tumor cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, which were cultured separately in medium alone, mitomycin C-treated tumor cells, 20 per cent interleukin 2 and tumor cells plus interleukin 2, were used as effector cells. In all patients neither peripheral blood lymphocytes in medium alone nor in mitomycin C-treated tumor cells could lyse their own tumor cells. However, in 5 of 7 patients peripheral blood lymphocytes grown in interleukin 2 regardless of the presence of mitomycin C-treated tumor cells were capable of causing 5.7, 9.4, 12.7, 36.1 and 52.5 per cent lysis at effector/target cell ratios of 25, 50, 50, 50 and 25, respectively. However, more significant cytotoxicity was not obtained by peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured with tumor cells and interleukin 2. These results suggest that interleukin 2 might become a useful agent for patients with renal cell carcinoma.

A kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of diphenyl disulfide, its p-methoxy, p-methyl, and p-chloro derivatives, and di-n-butyl and di-t-butyl disulfides in tetralin was made. The rate of decomposition was followed by the decrease of disulfide and the spontaneous first-order rate constants for these disulfides at 196, 207, and 217 °C and the activation parameters were obtained. It was observed that the rates of the decompositions for diaryl disulfides are increased by p-substituents (CH3O>Cl\simeqCH3>H) and that that of di-t-butyl disulfide is comparable to diaryl disulfides, whereas, di-n-butyl disulfide shows no decomposition under these conditions. A reaction scheme of the decomposition including induced decomposition is proposed from the kinetic results and product analysis. Moreover, the properties of a thiyl radical in relation to the above results are discussed from the electronic and ESR spectra of the aryl thiyl radicals generated from the photolysis of corresponding thiols in a glass of 2-...

Da die relativen Geschwindigkeiten der Addition von Sulfonylradikalen, die aus den Jodiden (II) entstehen, an p-Methylstyrol (Ia) in bezug auf Styrol (Ib) zu den Addukten (III) durch die Sulfonylsubstituenten 7.1 kaum beeinflust werden, wird gefolgert, das das einsame Elektron hauptsachlich in der Sulfonylgruppe lokalisiert ist.

Alkylation of Li+, Na+, and K+ enolates of ethyl acetoacetate by dimethyl sulfite in dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and N,N-dimethylformamide at 50 °C has been studied. The ratio of O/(C+C,C)-alkylation is considerably dependent on the size of the counter cation and the solvent. The tightness of the ion pair is responsible for determining the ratio. The structure of alkylating agents has also influence upon the alkylation ratio. Dimethyl sulfite gives a higher O/(C+C,C)-alkylation ratio than methyl halides which may be ascribed to the hard methyl sulfite anion as leaving group.

Determinations of ACTH and serotonin were performed with tumor tissues obtained by operation or autopsy from seven cases of oatcell carcinoma of the lung with no accompanying Cushing's or carcinoid syndrome. In 4 out of the 7 cases examined, ACTH and serotonin were concomitantly detected in the individual tumor specimens, suggesting simultaneous production of the peptide hormone and the amine. Such a surprisingly high incidence in the concomitant production of the substances of this tumor suggests its unique histogenesis.

So as to overcome the difficulty in differential diagnosis of small coin lesions in the lung, a new method—selective bronchial brushing under x-ray television fluoroscopy, i.e., TV-brushing—was introduced. A special nylon brush was designed to facilitate brushing the desired branch of the bronchi through Metras' catheter without being caught at the sharp curvature caused within the catheter. TV-brushing was carried out on 29 cases with coin lesions. Positive cytologic results were secured in the material thus obtained in 13 of 14 cases proved to be lung cancers of coin lesion type. Though our trial series contains several larger coin lesions more than 3 cm. in diameter, the results strongly indicate the possibility of detecting smaller lesions in the future. The characteristic advantage of TV-fluoroscopy is its excellency in low-contrast detail perceptibility which is of great merit for the detection of small densities. TV-brushing is a method of choice for an accurate diagnosis of lung cancer, especially in its early stage.

Twenty-four cases of oat-cell carcinoma of the lung and four cases of bronchial carcinoid tumor were studied electron microscopically. Determinations of serotonin in serum and tissue were performed on these cases, and ACTH was assayed in the tumor tissue of seven cases. Neurosecretory-type granules were usually observed in the tumor cells, and they were found concentrated in the pseudopod-like cytoplasmic processes. Serotonin levels in serum and tumor tissue of these cases were frequently elevated and seemed to correlate to the number of neurosecretory-type granules in tumor cells. In five out of seven cases of oat-cell carcinoma, ACTH and serotonin were simultaneously detected in the tumor tissue. In 139 cases of other types of lung cancer, these granules were not observed, and either serotonin level or ACTH activity was not elevated in the tumor. These results strongly suggest that oat-cell carcinoma is a special type of lung tumor producing neurosecretory-type granules and also that it is a highly malignant variant of bronchial carcinoid tumor developing from Kulchitsky-type cells found in bronchial glands.

We have investigated the temperature dependence of the time response of luminescence intensity in poly(di-$n$-hexylsilane) films in the range between 4 and 300 K and in solution at 4 and 295 K. In both samples, rise and decay times strongly depend on observed energy at 4 K. The rise time is about 100 ps at the peak energy. At about 110 K in films and at 295 K in solution, rise times become small and decay times become less dependent on energy with increasing temperature. In films at 295 K, decay times are independent of energy and rise times becomes less than 5 ps. These results are explained by the exciton dynamics governed by the competing processes of phonon scattering and radiative decay in disordered linear chains. It is found that the time response is more sensitive to temperature in films than in solution by the factor of 3. This difference is ascribed to the presence and the absence of interchain exciton transfer in films and in solution, respectively.

A case of spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy is presented. In a 57-year-old Japanese male who had already had pulmonary metastases at the time of nephrectomy, the metastatic lesions disappeared without adjuvant therapy 8 years after nephrectomy. He is still surviving without recurrence or any signs indicative of new metastasis at the present. The clinical aspects of this interesting phenomenon are discussed briefly.

The quenching of photoexcited [Ru(bpy)3]2+ by water–soluble thiols was studied by steady-state and time-resolved measurements. 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid and 4-mercaptopyridine which give the delocalized thiolate ions in water quenched [Ru(bpy)3]2+* effectively, and [Ru(bpy)3]+ was formed by the quenching. No quenching occurred with cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol.

The absolute rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from cumene, p-cymene, and tetralin by p-chlorophenylthiyl radical have been determined by means of flashphotolysis and kinetic absorption spectrophotometry. The results are discussed in comparison with those reported for other types of free radicals.

By γ-irradiation of sulfur dioxide in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at −196 °C, blue glassy solution was obtained, although the monomer radical anion of sulfur dioxide was colorless. The absorption spectrum of the blue species was identical with that of the stable radical anion produced by the amalgam reduction of sulfur dioxide, which was attributed to the dimer or trimer radical anion.

Disulfone radical anions produced by γ-irradiation show a characteristic absorption band at a longer wavelength region (655–695 nm) than that of the monosulfone radical anion (ca. 400 nm). The former band is attributed to the charge-resonance originated from the delocalization of an unpaired electron between the linked two sulfone moieties.

Solitary late recurrence is an unpredictable behavior pattern of renal cell carcinoma. We describe a patient with recurrence at the cranial bone 10 years after surgical management and another with recurrence at the sacral bone 13 years after treatment with radiotherapy and alpha-interferon. Both patients have been followed satisfactorily for 9 months. Unpredictable behavior of renal cell carcinoma makes lifelong followup of patients necessary. If a solitary recurrence is detected operative management definitely should be considered depending on the site of recurrence.

Benzoyl radicals, formed by dissociative electron attachment to substituted benzoyl bromides and iodide in γ-irradiated organic glasses at 77 K, were identified by optical absorption bands centred in the region 600–700 nm, although benzoyl chloride produced its radical anion by a non-dissociative process. Under visible light illumination, the absorption due to benzoyl radicals in a rigid matrix decreased owing to the cleavage of the bond between the phenyl ring and carbonyl carbon. The decay of benzoyl radicals under visible light illumination was faster than that of the alkyl-ĊO. This indicates that the conjugation of an electron between the phenyl ring and carbonyl group is not important; consequently, an unpaired electron may be localized mainly on the σ-orbital of the carbonyl group. Other optical spectral characteristics which should be caused by the localization of an unpaired electron on the σ-orbital of the carbonyl group are discussed.

A simple and efficient synthetic approach to alkoxy- and other sulphonium salts is described.

The rate constants for addition of para-substituted phenylthio radicals to vinyl sulphide, sulphoxide, sulphone, and ether groups have been determined by flash photolysis. The polar nature of the vinyl monomers was examined by constructing Hammett plots vs. σ+ of the substituents on the phenylthio radicals; the reaction constants (ρ+) are 2.0–2.2 for sulphides, 1.7–1.8 for ethers, 1.2 for sulphoxide, and 0.8 for sulphone, suggesting that the ρ+ value increased with the electron density of the double bond. For phenylthio radical, the rate constants (in dm3 mol–1 s–1) of the vinyl sulphides [(2.6–4.8)× 106] are greater than those of the vinyl ethers [(0.8–1.0)× 105], the sulphoxide (1.4 × 104), and the sulphone (1.6 × 104), suggesting that stabilization of the carbon-centred radical adduct is a characteristic of the adjacent sulphide group.

The rate constants for the addition reactions of the para-substituted phenylthiyl radicals (ZC6H4Ṡ) to disubstituted olefins (CH2CXY) have been determined by the flash photolysis method. The substituents X and Y in the olefins were chosen in order to obtain kinetic evidence for a captodative effect on the free-radical addition reactions in which the captodative radicals (PhSCH2ĊXY) were formed. When X was an electron-withdrawing (captive) group such as CN, electron-donating (dative) substituents (Y) accelerated the reactions of the olefins with the arylthiyl radicals. The order of acceleration is as follows: NR2 > OR > Cl > OC(O)CH3 > CH3 > H. This result was interpreted in terms of a lowering of the activation energy caused by captodative stabilization of the transition state. For substituted propenes [CH2C(Y)CH3], the rate constants for addition increase with the electron-withdrawing power of the substituents Y. Localization energies for captodative-substituted olefins, from MO calculations, are well correlated with the kinetic data obtained in this study.

The radical anion of dibenzothiophen(DBS–˙) produced by the contact with alkali-metal dissociates thermally at the S–C bond via second-order kinetics; the dissociated radical anion accepts an electron from other DBS–˙ and yields the dianion. Flash photolysis of the dianion in the presence of excess of DBS yields DBS–˙; one half of DBS–˙ decays rapidly and the other persists for a long time. The mechanisms of formation and decay are discussed.

The steady illumination of triphenylsilyl anion and p-terphenyl (p-TP) in tetrahydrofuran yielded the radical anion of p-terphenyl (p-TP˙–), which persisted after cutting off the light. When the triphenylmethyl anion was used, p-TP˙– was not observed with the steady illumination; the finding that p-TP˙– observed transiently by flash photolysis decayed at a diffusion-controlled rate suggests that the stable triphenylmethyl radical, produced after the donation of an electron to p-TP, accepts an electron from p-TP˙–. On the other hand, since the triphenylsilyl radical is able to produce the disilane whose electron-acceptor ability is less than that of p-TP, back electron transfer from p-TP˙– to the disilane does not occur and thus p-TP˙– persists.