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We provide herein a description of a new species of Oecanthus collected from the tobacco plantation in southern Brazil, municipality of Sao Lourenco do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul. Description focused metanotal gland features, phallic sclerites, and calling song. A large sampling of individuals was distributed into four groups according to body and appendages color and dotted. We also rank all kind of marks present in the scape and pedicel. We compare linear morphometric variables of the metanotal glands and tegmina, as well as calling song parameters between groups in order do define all of them as the same species. Photographs and measurements are provided.

Dear Editor: The authors report the case of a 38-year-old male patient with Down’s syndrome. He was brought to a gastroenterology consultation due to an iron-deficient anemia of unknown etiology. A previous fecal blood test was positive in two of six samples. In this context, it was proposed to perform a diagnostic colonoscopy which was accepted by the patient and his caregivers. During the examination, the presence of small superficial erosions in the right colon, as well as numerous pinworms, more abundant in the cecum, and also ulceration of the ileocecal valve was seen. Multiple biopsies were then performed in the ileocecal valve whose histology revealed the presence of an intense inflammatory response with a predominance of eosinophils. The patient was subsequently treated with an anthelmintic agent, with clinical improvement and resolution of the anemia. Ileocolitis due to Enterobius vermicularis has been reported in the literature as early as 1919, but it is not widely recognized as a cause of intestinal inflammatory disease. Humans are the only natural host. E. vermicularis, commonly known as pinworm or threadworm, is responsible for a widespread parasitic infection estimated to affect up to 209 million people worldwide. Around 4 to 28 % of children worldwide are reported to be infected [1]. Pinworms measure approximately 10 mm in length, and the terminal ileum, cecum, and ascending colon are the usual habitats. The most common mechanism of infestation is through fecal oral route (autoinfection) via contaminated fingers. Contaminated food or utensils can also be responsible for dissemination. Less frequently, the parasite eggs can hatch in the anus and infect the colon in a retrograde fashion (retroinfection) [2]. The pathophysiology of Enterobius ileocolitis is not well understood. Controversy exists as to whether the worm is responsible for mucosal ulceration or merely takes up residence in preexisting ulcerated mucosa. Some investigators have hypothesized that an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to parasite secretions or surface antigens accounts for the eosinophilic infiltrate [3]. The vast majority of the infested population is unaware of the parasite because of the lack of symptoms. Themost common symptom is pruritus in the perianal region, but infestation may also present with ileocolitis, enterocutaneous fistula, urinary tract infection, mesenteric abscesses, salpingitis, and appendicitis [4]. The presence of pinworms in the appendix has been shown to cause symptoms mimicking appendicitis or appendiceal Bcolic^ but frequently without any histological evidence of acute inflammation [1]. Enterobius ileocolitis should be included on the list of diseases that can cause bowel wall thickening due to eosinophilic infiltrates. Awareness of this entity is important because Enterobius ileocolitis is easily curable with proper treatment.

A study of the community dynamics of Drosophilidae was carried out in six insular communities and two others on the mainland. Seasonal collections were carried out throughout two years in Santa Catarina State, southern of Brazil. The diversity index calculations show high values when compared with temperate climate communities. The sites on the mainland (Serra do Tabuleiro) presented the highest diversity, which was measured by the Diversity Index (H'). These sites are covered by primary Atlantic Forest and theoretically should have a higher variation of ecological niches. A dendogram showing the similarity between the communities, calculated by Morisita Index, points to a level of similarity equal to 60% for all communities. In this diagram, we can see two clades: one on the mainland and the other on the islands. The six island sites are grouped into one clade and separated into two subclades, one including the sites on Santa Catarina Island and the other consisting of the islands adjacent to this last and very much larger one. These groupings show the very important role of the spatial component on the prediction of the structure of the communities. This fact raises the discussion about the high complexity of the Atlantic Forest ecosystem and consequently the unpredictability of its fauna, highlighting the need of its conservation. Foi realizado um estudo de dinâmica de assembléias de drosofilídeos em seis comunidades insulares e duas continentais em visitas estacionais ao longo de dois anos, em Santa Catarina. Os índices de diversidade foram elevados se comparados com os de assembléias de clima temperado. Com relação ao índice de heterogeneidade de espécies de Shannon-Wiener (H'), os pontos localizados no continente (Serra do Tabuleiro) foram os mais elevados. Esses sítios apresentam Mata Atlântica primária e, teoricamente, deteriam a maior variabilidade de nichos ecológicos. Um dendograma mostrando a similaridade entre as assembléias (medida pelo índice de Morisita), apontou para 60% de similaridade. Nele os pontos continentais e insulares foram os que mais se diferenciaram. Os seis pontos insulares se separam em dois grupos: um que inclui os pontos da Ilha de Santa Catarina, e outro compreendendo as demais ilhas adjacentes a essa ilha maior. Os agrupamentos mostram a importância do componente espacial na previsão da estrutura das comunidades. Esse fato levanta a discussão a respeito da grande complexidade do ecossistema de Mata Atlântica e, conseqüentemente, sua imprevisibilidade, em termos de composição faunística, evidenciando a necessidade de sua conservação.

The Drosophilidae Family of flies is cosmopolitan and is distributed in many types of ecosystems. The knowledge about the distribution of these species in Brazil has grown since the 1940s. However, the large extension of the Brazilian territory and the complexity of its ecosystems accounts for the fact of that this research field is still underexploited. The present study brings together survey data from 12 collection sites in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The flies were collected over fermented banana baits, or over their natural trophic resources. This study expands the knowledge of the geographical distribution of Drosophila ananassae Doleschall, D. aff. elliptica, D. neosaltans Pavan & Magalh es, D. pulchella Sturtevant, D. bocainensis Pavan & Cunha and D. bocainoides Carson, all from the subgenus Sophophora.

Os objetivos do trabalho foram caracterizar e comparar as assembléias de drosofilídeos em um gradiente que vai de um ambiente florestal ao urbano, e verificar se há uma variação sazonal na abundância destes indivíduos. Para isso foram realizadas dez coletas entre os anos de 2000 e 2003 em quatro pontos com diferentes níveis de urbanização na cidade de Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. Um número bastante alto de espécies foi coletado, sendo 88 pertencentes ao gênero Drosophila, sete ao gênero Zygothrica, e uma de cada um dos demais gêneros coletados – Diathoneura, Hirtodrosophila, Rhinoleucophenga, Scaptodrosophila e Zaprionus. Foi observada uma mudança gradual na estrutura das assembléias estudadas, sendo que no ponto de menor urbanização, localizado em uma área de Mata Atlântica, as espécies dominantes foram as do subgrupo willistoni de Drosophila e Drosophila capricorni, enquanto que nos pontos de maior urbanização as espécies dominantes foram D. simulans, D. malerkotliana e Zaprionus indianus. A abundância absoluta das espécies nativas manteve-se na cidade e não foi observado um decréscimo na riqueza de espécies com o aumento da urbanização. Constatou-se uma variação sazonal típica de cada ambiente estudado, sendo que no ponto de menor urbanização (Mata Atlântica), D. capricorni apresentou um aumento em sua abundância durante os invernos e épocas adjacentes e nas outras épocas do ano o subgrupo willistoni dominou. Nos pontos de maior urbanização, observou-se a dominância de D. simulans nos invernos, de D. malerkotliana nos outonos e de Z. indianus nos verões, sendo que as primaveras foram caracterizadas como uma estação de transição, ora dominada por D. simulans ou por Z. indianus. This work aimed to characterise and to compare the drosophilid assemblages into a gradient across forest to urban environments, and to verify if there was a sazonal variation in the abundance of individuals. For this, we make ten samples between the years 2000 and 2003 in four sites with different urbanization levels in the city of Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. A high number of species was collected, being, 88 of the genus Drosophila, seven of the genus Zygothrica, and one of each other collected genus – Diathoneura, Hirtodrosophila, Rhinoleucophenga, Scaptodrosophila and Zaprionus. We observed a gradual change in the structure of the studied assemblages, and in the non urbanization site, localized in a Atlantic Rain Forest area, the dominant species were those of the willistoni subgroup of Drosophila and Drosophila capricorni, and in the high urbanization sites, the dominant species were D. simulans, D. malerkotliana and Zaprionus indianus. The absolute abundance of native species remained constant in the city and was not observed a decrease in the species richness with the grow up of the urbanization. It was also detected a typical sazonal variation in each studied environment: in the low urbanization site (Atlantic Forest) D. capricorni presented an increase of its abundance during the winters and adjacent months whereas, in other seasons of year, the willistoni subgroup was dominant. In the high urbanization sites, we observed the dominance of D. simulans in the winters, of D. malerkotliana in the autumns and of Z. indianus in summers. The springs were characterized as a transitional season, sometimes dominated by D. simulans and sometimes by Z. indianus.

Although geared to present-day reality, this text recovers a concern already expressed by Anísio Teixeira in 1963: the worldwide revolution in means of communication cannot be ignored in training “tomorrow’s teachers.” Just when we were beginning to understand television as an indispensable pedagogical resource, as Anísio Teixeira would have it, the Internet comes along, and we end up having difficulties taking the necessary steps to improve cyberculture education. Based on the utopianism and daring of this always up-to-date educator, the article discusses the implications of cyberculture in producing the qualitative leap in the training of teachers for today and tomorrow.

In this paper we describe a new species of Luzarinae cricket collected from the cave “Gruta de Ubajara, municipality of Ubajara, State of Ceara, Brazil, highlighting phallic sclerites morphology and chromosome complement as diagnostic characters. We presented meiotic and mitotic characterization in order to define the karyotype with 2n = 12 + X1X2♂/12 + X1X1X2X2♀. This represents the first record of X1X20 chromosomal sex system in Gryllidae.

s / Pancreatology 14 (2014) S1eS129 S24 Aims: Aim of this study is the comparison of the incidence of PEP as a 8hour or 24-hour infusion. Patients & methods: From February to August 2013, a total of 214 patients who underwent ERCP were analyzed. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 24-hour infusion with nafamostat mesilate (group A), 8-hour infusion (group B) (107 patients per arm). Serum amylase and lipase levels were checked before ERCP, 4 and 24 hours after ERCP, and when clinically indicated. The incidence of PEP was analyzed. Results: The overall incidence of acute pancreatitis was 5.6% (12/214). There was no significant difference in the incidence of PEP as 24-hour infusion or 8-hour infusion (6.6% vs 4.6% respectively; p 1⁄4 0.768). Also there was no significant difference in the incidence of hyperamylasemia (8.4% vs 6.5%, respectively; p 1⁄4 0.796). Conclusion: Since both nafamostat mesilate infusion protocols had equal incidence of PEP, 8-hour infusion of nafamostat mesilate is also helpful in preventing PEP.

Interatividade é um princípio do mundo digital e da cibercultura, isto é, do novo ambiente comunicacional baseado no software, game, site - Internet. É o modo de comunicação que vem desafiar a mídia de massa - rádio, cinema, imprensa e TV - a buscar a participação do público para se adequar ao movimento das tecnologias interativas. É o modo de comunicação que vem desafiar professores e gestores da educação, igualmente centrados no paradigma da transmissão, a buscar a construção da sala de aula onde a aprendizagem se dê com a participação e a cooperação dos alunos.

Para dar a dimensão do que se passa com os fundamentos teóricos da comunicação, coloco em destaque o trio básico emissão-mensagem-recepção e evoco aquilo que M. Marchand chama de "uma mudança fundamental do esquema clássico da comunicação." Mudança que ocorre com a emergência da modalidade interativa de comunicação que estaria tomando o centro da cena ocupado em todo o século XX pela modalidade comunicacional centrada na transmissão, na distribuição, que são os fundamentos da mídia de massa: cinema, imprensa, rádio e TV.

The intelligent management systems of the end consumers are endowed with advanced functions being one of them the interaction with external entities through the automatic participation in demand response programs. The development of the intelligent management systems is to reduce the energy consumption based on internal information and on the interaction with an external entity. Moreover, the management approaches results in an active participation of the consumers in the operation of the smart grids and microgrids concepts. The paper developed presents the application of a dynamic priority method in SCADA Office Intelligent Context Awareness Management system to manage the energy resources installed in an office building. The intelligent management method allows the dynamic active participation of the office building in the DR events considering the real data of consumption and generation of one building in Polytechnic of Porto. The main goal of the methodology is to obtain a dynamic scheduling for all energy resources with little interference in the comfort of users. The results of dynamic management model in office building are discussed for the participation in 8 hours demand response event. The power limit of the scenario depends on the consumption and micro-generation power of an October day.

Background and aims: Inflammation has long been regarded as a major contributor to cellular oxidative damage and to be involved in the promotion of carcinogenesis. Methods: We aimed to investigate the oxidative damage in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients through a case–control and prospective study involving 344 IBD patients and 294 healthy controls. DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage were measured by comet assay techniques, and oxidative stress by plasmatic lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, and total antioxidant capacity. Results: Higher DNA damage [p

The reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions is a priority all around the globe. The investment on renewable energy sources is contributing for new opportunities in the context of the smart grids and microgrids. Recent advances are transforming the consumer into a prosumer, being able to adapt the consumption depending on its own generated power, and selling the surplus or buying the missing power. In this context, home management systems are emerging as an effective means to support the management of energy resources in the context of communication between functions/devices of a smart home. This paper presents a new agent-based home energy management approach, using ontologies to enable semantic communications between heterogeneous multi-agent entities. The main goal is to support an efficient energy management of end consumers in the context of microgrids, obtaining a scheduling for both real and virtual resources. A case study is presented, which simulates a 25-bus microgrid that includes a laboratorial controlled house (with real and simulated resources), which is managed by the proposed energy management system.

The Cerrado is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and Brazil’s second largest biome. Many native species of the Brazilian Cerrado provide fruits that have unique sensory characteristics and high nutritional value. This study aimed at characterizing the pulp of Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg, concerning its proximal composition, bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity. The pulp under study had high moisture (89.47 g kg-1) and caloric (96.07 kcal kg-1) values whereas its contents of protein (0.59 g kg-1) and lipids (2.35 g kg-1) were low. The cerrado pear pulp also had high iron content (16.5 mg kg -1) and dietary fiber (6.45 g kg-1), besides 0.034-0,055 mg kg-1 carotenoids, 8.66 mg kg-1 ascorbic acid and 0.66 mg kg-1 total chlorophyll. Total phenolic compounds (333.41-566.33 mg EAG kg-1) and flavonoids (225-50 mg EQ kg-1) were found by extraction methods named Method 1 (water) and Method 2 (acetone+methanol), respectively. Thus, the cerrado pear can be an alternative to improving nutrient intake and to providing sustainable use of the native flora in the Cerrado.

A 76-year-old female patient with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus, stage 3 chronic renal failure and iron deficiency anemia was referred for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for evaluation of solid food dysphagia. She had been on oral therapy with ferrous sulfate for several years. Besides a Schatzki's ring the EGD revealed a duodenal mucosa with black-speckled pigmentation. Biopsies were performed and disclosed the deposition of brown (hemosiderin) pigment within macrophages in the lamina propria of normal villi. This endoscopic appearance is called pseudomelanosis duodeni (PD).

Buscar entender as funções desempenhadas pelas espécies nas comunidades de Drosophilidae é uma importante contribuição sobre a dinâmica das comunidades e seus efeitos no funcionamento do ecossistema. Deste modo, diversidade e padrões ecológicos dentro das comunidades podem ser melhores compreendidos, não somente pela perspectiva taxonômica como também quanto à funcionalidade. Com a ampla diversidade e distribuição do grupo foi possível proporcionar maiores informações em algumas lacunas ecossistêmicas, como efeito de borda, técnicas de amostragem e funcionalidade (Capítulos II, III, IV e V). No capítulo II analisamos os padrões de distribuição temporal da abundância, riqueza e composição de Drosophilidae em um fragmento de mata em função da distância da borda. Observamos que algumas espécies apresentam distribuição assimétrica no fragmento, sendo mais restritas à borda e outras ao interior de mata. Usando armadilhas coloridas pela primeira vez, no capítulo III conduzimos a identificação de indivíduos capturados em três ambientes do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados demonstraram que as armadilhas coloridas com uma eficiência marcante na amostragem de espécies de Drosophilidae, principalmente de espécies antofílicas, e algumas outras espécies capturadas acessoriamente em flores na região Neotropical, como D. melanogaster e D. willistoni. No capítulo IV realizamos uma revisão de atributos funcionais, nos concentrando apenas em estudos da história natural e ecologia de Drosophilidae o que poderiam ajudar a explicar aspectos funcionais do grupo. Sugerimos três categorias (percepção do habitat, o desempenho de voo e respostas ecofisiológicas) para compreender o padrão funcional em Drosophilidae. A revisão proporciona um protocolo/guia prático para melhor correlacionar métricas funcionais para questões ecológicas do grupo. Testamos esse protocolo no capítulo V em um levantamento de fauna em áreas de vegetação florestais e vegetações campestres, onde avaliamos a riqueza e funcionalidade da comunidade. Os índices funcionais não diferiram significativamente demonstrando que as espécies possuem uma variação dos atributos mensurados (o tamanho do olho, comprimento da gena, comprimento do flagelômero e escapo, tamanho da asa, tamanho do tórax e tamanho do corpo) que na verdade são compartilhadas entre elas independente da vegetação. No geral, os trabalhos realizados nesta tese reforçam diversidade taxonômica e composição funcional em Drosophilidae como importantes ferramentas para entender padrões e o funcionamento dos ambientes gerando dados com maior precisão quanto à distribuição e papel ecológico dos grupos, partindo de diferentes métricas amostrais, como aqui realizadas. Understanding the functions performed by species in Drosophilidae communities is an important contribution to the dynamics of communities and their effects on ecosystem functioning. In this way, diversity and ecological patterns within communities can be better understood, not only from a taxonomic perspective but also in terms of functionality. With the wide diversity and distribution of the group, it was possible to provide more information on some ecosystem gaps, such as edge effect, sampling techniques and functionality (Chapters II, III, IV and V). In chapter II we analyze the patterns of temporal distribution of abundance, richness and composition of Drosophilidae in a forest fragment as a function of distance from the edge. We observed that some species present asymmetric distribution in the fragment, being more restricted to the edge and others to the interior of the forest. Using colored traps for the first time, in chapter III we conducted the identification of individuals captured in three environments in Rio Grande do Sul. The results showed that the colored traps are efficiency in the sampling of Drosophilidae species, mainly anthophilic species, and some other species caught by the way in flowers in the Neotropical region, such as D. melanogaster and D. willistoni. In chapter IV we carried out a review of functional attributes, focusing only on studies of the natural history and ecology of Drosophilidae, which could help to explain functional aspects of the group. We suggest three categories (habitat perception, flight performance and ecophysiological responses) to understand the functional pattern in Drosophilidae. The review provides a practical protocol to better correlate functional measurements to ecological issues in the group. We tested this protocol in Chapter V in a survey of fauna in areas of forest and grassland vegetation, where we evaluated the richness and functionality of the community. The functional indices wasn't differ significantly, demonstrating that the species have a variation of the measured attributes (eye size, gena length, flagellomere and scape length, wing size, thorax size and body size) that are actually shared between they are independent of vegetation. Overall, the work carried out in this thesis reinforces taxonomic diversity and functional composition in Drosophilidae as important tools to understand patterns and the functioning of environments, generating data with greater precision regarding the distribution and ecological role of groups, starting from different sample metrics, as performed here.

A região Neotropical é considerada uma das mais diversas do planeta, porém por ser uma das menos estudadas, abriga espécies ameaçadas ou extintas antes mesmo de serem identificadas. Entre as espécies de insetos presentes nesta região encontram-se as pertencentes a Drosophilidae, uma família amplamente diversa e distribuída, que contém espécies utilizadas como modelo para estudo em diversas áreas de conhecimento, como é o caso de Drosophila melanogaster. Apesar dos numerosos estudos envolvendo espécies de Drosophilidae, o posicionamento e as relações filogenéticas entre muitos dos gêneros que a constituem permanecem incertos. A situação se agrava quando são considerados os gêneros micófagos, mais precisamente os que constituem o grupo genérico Zygothrica, ou seja, Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila, Paraliodrosophila, Paramycodrosophila e Zygothrica. Sendo assim, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é auxiliar no esclarecimento dos padrões evolutivos associados à diversificação de espécies Neotropicais pertencentes ao grupo genérico Zygothrica. Para isso, foram analisadas um total de 59 espécimes coletados em 21 pontos localizados nos estados do Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Sequências nucleotídicas de 917 pb, 787 pb, 962 pb e 1184 pb dos genes mitocondriais COI e COII, e dos nucleares Amd e Ddc, respectivamente, foram obtidas para estes espécimes e acrescentadas a matrizes previamente construídas a partir de dados disponíveis para outras 50 espécies de Drosophilidae. Estes dados foram analisados individual e simultaneamente com o uso de diferentes métodos filogenéticos. Nossos resultados revelaram a subdivisão de Drosophila em quatro clados principais, que se diversificaram a partir do Eoceno: (1) o subgênero Sophophora; (2) a radiação immigrans-tripunctata; (3) a linhagem composta pelos drosofilídeos hawaianos junto aos membros da radiação virilisrepleta; e (4) a linhagem formada pelo gênero Zaprionus junto ao grupo genérico Zygothrica. Neste caso, as linhagens 3 e 4 aparecem como clados irmãos. Dentro da linhagem 4, foi recuperada, ainda, a monofilia do grupo genérico Zygothrica, pelo menos no que diz respeito aos representantes Neotropicais dos gêneros Hirtodrosophila e Zygothrica. Estes dois gêneros, por outro lado, revelaram-se merofiléticos, com algumas espécies de Hirtodrosophila apresentando uma ramificação basal dentro do grupo genérico, e outros agrupando internamente ao gênero Zygothrica, que foi subdividido em quatro diferentes clados. A maior parte das especiações dentro do grupo genérico Zygothrica foi datada para o Mioceno, e os padrões espaço-temporais de diversificação associadas a quarta linhagem de Drosophila aqui caracterizada assemelham-se àqueles previamente apresentados para as outras três linhagens. Assim, este estudo acrescenta novas informações acerca da evolução de espécies Neotropicais até então pouco compreendidas de Drosophilidae, contribuindo para o debate acerca das modificações taxonômicas envolvendo Drosophila. The Neotropical region is considered one of the most diverse regions of the planet, but is also one the least studied. Among the most conspicuous insect species present in this region are those from Drosophilidae, a diverse and widely distributed family, which includes species used as models in various areas of knowledge, such as Drosophila melanogaster. Despite the large number of studies involving members of Drosophilidae, the phylogenetic positioning and the relationships within and among many of its genera remain unclear. The situation worsens when mycophagous genera are considered, more precisely with those encompassing the Zygothrica genus group that includes Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila, Paraliodrosophila, Paramycodrosophila and Zygothrica. Thus, the aim of this study is to clarifying the evolutionary patterns associated with the diversification of Neotropical species of the Zygothrica genus generic . For this, a total of 59 specimens collected in 21 points located in the states of Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina were analyzed. Nucleotide sequences of 917 bp, 787 bp, 962 bp and 1184 bp of the mitochondrial genes COI and COII, and nuclear markers Amd and Ddc, respectively, were obtained for these specimens and added to matrices previously constructed from data available for other 50 drosophilid species. These data were analyzed individually and simultaneously using different phylogenetic methods. Our results indicate the Drosophila subdivision into four major clades, which diversified in the Eocene: (1) the subgenus Sophophora; (2) the immigrans-tripunctata radiation; (3) the clade comprising Hawaiian drosophilids and members of the virilis-repleta radiation; and (4) the lineage formed by the genus Zaprionus and the Zygothrica genus group. In this case, lineages 3 and 4 appear like sister clades. Within lineage 4, the monophyly of the Zygothrica genus group was recovered in respect to Neotropical Hirtodrosophila and Zygothrica representatives. Otherwise, these two genera appeared as merophyletic, because some Hirtodrosophila species branched as early offshoots within the genus group, while others were nested inside the Zygothrica genus, that subwas divided in four different clades. Most speciations within the Zygothrica genus group have been dated to the Miocene, and the spatio-temporal diversification patterns associated with the fourth Drosophila lineage characterized in this study resemble those previously recovered for the other three lineages. Thus, this study adds to the knowledge about the evolution of little-known Neotropical Drosophilid, while contributing to the debate about the taxonomic changes involving the genus Drosophila.

Drosophilidae is a very diverse family of acalapytrate flies comprising more than 4,000 described species, worldwide in distribution, occupying a large range of ecological niches and with high morphological variability. Despite the huge number of papers published on different aspects of the genus Drosophila Fallen, 1823 and especially D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830, the group as a whole can still be considered poorly known, since some taxa within it have historically gained more attention than others. As one of the examples of a very speciose but unsatisfactorily studied group, is the drosophiline genus Cladochaeta Coquillet, 1900, with more than 100 described Neotropical and some few southern Nearctic species, but still with a large number of species to be described. In this study the Brazilian fauna of the genus is revised, with the description of 16 new species based on malesCladochaeta sp. 1, nov. sp., C. sp. 2, nov. sp., C. sp. 3, nov. sp., C. sp. 4, nov. sp., C. sp. 5, nov. sp., C. sp. 6, nov. sp., C. sp. 7, nov. sp., C. sp. 8, nov. sp., C. sp. 9, nov. sp., C. sp. 10, nov. sp., C. sp. 11, nov. sp., C. sp. 12, nov. sp., C. sp. 13, nov. sp., C. sp. 14, nov. sp. and C. sp. 15, nov. sp. The descriptions include photographs for each species and detailed illustrations of the male terminalia in different views. A synopsis about the taxonomy and natural history of the genus, a key for the Brazilian species, and a distributional map of the genus in Brazil are provided. Some comments about relationships between some of the species of the genus are made, as well as a discussion about male terminalia sclerite homology, and the issue of association between males and females. Drosophilidae é uma família extremamente diversa de moscas acaliptradas, compreendendo mais de 4.000 espécies descritas e distribuição mundial, ocupando uma grande variedade de nichos ecológicos e apresentando alta variabilidade morfológica. Apesar do grande número de publicações sobre diversos aspectos do gênero Drosophila Fallen, 1823 e, em especial, sobre D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830, o grupo como um todo ainda é relativamente pouco conhecido. Um exemplo de um grupo muito especioso e insatisfatoriamente estudado é o gênero Cladochaeta Coquillett, 1900 de Drosophilinae, com mais de 100 espécies descritas da região Neotropical e do sul da região Neártica. A fauna brasileira foi revista, resultando na descrição de 16 novas espécies baseadas em machos Cladochaeta sp. 1, nov. sp., C. sp. 2, nov. sp., C. sp. 3, nov. sp., C. sp. 4, nov. sp., C. sp. 5, nov. sp., C. sp. 6, nov. sp., C. sp. 7, nov. sp., C. sp. 8, nov. sp., C. sp. 9, nov. sp., C. sp. 10, nov. sp., C. sp. 11, nov. sp., C. sp. 12, nov. sp., C. sp. 13, nov. sp., C. sp. 14, nov. sp. e C. sp. 15, nov. sp. As descrições incluem fotografias para cada espécie e ilustrações detalhadas das terminálias masculinas em diferentes vistas. São apresentados uma sinopse sobre a taxonomia e história natural, uma chave para as espécies brasileiras e um mapa de distribuição do gênero no Brasil. Alguns comentários são feitos sobre hipóteses de relacionamento entre algumas das espécies, bem como uma discussão a respeito de questões de homologia de escleritos da terminália masculina e a questão da associação entre machos e fêmeas nas espécies do gênero.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The Quaternary period was marked by considerable changes on climate and vegetation. In the Southern Hemisphere, glaciations were milder than in the Northern Hemisphere, however, there were temperature reductions, and the climate became drier. Thus, climate-related modifications occurred in the Atlantic forest vegetation, which contracted its distribution being substituted towards other types, such as Cerrado and Caatinga . The original Atlantic forest vegetation became restricted to moist locations with milder temperatures, called refuges, which sheltered most part of the biodiversity at this time. It is known that such paleoclimatic changes affected the population dynamics of many species, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. However, it is still not clear how much these impacts influenced the species of the Neotropical region. The two species of this study, Drosophila maculifrons and Drosophila griseolineata, belong to the guaramunu group of Drosophila, and are considered sister-species that diverged about four million years ago. However, disregarding their close phylogenetic relationships, they present some distinct ecological patterns, the first species being more generalist, and the second more restricted to forest environments. Due to this ecological heterogeneity, these two species are potential indicators of the genetic consequences caused by the climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary, especially in face of a comparative perspective. The aims of this study were to evaluate the intraspecific diversity of different D. maculifrons and D. griseolineata populations, analyze the structure of individuals and populations in these two species of the guaramunu group and identify the ecological and evolutionary forces that modeled their distribution in Southern/Southeastern Brazil. In order to do so, 114 individuals were collected along the South, Southeast and Center-west regions of Brazil and Medellin, Colombia. Modeling analysis was performed, together with phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses, with the last based in sequences of COI (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I) and COII (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit II) genes. In general, the results that inferred the distribution of the most suitable habitat for each species indicate that the two species occur in sympatry at several points, although D. maculifrons is more widely distributed than D. griseolineata, at least in the brazilian territory. According to our phylogeographic analysis, D. maculifrons presents low levels of diversity and structure for mtDNA, which could be explained by a recent populational expansion event, dated for about 20 to 30 thousand years ago. On the other hand, D. griseolineata shows moderate levels of diversity and population structure, and its populations seem to have remained stables along time, showing a pattern of isolation by distance. So, it is interesting to evaluate the ecological and/or evolutionary factors which are responsible for all this difference, and this work represents a first step towards this understanding. O período do Quaternário foi marcado por alterações consideráveis no clima e vegetação. No Hemisfério Sul, as glaciações foram mais amenas, entretanto, houve a redução da temperatura e o clima tornou-se mais seco. Dessa forma, ocorreram contrações na distribuição da Mata Atlântica e sua substituição por outros tipos, condizentes ao clima, como o Cerrado e a Caatinga. Assim, a vegetação de Mata Atlântica ficou restrita a locais úmidos e com temperaturas mais amenas, conhecidos como refúgios, os quais abrigaram grande parte da biodiversidade neste período. Sabe-se que essas alterações paleoclimáticas influenciaram a dinâmica populacional de muitas espécies, especialmente no Hemisfério Norte, porém ainda não está claro o quanto esses impactos influenciaram as espécies de distribuição Neotropical. As duas espécies em questão, Drosophila maculifrons e D. griseolineata, pertencem ao grupo guaramunu de Drosophila e são consideradas espécies irmãs, que divergiram aproximadamente há 4 milhões de anos. Porém, apesar do grau de parentesco, elas apresentam alguns padrões ecológicos distintos, sendo a primeira mais generalista e a segunda mais restrita a ambientes florestais. Devido a essa heterogeneidade ecológica, essas duas espécies são potenciais indicadoras das conseqüências genéticas ocasionadas pelas flutuações climáticas do Quaternário, principalmente em face de uma perspectiva comparativa. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a diversidade intra-específica de diferentes populações de D. maculifrons e D. griseolineata, analisar a estruturação de indivíduos e populações nestas duas espécies do grupo guaramunu e inferir as forças ecológicas e evolutivas que modelaram sua distribuição ao longo do sul e sudeste brasileiros. Para isso, nossa amostragem conta com 114 indivíduos distribuídos ao longo das regiões Sul, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste do Brasil e Medellin na Colômbia. Foram realizadas análises de modelagem, bem como análises filogenéticas e filogeográficas, sendo que essas duas últimas basearam-se nas sequências dos genes COI (Citocromo Oxidase Subunidade I) e COII (Citocromo Oxidase Subunidade II). De uma forma geral, os resultados que inferiram a distribuição dos habitats mais adequados para cada espécie indicam que as duas espécies apresentam diversos pontos de simpatria, embora D. maculifrons seja mais amplamente distribuída em território brasileiro. De acordo com as análises filogeográficas, D. maculifrons apresenta baixos níveis de diversidade e estruturação em nível de DNA mitocondrial, o que pode ser explicado por um evento de expansão populacional recente, datado para aproximadamente 20 a 30 mil anos. Por outro lado, D. griseolineata apresenta níveis moderados de diversidade e estruturação populacional e suas populações parecem ter se mantido estáveis ao longo do tempo, apresentando um padrão de isolamento por distância. É, pois, interessante avaliar os fatores ecológicos e/ou evolutivos responsáveis por toda essa diferença, e esta dissertação representa um primeiro passo rumo a esse entendimento.