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Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey, is an Open Time Key Project of the Herschel Space Observatory. It will make an unbiased photometric survey of the inner Galactic plane by mapping a 2° wide strip in the longitude range ?l? < 60° in five wavebands between 70 ?m and 500 ?m. The aim of Hi-GAL is to detect the earliest phases of the formation of molecular clouds and high-mass stars and to use the optimum combination of Herschelwavelength coverage, sensitivity, mapping strategy, and speed to deliver a homogeneous census of star-forming regions and cold structures in the interstellar medium. The resulting representative samples will yield the variation of source temperature, luminosity, mass and age in a wide range of Galactic environments at all scales from massive YSOs in protoclusters to entire spiral arms, providing an evolutionary sequence for the formation of intermediate and high-mass stars. This information is essential to the formulation of a predictive global model of the role of environment and feedback in regulating the star-formation process. Such a model is vital to understanding star formation on galactic scales and in the early universe. Hi-GAL will also provide a science legacy for decades to come with incalculable potential for systematic and serendipitous science in a wide range of astronomical fields, enabling the optimum use of future major facilities such as JWSTand ALMA.

It is important to recognize the possibility of a syndromic etiology of cardiac defects when dysmorphic features and other congenital defects are present. We report a patient who presented with atrial fibrillation and was found to have an abnormal mitral valve, congenital aneurysm of the left atrial appendage, and features consistent with both Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome and Noonan syndrome. The congenital aneurysm of the left atrial appendage was a previously unreported cardiac presentation for either syndrome. Diagnostic considerations based upon his genotype and phenotype are discussed, along with his unique cardiac presentation and treatment.

To describe the metric measurements and normal anatomic variants in Chinese bony orbits.

To elucidate the characteristics and location of the supraorbital and frontal exits of the supraorbital nerve in Chinese skulls and to compare these findings with other ethnic populations.

Lanchester equations and their extensions are widely used to calculate attrition in models of warfare. This paper examines how Lanchester models fit detailed daily data on the battles of Kursk and Ardennes. The data on Kursk, often called the greatest tank battle in history, was only recently made available. A new approach is used to find the optimal parameter values and gain an understanding of how well various parameter combinations explain the battles. It turns out that a variety of Lanchester models fit the data about as well. This explains why previous studies on Ardennes, using different minimization techniques and data formulations, have found disparate optimal fits. We also find that none of the basic Lanchester laws (i.e., square, linear, and logarithmic) fit the data particularly well or consistently perform better than the others. This means that it does not matter which of these laws you use, for with the right coefficients you will get about the same result. Furthermore, no constant attrition coefficient Lanchester law fits very well. The failure to find a good-fitting Lanchester model suggests that it may be beneficial to look for new ways to model highly aggregated attrition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.

There are multiple damage functions in the literature to estimate the probability that a single weapon detonation destroys a point target. This paper addresses differences in the tails of four of the more popular damage functions. These four cover the asymptotic tail behaviors of all monotonically decreasing damage functions with well-behaved hazard functions. The differences in estimates of probability of kill are quite dramatic for large aim-point offsets. This is particularly important when balancing the number of threats that can be engaged with the chances of fratricide and collateral damage. In general, analysts substituting one damage function for another may badly estimate kill probabilities in offset-aiming, which could result in poor doctrine. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 306–321, 2003.

The simulations that many defense analysts rely upon in their studies continue to grow in size and complexity. This paper contrasts the guidance that the authors have received—from some of the giants of military operations research—with the current practice. In particular, the analytic utility of Hughes' simple salvo equations is compared with that of the complex Joint Warfighting System (JWARS), with respect to JWARS' key performance parameters. The comparison suggests that a family of analytic tools supports the best analyses. It follows that smaller, more agile, and transparent models, such as Hughes' salvo equations, are underutilized in defense analyses. We believe that these models should receive more attention, use, and funding. To illustrate this point, this paper uses two very simple models (by modern standards) to rapidly generate insights on the value of information relative to force strength. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003

Brome mosaic virus (BMV), a T= 3 icosahedral plant virus, can be dissociated into coat protein subunits and subunit oligomers at pH 7.5 in the presence of concentrated salts. We have found that during the course of this treatment the coat protein subunits are cleaved, presumably by plant cell proteases still present in the preparation, between amino acids 35 and 36. The truncated protein subunits will then reorganize into T= 1 icosahedral particles and can be crystallized from sodium malonate. Quasi elastic light scattering and atomic force microscopy results suggest that the transition from T= 3 to T= 1 particles can occur by separate pathways, dissociation into coat protein subunits and oligomers and reassembly into T= 1 particles, or direct condensation of the T= 3 virions to T= 1 particles with the shedding of hexameric capsomeres. The latter process has been directly visualized using atomic force microscopy. Native T= 3 virions have been crystallized in several different crystal forms, but neither a rhombohedral form nor either of two orthorhombic forms diffract beyond about 3.4 Å. Tetragonal crystals of the T= 1 particles, however, diffract to at least 2.5 Å resolution. Evidence suggests that the T= 1 particles are more structurally uniform and ordered than are native T= 3 virions. A variety of anomalous virus particles having diverse sizes have been visualized in preparations of BMV used for crystallization. In some cases these aberrant particles are incorporated into growing crystals where they are frequently responsible for defect formation.

The persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the largest and most commonly occurring type of remnant fetal arteries, typically originating from the posterior bend or lateral wall of the intracavernous carotid artery. There are no published reports of coexisting PTA and midline epithelial tumors.

In situatomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate surface evolution during the growth of single crystals of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV). Growth of the (101) face of TYMV crystals proceeded by two-dimensional nucleation. The molecular structure of the step edges and adsorption of individual virus particles and their aggregates on the crystalline surface were recorded. The surfaces of individual virions within crystals were visualized and seen to be quite distinctive with the hexameric and pentameric capsomers of the T= 3 capsids being clearly resolved. This, so far as we are aware, is the first direct visualization of the capsomere structure of a virus by AFM. In the course of recording the in situdevelopment of the crystals, a profound restructuring of the surface arrangement was observed. This transformation was highly cooperative in nature, but the transitions were unambiguous and readily explicable in terms of an organized loss of classes of virus particles from specific lattice positions. In some cases areas of a single crystal surface were recorded in which were captured successive phases of the transition. We believe this provides the first visual record of a cooperative restructuring of the surface of a supramolecular crystal.

Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT) from Leishmania donovani is a unique enzyme that lacks a mammalian counterpart and is, therefore, a potential target for antiparasitic therapy. To investigate the enzyme at the molecular and biochemical level, a cDNA encoding the L. donovani XPRT was isolated by functional complementation of a purine auxotroph of Escherichia coli that also harbors deficiencies in the prokaryotic phosphoribosyltransferase (PRT) activities. The cDNA was then used to isolate the XPRT genomic clone. XPRT encodes a 241-amino acid protein exhibiting approximately 33% amino acid identity with the L. donovani hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and significant homology with other HGPRT family members. Southern blot analysis revealed that XPRT was a single copy gene that co-localized with HGPRT within a 4.3-kilobase pair (kb) EcoRI fragment, implying that the two genes arose as a result of an ancestral duplication event. Sequencing of this EcoRI fragment confirmed that HGPRT and XPRT were organized in a head-to-tail arrangement separated by an approximately 2.2-kb intergenic region. Both the 3.2-kb XPRT mRNA and XPRT enzyme were significantly up-regulated in Deltahgprt and Deltahgprt/Deltaaprt L. donovani mutants. Genetic obliteration of the XPRT locus by targeted gene replacement indicated that XPRT was not an essential gene under most conditions and that the Deltaxprt null strain was competent of salvaging all purines except xanthine. XPRT was overexpressed in E. coli and the recombinant protein purified to homogeneity. Kinetic analysis revealed that the XPRT preferentially phosphoribosylated xanthine but could also recognize hypoxanthine and guanine. K(m) values of 7.1, 448.0, and >100 microM and k(cat) values of 3.5, 2.6, and approximately 0.003 s(-1) were calculated for xanthine, hypoxanthine, and guanine, respectively. The XPRT gene and XPRT protein provide the requisite molecular and biochemical reagents for subsequent studies to validate XPRT as a potential therapeutic target.

The repair of large and/or recurrent ventral hernias is associated with significant complications and a recurrence rate that can be more than 50 per cent. Laparoscopic ventral herniorrhaphy, a recent development, has been shown to be safe and effective in the repair of ventral hernias. This study retrospectively reviews all ventral hernia repairs over a 3-year period, November 1995 through December 1998, at a community-based teaching hospital. The purpose of the study was to compare open and laparoscopic repairs. A total of 253 ventral hernia repairs were performed during this time, 174 open and 79 laparoscopic. The age, weight, and sex distribution was similar for each group. The hernias in the open group averaged 34.1 cm2in size, and mesh used averaged 47.3 cm2. In the laparoscopic group, the hernia defect averaged 73.0 cm2, and the mesh size averaged 287.4 cm2. Operative time was longer in the open group, 82.0 versus 58.0 minutes. In the open group, there were 38 (21.8%) minor and 8 (4.6%) major complications, compared with 13 (16.5%) minor and 2 (2.5%) major complications in the laparoscopic group. Hospital stay was shorter for the laparoscopic group, 1.7 versus 2.8 days. At an average follow-up of 21 months (range, 2–40 months), there have been 36 recurrences in the open group (20.7%) compared with 2 recurrences in the laparoscopic group (2.5%). In this series, laparoscopic ventral herniorrhaphy compares favorably to open ventral herniorrhaphy with respect to wound complications, hospital stay, operative time, and recurrence rate.

The crystal structure relationships between the four thermal polymorphs (IV – 437 K – III – 492 K – II – 564 K – I) of RbNO3are discussed. Trigonal IV, a = 10.55(2), c = 7.47(2) Å at 298 K, Z = 9, and space group P31(or its enantiomorph P32) has Rb atoms arranged on a pseudocubic sublattice defined by and related segments. The ordered NO3groups are enclosed within respective pseudocubes and form close to ideal 8-fold anion–cation coordination with the surrounding Rb atoms. At IV → III, each of the appropriate (1/3) <10.1> and (1/3) <11.1> segments of IV (forming the Rb atom sublattice) transform to a cell edge of an ideal s.c. lattice of Rb atoms, a = 4.39(1) Å, Z = 1, and space group Pm3m. The orientationally disordered NO3groups in III form another close to ideal 8-fold anion–cation coordination with the Rb atoms. At III → II, the s.c. lattice of III changes to form a larger b.c.c. lattice, a = 8.84(3) Å, Z = 8, in II. A parallel-axes unit cell relationship, i.e. <100>III//<100>IIand 2(a)III = (a)II, exists between III and II. The NO3group in II is postulated to form a close to ideal 8-fold anion–cation coordination with the surrounding Rb atoms. At II → I, II transforms to a f.c.c. lattice, a = 7.32 Å, Z = 4, and space group Fm3m. The NO3group in I forms a close to ideal 6-fold anion–cation coordination with the surrounding Rb atoms. It is suggested that and related segments in II, which form a trigonal Rb atom sublattice, a = 7.65(3) Å and α = 109.47°, after II → I, transform to orthogonal cell edges of the cubic lattice of I.

An attempt was made to establish the nature of and some of the factors influencing the adsorption of caesium ions in solution on to a range of solid materials; polyvinyl chloride (PVC), barytes, china clay, whiting, carbon black, titania, asbestos, chosen since they are all used in the manufacture of a range of products used for surface coatings and storage vessels. Particular attention was paid to the use of products containing these compounds which are recommended for use in radioactive areas, both for the storage of radioactive materials and the protection of surfaces, where contamination can present problems. The adsorption processes were investigated by preparing and analysing the characteristics of the adsorption isotherms of caesium ions on to powder samples using a batch equilibration technique, and as was to be expected the predominant mechanism appeared to be one of ion exchange. It was confirmed that titania, and to a lesser extent china clay, whiting and carbon black, played a major part in the adsorption process. It is clear that the quality of any final product will depend on the process used in its manufacture, which in turn can be related to its potential for contamination in a radioactive facility.

Mammalian mastication is a process combining simultaneous food comminution and lubrication. The initiation of swallowing, which is voluntary, has been thought to depend on separate thresholds for food particle size and for particle lubrication. Instead of this duality, we suggest that swallowing is initiated when it is sensed that a batch of food particles is binding together under viscous forces so as to form a bolus. Bolus formation ensures that when the food mass is swallowed, it will pass the pharyngeal region safely without risk of inhaling small particles into the lower respiratory tract. Crucial for bolus formation is food particle size reduction by mastication. This allows the tongue to pack particles together tightly by pressure against the hard palate. A major function of salivation is to fill the gradually reducing spaces between particles, so increasing viscous cohesion and promoting bolus formation. If swallowing is delayed, excessive saliva floods the bolus, separating particles and reducing cohesion. Swallowing then becomes more precarious. Our model suggests that there is an optimum moment for a mammal to swallow, defined in terms of a peak cohesive force between food particles. The model is tested on human mastication with two foods, brazil nut and raw carrot, which have very different particle size breakdown rates. The peak cohesive force is much greater with brazil nuts but both foods are predicted to be swallowed after similar numbers of chews despite the very different food particle size reductions achieved at that stage. The predicted number of chews to swallow is in broad agreement with published data.

A direct measurement has shown that the ionization energy required to produce electron-hole pairs in a silicon detector is independent of whether the incident 160 MeV α-particles used are channelled or not, to an accuracy of about 2%.

The value placed by the public on the nation's rural landscapes is emphasised by vociferous criticism of insensitive, large-scale afforestation. As forestry causes massive changes in the landscape in the short term, with results that last for decades, the opportunity provided to improve and conserve should be positively grasped. There is evidence that concensus exists over a considerable part of landscape and design, and this paper explores some of the major factors in landscape design which are consistently important in forest landscapes.

1. Although some disease classes can be defined by a single defining characteristic, in terms of traditional logic one that is both necessary and sufficient, other disease classes, such as the so-called ‘irritable bowel syndrome’ (IBS), have only a set of symptoms, signs etc. which are said to chatacterize it in some undefined way. 2. This characterization might be made definite by using simple Boolean algebra to give a logical description of the disease class. 3. This method can only be used if the individual doctor can be shown to be consistent in his assignment of a set of data to the disease class and also if his assignment agrees independently with that of another doctor. 4. To test such consistency and concordance, 100 case records were collected of supposed IBS and not-IBS; 20 of these were replicated to test consistency, and the total of 120 records was examined by five consultants independently, who assigned them either to an IBS or a not-IBS class. 5. From the 1500 pair-wise comparisons, analysis revealed that the disagreement in assignment between doctors was only slightly greater than the disagreement within doctors, suggesting that the group of doctors acted as if there were an implicit description of IBS with which each of them broadly agreed. This implicit description, if made explicit, could form a basis for diagnosis by logical implication. 6. This method of logical definition has general application in medicine and a set of defined cases could be used to establish entry criteria for multicentre trials of a previously ill-defined class.

An 69 platyrrhinen und catarrhinen Primaten-Spezies wurde der Molarengrößen-Gradient untersucht. Die Hauptvariation fand sich im relativen Anteil der Zahnkronenflächen der ersten und dritten Molaren (M1 und M3), weshalb das Größenverhältnis M1/M3 zur Kennzeichnung der Form und der relativen Größe der Molarenreihe herangezogen wurde. Der Beitrag des letzten Prämolaren (P4) zum gesamten postcaninen Kronenareal erwies sich als größer, wenn M3 relativ kleiner war. Das Verhältnis M1/M3 war bei arborealen Arten umgekehrt proportional zur Zeit, die jene Arten mit dem Fressen von Blättern verbringen. Das wird als eine Anpassung an eine Nahrung von kleinen, nicht-klebrigen Nahrungspartikeln in kleinen Mengen interpretiert. Terrestrische Arten haben erheblich kleinere M1/M3-Relationen. Die vergrößerte Zahnkronen-Oberfläche dürfte eine Anpassung gegen abrasive Nahrungskomponenten sein.

We have examined the size of the canine and postcanine teeth of cebid and catarrhine primates in relation to each other, to jaw size and to body weight. We have found that the canine size of males is large enough to be limited by jaw shape and size. A large contribution of P4 to the postcanine row is associated with smaller canines in males. Neither factor seems to limit canine size in females. The females of a small number of species possess enlarged canines. Much of the variation of the postcanine row can be described by the ratio of the (nominal) crown areas of M1 to M3. This ratio is monomorphic which conforms with the general lack of dietary dimorphism in primates. A brief discussion of the evolution of canine size is offered with a new suggestion to account for canine reduction in male hominids.

For location parameters the posterior can be extremely sensitive to the functional forms of the prior and likelihood when there is an extreme outlying observation. Conditions on the prior, likelihood and set are provided such that as one observation goes to infinity the posterior probability that a location parameter is contained in the set goes to zero. This is of particular interest when the set ranges over intervals with a finite upper bound. The conditions for this extreme reaction to an outlying observation cover all Box-Tiao densities with a shape parameter greater than one.

The diet of a partly provisioned troop of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and the phenology of a 71-ha tropical rain forest reserve were studied over a 68-week period. Outside of a short period of flowering, followed 13 weeks later by a fruiting burst of similar duration, plant reproduction was limited. For both the total numbers of forest fruit species eaten and scan frequencies of feeding on fruit, there was a highly significant correlation with estimates of fruiting activity in the forest. Similar estimates for flowers were much more weakly associated. When fruit consumption peaked, insect foraging declined as did the acceptance of provisioned food. Most of the fruit species eaten were of an ‘unprotected’ fleshy type that is generally consumed by birds and bats. Dry fruits were underrepresented in the diet. The results suggest a preference for fleshy fruit and strong environmental control of the diet.

Leaves of two plant species eaten by Macaca fascicularis in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore, were collected and colour-tested. Leaves matching those eaten by M. fascicularis were examined by energy-dispersive X-ray micro-analysis. The leaves of Streblus elongatus (Moraceae) and Gluta wallichii (Anacardiaceae), together forming 19.6% of the leaf diet of the macaques, contained silica. In G. wallichii, this is in the base of hairs that project from the underside of the leaf, whereas S. elongatus leaves have short sharp siliceous trichomes which are densely packed on the undersurface of leaf veins. We predict from an indentation analysis that chewing on the latter species could cause dental microwear at low occlusal forces. The leaves are reportedly common in the diet of three other primate species in peninsular Malaysia and the finding could have general significance for studies of dental wear.

The plasma amino acid profiles of sows fed diets containing 8.0, 12.0, 16.0 and 20.0% protein were studied during the gestation and lactation periods for four successive reproductive cycles. Plasma levels of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine and valine averaged over gestation and lactation increased linearly, and histidine, methionine and phenylalanine increased quadratically with increasing levels of dietary protein. Tyrosine also increased linearly, but cystine was not affected by dietary protein. Plasma levels of arginine, lysine, methionine and threonine were significantly higher during gestation than during lactation, but the level of histidine was significantly higher during lactation. Leucine and valine plasma levels increased more rapidly during lactation than during gestation with increasing dietary protein levels. Plasma levels of total essential amino acids (tryptophan not included) increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary protein and were significantly lower during lactation than during gestation.

Four trials were conducted to study the effect of protein intake during gestation and lactation on reproductive performance. Of the original 64 sows, 42 completed four consecutive reproductive cycles on their respective diets. During gestation each sow was fed 1.82 kg. daily and each was fed to appetite twice daily during lactation. The diets contained 8, 12, 16 or 20% crude protein and were of similar amino acid balance.No significant differences in number of pigs farrowed alive, birthweight or number of pigs weaned were observed among treatments. There was a significant (P≤.05) linear increase in pig gain from birth to weaning as the protein level was increased in the analysis of the data from all sows, but this trend was not significant for the data from those sows completing four reproductive cycles. Crude protein levels in sow's milk at 2-wk. postpartum increased linearly with increasing dietary protein.The data presented indicate that the diet containing 8% crude protein fed at the level of 1.82 kg. daily during gestation and fed to appetite twice daily during lactation provided adequate protein for satisfactory reproductive performance. However, pig gain from birth to 2-wk. of age was improved by higher levels of protein in the sow's diet.

Performance and carcass quality in swine are affected by feeding methods and diet quality. Wallace et al. (1966) reported that swine restricted in either total diet or energy intake produced leaner carcasses than full fed pigs. Other workers have reported that carcass leanness in swine is improved with increasing levels of dietary protein (Ashton et al., 1955; Wagner et al., 1963; Hale and Southwell, 1967; Wallace, 1968). Sex has been shown to be a factor which affects both pig performance and carcass leanness (Teague et al., 1964; Blair and English, 1965; Plimpton et al., 1967; Wallace et al., 1966; Hale and Southwell, 1967). Using carcass objective measurements, it has been shown that boars are superior to gilts, and gilts are superior to barrows. Plimpton et al.(1967) reported an increase in performance and carcass leanness in boars implanted with 96 mg of diethylstilbestrol at 70.4 kg live weight. Other workers (Baker et al., 1967; Doornenbal and Frankenham, 1969) have demonstrated a carcass improvement in barrows and gilts supplemented with a combination of diethylstilbestrol and methyltestosterone.

The effect of magnesium deficiency on the response to parathyroid hormone has been investigated in vitroand in vivo. Parathyroid hormone increased the release of calcium, inorganic phosphate and hydroxyproline from rat femora into the incubation medium, but had a lesser effect on bones from magnesium-deficient animals than on femora from control rats. Similarly, injection of the hormone into thyro-parathyroidectomized rats produced smaller rises in plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations in magnesium-deficient rats than in control animals. It is concluded that magnesium deficiency inhibits the action of parathyroid hormone on its target organs.

Children's sleep has been shown to vary by ethnicity, but little is known about children's sleep in multiethnic households. In New Zealand, Pacific families are increasingly ethnically diverse, due to intermarriage and to people identifying as more than 1 ethnicity. Thus, the objective of this work was to explore children's sleep habits, and sleep-related parenting practices, in ethnically diverse Pacific families (EDPF).