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Impacts of manure application on the soil fungal community in agricultural systems have been extensively explored. However, the contribution of manure-sourced exogenous species in shaping soil fungal diversity and community assemblage are still open questions. In this study, fungal communities in soils that received manure with or without chemical fertilizers, as well as a no fertilizer control, were characterized using high throughput sequencing. We found that diverse taxa in manure, including some potential pathogens, were transmitted into soil through manure application, accounting for 9.80–10.94% of soil fungal richness, but only for 1.10–2.04% in the relative abundance of soil fungal community. Manure application impacted soil fungal community assemblage mainly through alterations of soil characteristics, especially soil carbon pool. Nutrients from manure showed great selection on fungal taxa, thus strengthening the effect of niche filtering on fungal community. As a consequence, manure application resulted in lower fungal richness than chemical fertilizers through enhancing species extinction. These findings suggested that the transmission of manure-sourced exogenous species is a key source of fungal richness but contributed little to soil fungal community assemblage. Manure incorporation structured soil fungal diversity and community assemblage primarily through changing niche breadth and the types of substrates available in the soil. • Manure enhanced fungal species extinction and introduced some exogenous taxa. • Species in manure is a key source of fungal richness in manure-amended soil. • Species sorting is the dominant regulator for soil fungal community assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fertilization differently impacts bacterial communities in topsoil and subsoil. • Denitrifer in deep soil responded stronger to fertilization than that in shallow soil. • Nitrate had great contribution in shaping bacterial community in deep soil. Soil microbes represent one of the most important members of agricultural systems, and many achievements about the variation of microbiota in topsoil under diverse fertilization regimes have been acquired. However, how long-term fertilization regulate microbial communities in subsoil is rarely studied. In our current research, the variation of bacterial communities in soil profiles (0–100 cm) under two typical fertilization regimes, chemical fertilization (NPK) and chemical fertilization with straw turnover (NPKS), and one no fertilization treatment (Control) were explored using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that fertilization gave rise to greater effect on bacterial communities in topsoil (0–30 cm) than in subsoil (30–100 cm), which is consistent with the impact on soil properties, and total nitrogen (TN) showed the highest correlation with the vertical separation of bacterial communities. Fertilization significantly decreased the bacterial richness in surface soil (0–10 cm), increased the bacterial richness in soil from 50 to 100 cm, while had little impact on the bacterial richness in soil from 10 to 50 cm. For surface soil (0–10 cm), the bacterial communities were mostly correlated with electrical conductivity (EC), whereas the bacterial communities in soil below 10 cm showed a highest correlation with nitrate. QPCR revealed that topsoil harbored a greater abundance of denitrifiers than subsoil. Fertilization enriched denitrifiers in most soil layers in the profile. However, the increase in the range of denitrifier abundance did not reach the increase in the range of nitrate. Further analysis found that denitrifier abundance was most positively correlated with soil organic carbon, indicating that the carbon-limit restricts the growth of denitrifiers in subsoil. These results reveal that the vertical separation of bacterial communities is largely controlled by soil resource partitioning, and nitrate leaching greatly contributes to shaping bacterial communities in subsoil in intensive agricultural systems, and further suggest that the impact of long-term fertilization on some microbial functions may be greater in subsoil than in topsoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reduction of N 2 O was measured by injecting gas into soil column. • N 2 O emission was mitigated following the addition of biochar to calcareous soil. • Biochar promote the reduction of N 2 O to N 2. • Production of N 2 O from NO 3 − was suppressed by biochar. • Biochar effect on N availability and soil pH could not explain N 2 O mitigation. Biochar additions may mitigate N 2 O emissions from soil. The mechanisms underpinning the mitigation of emissions remain to be elucidated. A series of incubation experiments were performed to investigate the effects of biochar on N 2 O production and reduction in columns with a low-fertility or high-fertility soil, with or without the injection of N 2 O in the subsoil and with and without glucose (to stimulate denitrification). Biochar was added to the calcareous soils in 0 and 1% (w/w) amounts and moisture was maintained at 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS) over the incubation period. The results revealed that biochar reduced the emissions of soil-produced N 2 O by 37–47% and those of injected N 2 O by 23–44%. The addition of glucose solution strongly increased N 2 O emissions, while biochar reduced total N 2 O emissions by as much as 64–81% and those of injected N 2 O alone by 29–51%. Differences between the low-fertility and high-fertility soils in the apparent N 2 O emission mitigation by biochar were relatively small, but tended to be larger for the low-fertility soil. The results suggest that biochar addition can suppress the production of N 2 O in soil and simultaneously stimulate the reduction of N 2 O to N 2. Further studies are needed to elucidate the regulatory effects of biochar in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined radiation-trauma skin injury represents a severe and intractable condition that urgently requires effective therapeutic interventions. In this context, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a multifunctional growth factor with regulating cell survival, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation and antioxidation, may be valuable for the treatment of combined radiation-trauma injury. This study investigated the protective effects of a recombinant plasmid encoding human HGF (pHGF) on irradiated human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells in vitro, and its capability to promote the healing of combined radiation-trauma injuries in mice. The pHGF radioprotection on irradiated HaCaT cells in vitro was assessed by cell viability, the expression of Nrf2, Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In vivo therapeutic treatment, the irradiated mice with full-thickness skin wounds received pHGF local injection. The injuries were appraised based on relative wound area, pathology, immunohistochemical detection, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay and cytokine content. The transfection of pHGF increased the cell viability and Nrf2 expression in irradiated HaCaT cells. pHGF also significantly upregulated Bcl-2 expression, decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and inhibited the expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in irradiated cells. Local pHGF injection in vivo caused high HGF protein expression and noticeable accelerated healing of combined radiation-trauma injury. Moreover, pHGF administration upregulated Nrf2, vascular endothelial growth factor, Bcl-2 expression, downregulated Bax expression and mitigated inflammatory response. In conclusion, the protective effect of pHGF may be related to inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation involving by upregulating Nrf2. Local pHGF injection distinctly promoted the healing of combined radiation-trauma injury and demonstrates potential as a gene therapy intervention for combined radiation-trauma injury in clinic., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology.)

Background: Cisplatin (CP) is commonly used for the initial treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Resistance to CP has long been recognized as a significant obstacle to achieving improved therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon remain incompletely understood., Methods: The present study utilized the University of ALabama at Birmingham CANcer data analysis Portal (UALCAN) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases to conduct an analysis of the expression of C-terminal binding protein 2 (CTBP2) in LUAD. The correlation between CTBP2 expression and survival data was investigated by the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) plotter. Subsequently, the roles of CTBP2 in CP resistance were explored by analyzing cell viability, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in CP-resistant cells (A549/DDP)., Results: Our data indicated that the CTBP2 expression in LUAD exhibited a significant increase compared to the non-malignant tissues. CTBP2 overexpression showed a correlation to poor survival. CTBP2 knockdown significantly enhanced cell sensitivity to CP in A549/DDP cells. The underlying mechanism is related to promoting ROS production and decreasing MMP after CP treatment., Conclusions: CTBP2 expression has been identified as a novel biomarker for resistance to CP, and its downregulation has been found to enhance sensitivity to CP. Therefore, CTBP2 can serve as a predictor related to CP resistance and a viable therapeutic target for CP resistance in LUAD., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-23-2135/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 Translational Cancer Research. All rights reserved.)

The heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer in intensive agricultural areas often leads to nitrate accumulation in subsurface soil and nitrate contamination in groundwater, which poses a serious risk to public health. Denitrifying microorganisms in the subsoil convert nitrate to gaseous forms of nitrogen, thereby mitigating the leaching of nitrate into groundwater. Here, we investigated denitrifying microorganisms in the deep vadose zone of a typical intensive agricultural area in China through microcosm enrichment, genome-resolved metagenomic analysis, and denitrifying bacteria isolation. A total of 1000 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed, resulting in 98 high-quality, dereplicated MAGs that contained denitrification genes. Among them, 32 MAGs could not be taxonomically classified at the genus or species level, indicating that a broader spectrum of taxonomic groups is involved in subsoil denitrification than previously recognized. A denitrifier isolate library was constructed by using a strategy combining high-throughput and conventional cultivation techniques. Assessment of the denitrification characteristics of both the MAGs and isolates demonstrated the dominance of truncated denitrification. Functional screening revealed the highest denitrification activity in two complete denitrifiers belonging to the genus Pseudomonas . These findings greatly expand the current knowledge of the composition and function of denitrifying microorganisms in subsoils. The constructed isolate library provided the first pool of subsoil-denitrifying microorganisms that could facilitate the development of microbe-based technologies for nitrate attenuation in groundwater.

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a potent greenhouse gas and causes stratospheric ozone depletion. While the emissions of N 2 O from soil are widely recognized, recent research has shown that terrestrial plants may also emit N 2 O from their leaves under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unclear whether foliar N 2 O emissions are universal across varying plant taxa, what the global significance of foliar N 2 O emissions is, and how the foliage produces N 2 O in situ. Here we investigated the abilities of 25 common plant taxa, including trees, shrubs and herbs, to emit N 2 O under in situ conditions. Using 15 N isotopic labeling, we demonstrated that the foliage-emitted N 2 O was predominantly derived from nitrate. Moreover, by selectively injecting biocide in conjunction with the isolating and back-inoculating of endophytes, we demonstrated that the foliar N 2 O emissions were driven by endophytic bacteria. The seasonal N 2 O emission rates ranged from 3.2 to 9.2 ng N 2 O-N g -1 dried foliage h -1 . Extrapolating these emission rates to global foliar biomass and plant N uptake, we estimated global foliar N 2 O emission to be 1.21 and 1.01 Tg N 2 O-N year -1 , respectively. These estimates account for 6%-7% of the current global annual N 2 O emission of 17 Tg N 2 O-N year -1 , indicating that in situ foliar N 2 O emission is a universal process for terrestrial plants and contributes significantly to the global N 2 O inventory. This finding highlights the importance of measuring foliar N 2 O emissions in future studies to enable the accurate assigning of mechanisms and the development of effective mitigation., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Climate change may lead to adverse effects on agricultural crops, plant microbiomes have the potential to help hosts counteract these effects. While plant-microbe interactions are known to be sensitive to temperature, how warming affects the community composition and functioning of plant microbiomes in most agricultural crops is still unclear. Here, we utilized a 10-year field experiment to investigate the effects of warming on root zone carbon availability, microbial activity and community composition at spatial (root, rhizosphere and bulk soil) and temporal (tillering, jointing and ripening stages of plants) scales in field-grown wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The dissolved organic carbon and microbial activity in the rhizosphere were increased by soil warming and varied considerably across wheat growth stages. Warming exerted stronger effects on the microbial community composition in the root and rhizosphere samples than in the bulk soil. Microbial community composition, particularly the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, shifted considerably in response to warming. Interestingly, the abundance of a number of known copiotrophic taxa, such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, and genera in Actinomycetales increased in the roots and rhizosphere under warming and the increase in these taxa implies that they may play a role in increasing the resilience of plants to warming. Taken together, we demonstrated that soil warming along with root proximity and plant growth status drives changes in the microbial community composition and function in the wheat root zone., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2023 Wang et al.)

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) pulse emissions are detected in soils subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in both laboratory and field experiments. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory incubation experiment that included freeze-thaw cycles (FTC), freezing (F) and control (CK) treatments was performed on three typical Chinese upland soils, namely, fluvo-aquic soil (FS), black soil (BS) and loess soil (LS). A higher similarity in soil properties and bacterial community structure was discovered between FS and LS than between FS and BS or LS and BS, and the bacterial diversity of FS and LS was higher than that of BS. FTC significantly increased the denitrification potential and the proportion of N 2 O in the denitrification gas products in FS and LS but decreased the denitrification potential in BS. Accordingly, with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, the bacterial community composition in the FTC treatments in FS and LS diverged from that in CK but changed little in BS. Taxa that responded to FTC or correlated with denitrification potential were identified. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the effects of FTC on N 2 O emissions are soil-type-dependent and that the shift in the microbial community structure may contribute to the elevated N 2 O emissions.

Even a small net increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization will cause a substantial increase in the atmospheric CO 2 concentration. It is widely recognized that the SOC mineralization within deep critical zones (2 to 12 m depth) is slower and much less influenced by anthropogenic disturbance when compared to that of surface soil. Here, we showed that 20 years of nitrogen (N) fertilization enriched a deep critical zone with nitrate, almost doubling the SOC mineralization rate. This result was supported by corresponding increases in the expressions of functional genes typical of recalcitrant SOC degradation and enzyme activities. The CO 2 released and the SOC had a similar 14 C age (6000 to 10,000 years before the present). Our results indicate that N fertilization of crops may enhance CO 2 emissions from deep critical zones to the atmosphere through a previously disregarded mechanism. This provides another reason for markedly improving N management in fertilized agricultural soils.

Numerous studies have investigated the effects of nitrogen (N) addition on soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition. However, most studies have focused on the shallow top soils <0.2 m (surface soil), with a few studies also examining the deeper soil depths of 0.5-1.0 m (subsoil). Studies investigating the effects of N addition on SOC decomposition in soil >1.0 m deep (deep soil) are rare. Here, we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of nitrate addition on SOC stability in soil depths deeper than 1.0 m. The results showed that nitrate addition promoted deep soil respiration if the stoichiometric mole ratio of nitrate to O 2 exceeded the threshold of 6:1, at which nitrate can be used as an alternative acceptor to O 2 for microbial respiration. In addition, the mole ratio of the produced CO 2 to N 2 O was 2.57:1, which is close to the theoretical ratio of 2:1 expected when nitrate is used as an electron acceptor for microbial respiration. These results demonstrated that nitrate, as an alternative acceptor to O 2 , promoted microbial carbon decomposition in deep soil. Furthermore, our results showed that nitrate addition increased the abundance of SOC decomposers and the expressions of their functional genes, and concurrently decreased MAOC, and the ratio of MAOC/SOC decreased from 20% before incubation to 4% at the end of incubation. Thus, nitrate can destabilize the MAOC in deep soils by stimulating microbial utilization of MAOC. Our results imply a new mechanism on how above-ground anthropogenic N inputs affect MAOC stability in deep soil. Mitigation of nitrate leaching is expected to benefit the conservation of MAOC in deep soil depths., Competing Interests: JL was employed by AgResearch Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Song, Hu, Luo, Clough, Wrage-Mönnig, Ge, Luo, Zhou and Qin.)

For patients exhibiting non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are a first-line treatment. However, most patients who initially responded to EGFR-TKIs eventually developed acquired resistance, limiting the effectiveness of therapy. It has long been known that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leads to acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC. However, the mechanisms underlying the resistance dependent on EMT are unknown. This research aimed to reveal the effects of LMNA in the regulation of acquired resistance to erlotinib by EMT in NSCLC. The acquired erlotinib-resistant cells (HCC827/ER) were induced by gradual increase of concentrations of erlotinib in erlotinib-sensitive HCC827 cells. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed to uncover the involvement of LMNA in the EMT process that induced acquired resistance to erlotinib. The effect of LMNA on cell proliferation and migration was measured by clone-formation, wound-healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The EMT-related protein, nuclear shape and volume, and cytoskeleton changes were examined by immunofluorescence. Western blot was used to identify the underlying molecular mechanism of LMNA regulation of EMT. HCC827/ER cells with acquired resistance to erlotinib underwent EMT and exhibited lower LMNA expression compared to parental sensitive cells. LMNA negatively regulated the expression of EMT markers; HCC827/ER cells showed a significant up-regulation of mesenchymal markers, such as CDH2 , SNAI2 , VIM , ZEB1 , and TWIST1 . The overexpression of LMNA in HCC827/ER cells significantly inhibited EMT and cell proliferation, and this inhibitory effect of LMNA was enhanced in the presence of 2.5 μM erlotinib. Furthermore, a decrease in LMNA expression resulted in a higher nuclear deformability and cytoskeletal changes. In HCC827/ER cells, AKT, FGFR, ERK1/2, and c-fos phosphorylation levels were higher than those in HCC827 cells; Furthermore, overexpression of LMNA in HCC827/ER cells reduced the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, c-fos, and FGFR. In conclusion, our findings first demonstrated that downregulation of LMNA promotes acquired EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC with EGFR mutations by EMT. LMNA inhibits cell proliferation and migration of erlotinib-resistant cells via inhibition of the FGFR/MAPK/c-fos signaling pathway. These findings indicated LMNA as a driver of acquired resistance to erlotinib and provided important information about the development of resistance to erlotinib treatment in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations.

Livestock production in China is increasingly located near urban areas, exposing human populations to nitrogen pollution via air and water. Here we analyse livestock and human population data across 2,300 Chinese counties to project the impact of alternative livestock distributions on nitrogen emissions. In 2012 almost half of China's livestock production occurred in peri-urban regions, exposing 60% of the Chinese population to ammonia emissions exceeding UN guidelines. Relocating 5 billion animals by 2050 according to crop-livestock integration criteria could reduce nitrogen emissions by two-thirds and halve the number of people exposed to high ammonia emissions. Relocating 10 billion animals away from southern and eastern China could reduce ammonia exposure for 90% of China's population. Spatial planning can therefore serve as a powerful policy instrument to tackle nitrogen pollution and exposure of humans to ammonia., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

International trade of agricultural products has complicated and far-reaching impacts on land and nitrogen use efficiencies. We analysed the productivity of cropland and livestock and associated use of feed and fertilizer efficiency for over 240 countries, and estimated these countries' cumulative contributions to imports and exports of 190 agricultural products for the period 1961-2017. Crop trade has increased global land and partial fertilizer nitrogen productivities in terms of protein production, which equalled savings of 2,270 Mha cropland and 480 Tg synthetic fertilizer nitrogen over the analysed period. However, crop trade decreased global cropland productivity when productivity is expressed on an energy (per calorie) basis. Agricultural trade has generally moved towards optimality, that is, has increased global land and nitrogen use efficiencies during 1961-2017, but remains at a relatively low level. Overall, mixed impacts of trade on resource use indicate the need to rethink trade patterns and improve their optimality., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

An integrated modelling strategy was designed and applied to the Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer model Daisy for simulation of crop production and nitrate leaching under pedo-climatic and agronomic environment different than that of model original parameterisation. The points of significance and caution in the strategy are: •Model preparation should include field data in detail due to the high complexity of the soil and the crop processes simulated with process-based model, and should reflect the study objectives. Inclusion of interactions between parameters in a sensitivity analysis results in better account for impacts on outputs of measured variables.•Model evaluation on several independent data sets increases robustness, at least on coarser time scales such as month or year. It produces a valuable platform for adaptation of the model to new crops or for the improvement of the existing parameters set. On daily time scale, validation for highly dynamic variables such as soil water transport remains challenging. •Model application is demonstrated with relevance for scientists and regional managers. The integrated modelling strategy is applicable for other process-based models similar to Daisy. It is envisaged that the strategy establishes model capability as a useful research/decision-making, and it increases knowledge transferability, reproducibility and traceability.

pUDK-HGF, the recombinant plasmid DNA encoding human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), can treat ischaemic disease. A great quantity of pharmaceutical pUDK-HGF is needed. A pilot-scale production process of pUDK-HGF was established based on a new chromatographic media (plasmidselect), including fermentation, cell harvesting, alkaline lysis, ultrafiltration, RNA removing and buffer exchanging on Sephacryl S-1000, capturing supercoiled plasmid DNA with plasmidselect, and removing the salt with Sepharose 6BFF. The process does not use RNase enzyme and toxic solvents.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of Rabdosia rubescens aqueous extract on chronic pharyngitis and its safety., Methods: One hundred and two patients suffered from chronic pharyngtis were randomly divided into an interventional group (n=51) and a placebo group (n=51). These volunteers were given 220 mL test materials once a day double-blindly for 30 days. All patients took routine physical examinations, and their throat symptom and pharynx signs were observed before and after the experiment., Results: After the patients had consumed Rabdosia rubescens aqueous extract and the placebo for 30 days, the improvement rates of main clinical symptom and signs in the interventional group were 67.31% and 61.54%, while those in placebo group were 19.23% and 11.54%, with significant difference (P<0.05). Before the experiment, the integral of main clinical symptom and signs between the two groups did not show significant difference (P>0.05). But after 30 days, the integral of main clinical symptom and signs in the interventional group significantly decreased (P<0.05), compared with itself before the experiment and the placebo group., Conclusion: Rabdosia rubescens aqueous extract is safe and effective for patients with chronic pharyngitis.

By the method of geostatistics, this paper studied the spatial variability of soil nutrients in 30,490 hm2 crop field in Luancheng region and in 15 hm2 experimental field in Luancheng Ecological Agriculture Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results showed that the variation of soil nutrient contents differed obviously, and the semivariograms could be simulated by Gaussian and spherical models with some nugget variances. The limit distance of spatial correlation was 4.2-15.6 km and 112-223 m in Luancheng region and in experimental field, respectively, and the spatial variability of soil organic matter, N, P and K was of semivariance structure. It revealed that there existed a spatial correlation in soil nutrient contents under relatively large-block scale, which made it possible to develop regionalized soil nutrient precision management.

The feature and change trend of N, P and K cycling and balance in farmland ecosystem of Luancheng County at the piedmont of Taihang were analyzed. The status of nutrient balance was appraised, and the rational way to apply fertilizer was put forward. The result indicated that N balance went through a process from slight deficit to surplus during 1985-2000, changing from deficit of 1.4% in 1985 to surplus of 48.6% in 2000. Potassium balance changed gradually from serious deficit of 82% to slight surplus of 4.6%, but was still deficit in many fields. P budget was surplus ever since 1985. Comparing with the output of nutrients, the inputs of N and P were excessive, but the K input was short. Under the current soil fertility and crop planting structure, the countermeasure to control the application amount of N and P and to increase the application rate of K should be carried out, so that, there would be no significant surplus N emitting or leaching from soil into environment. The technique to return crop straw into farmland should be extended to increase the nutrient recycling rate.

The effects of N inputs, including N fertilizer applications and atmospheric N depositions, on CH4 oxidation by soils were determined by CH4-oxidizing bacteria, N inputs and soil factors. These effects were inhibitory or stimulative, but inhibition was more popular than stimulation, and the inhibition of NH4+ was more popular than that of NO3-. Wealthy experiments in different soils and climate regions are required to monitor and evaluate how N inputs influence CH4 oxidation in soils. Generally, CH4 oxidation in soils following N inputs showed multiple inhibition patterns, i.e., immediate or direct inhibition, delayed inhibition, and absence of inhibition. Some researchers explained the inhibition mechanism through using competition between CH4 and NH4+ for the same enzyme sites, elevated threshold, salt effect and ion-exchange, and N turnover rate and N concentration. However, the inhibitory mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, inhibitory mechanism is one of the main research concerns in future.