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International audience; The ending of milk quotas marks a breach in the mode of milk supply management. Farmers and actors of territorial development are concerned about the future of dairy farming, since globally we can observe that local structures struggle to maintain themselves, and face a loss of autonomy and sovereignty in front of agro-industries. In this context a group of dairy farmers in the Chartreuse massif (French Northern Alps) wished to conduct a reflection on their future. It consisted in better understanding the territorial embeddedness of dairy value chains, compared with what could be done elsewhere (geographical perspective), and what has been done in the history of the area (historical perspective). We used a same reading grid based on six criteria relative to the geographic embeddedness of the value chains, the ability of the producers to specify their resources, and to organize themselves and be autonomous. Of the 18 initiatives analyzed concerning dairy products, we identified four types of territorial embeddedness. Producers have the best control when they are at the origin of the initiative and have invested in processing equipment. But this requires a lot of time and funding research, with a return on the milk price which is not immediate, time to amortize. The history of Chartreuse shows different trajectories of loss and gain of autonomy for the dairy producers, and a loss of collective. We discuss the cross-reading of these geographical and historical perspectives and their meanings for the Chartreuse producers.

The essay analyses the figure of Maria Montessori as a teacher and the teaching that she conducted in her career. A historical perspective is adopted, with reference to some fundamental moments in Montessori’s teaching life, described with the help of her own early writings (often unpublished), and the testimonies of some of her colleagues and students. M. Montessori began her career as a teacher in 1899 at the “Higher Institute of Teaching for Women” and then she continued at the “Pedagogical School” of the University of Rome. The analysis presented in this article shows that Montessori considered it essential to combine theory and practice, to promote students’ active participation, linking what is learnt in the classroom with the outside world. From her earliest experiences as a teacher, it became fundamental for Montessori to place her teaching against the background of social and civil commitment, open it up to comparison, and to integrate her experience with work and empirical research., Prezentowany esej jest analizą sylwetki Marii Montessori jako nauczycielki oraz jej kariery nauczycielskiej. W analizie przyjęto perspektywę historyczną, z odniesieniem do wybranych, kluczowych momentów w karierze nauczycielskiej M. Montessori, opisanych z pomocą jej własnych, wczesnych pism (często niepublikowanych), oraz wspomnień jej współpracowników i studentów. Maria Montessori rozpoczęła swoją karierę jako nauczycielka w 1899 roku w „Wyższym Instytucie Edukacji dla Kobiet”, a następnie kontynuowała pracę w Szkole pedagogicznej Uniwersytetu Rzymskiego. Przedstawione rozważania ukazują, że M. Montessori uznawała za kluczowe: łączenie teorii z praktyką, wspieranie aktywnego udziału studentów, łączenie tego, czego się nauczyli w klasie szkolnej z działaniem w świecie zewnętrznym. Na podstawie swoich wczesnych nauczycielskich doświadczeń M. Montessori fundamentem swojego nauczania uczyniła zaangażowanie społeczne i obywatelskie, a także otwarcie się na porównanie i integrację zdobytych doświadczeń z pracą i badaniami empirycznymi.

Traditionally employed in the synthesis of small ring systems and rearrangement chemistry, sulfur-based ylides occupy a unique position in the toolbox of the synthetic organic chemist. In recent years a number of pioneering researchers have looked to expand the application of these unorthodox reagents through the use of transition metal catalysis. The strength and flexibility of such a combination have been shown to be of key importance in developing powerful novel methodologies. This chapter summarises recent developments in transition metal-catalysed sulfonium/sulfoxonium ylide reactions, as well as providing a historical perspective. In overviewing the successes in this area, the authors hope to encourage others into this growing field.

The 1960 Nobel Prize was awarded to Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar for immunological tolerance. The Nobel Archives reveal that the two were never nominated together by anyone; Burnet had repeatedly been nominated for his virology studies, and the Medawar group (including Rupert Billingham and Leslie Brent) had been nominated independently for their transplantation work. A review of the 1950s literature suggests that tolerance had not yet, by 1960, reached the level of acceptance and acclaim in the immunological community to appear to justify the award. Burnet probably should have received the Prize for his virus work, and perhaps also for his Clonal Selection Theory, whereas Billingham and Brent should have shared in a Prize with Medawar for transplantation. If a Prize were to be given for tolerance, most agree that Ray Owen should have shared in it, for his work on cattle chimerism. It is suggested that the 1960 Nobel Prize to Burnet and Medawar for immunological tolerance may have been given for the wrong reasons and to the wrong associates.

In this chapter we outline the general developments of migration within and towards Europe as well as patterns of settlement of migrants. We provide a comprehensive historical overview of the changes in European migration since the 1950s. Main phases in immigration, its backgrounds, and its determinants across the continent are described making use of secondary literature and data. Different European regions are covered in the analyses, based on available statistics and an analysis of secondary material. This allows us to distinguish between different origins of migrants as well as migration motives. In addition to migration from outside Europe this chapter pays ample attention to patterns of mobility within Europe. The analyses cover the individual level with as much detail as possible with the available statistics and particularly take the demographic characteristics of migrants into account. The analyses on flows of migration are supplemented by a sketch of the residing immigrant population across Europe.

The state is still the significant unit for innovative studies during the age of R&D globalization and innovation regionalization. Using the bibliometric method, this paper attempts to provide a comprehensive picture of national innovation studies based on data derived from the Web of Knowledge. In particular, we identify the most significant countries and institutions, major journals, seminal contributions and contributors, and clusters in the network of citations in the field of national innovation studies. The results are useful for understanding and promoting the field of national innovation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under the Grant No. 71203020, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT15ZD111), and the EU 7th Framework Programme-Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowships (MC IIF) peer-reviewed

In this report the origins of the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS) are described from the viewpoint of one of the early organizers and first president. The value of the society, the subsequent leadership, and the Jacob Fabrikant Award winners are also presented. A brief and incomplete timeline for the field of stereotactic radiosurgery is shown. The goals and mission of the ISRS continue to be met via the sponsorship of biennial meetings and publications.

The authors present the concept and project of integrative bioethics, including pluriperspectivity as its key notion, by situating it in the context of emerging new ethical culture as a search for the epochal orientation in the light of the dangers of scientific-technological civilisation and the existential disorientation.

This article argues that contemporary antislavery activism in the United States is programmatically undermined and ethically compromised unless it is firmly grounded in a deep understanding of the African American past. Far too frequently those who claim to be “the new abolitionists” evince no interest in what the original abolitionist movement might have to teach them and seem entirely detached from a U.S. history in which the mass, systematic enslavement of African Americans and its consequences are dominating themes. As a result contemporary antislavery activism too often marginalizes the struggle for racial justice in the United States and even indulges in racist ideology. In an effort to overcome these problems, this article seeks to demonstrate in specific detail how knowledge of the African American past can empower opposition to slavery as we encounter it today.

Even though critical thinking has been included in education system in Indonesia, it is unlikely to be widely implemented in teaching-learning processes in all levels of education in this country. Indonesian ELT (English Language Teaching) can actually play a role in promoting critical thinking in education. However, the development of ELT in this country since colonial to present era does not seem to facilitate students’ critical thinking skill. This article presents historical perspective with regard to ELT and critical thinking. The first part reviews the history of Indonesian education which did not promote critical thinking, followed by the historical development of Indonesian ELT. The third part discusses socio-political condition which could be partly solved by promoting critical thinking in education and society. The final part suggests incorporation of critical thinking into English textbooks as ELT can also be used as a vehicle for teaching critical thinking.

Pericardial cysts are rare with an incidence of about 1 in every 100,000 persons and one in 10 pericardial cysts may actually be a pericardial diverticulum. Pericardial cysts and diverticula share similar developmental origin and may appear as an incidental finding in chest roentgenogram in an asymptomatic patient. CT scan is considered as best modality for diagnosis and delineation of the surrounding anatomy. Cardiac MRI is recommended in the evaluation of the compressive effects caused by the pericardial cysts. The authors recommend echocardiography for serial follow up and image guided aspiration of the pericardial cyst in presence of compressive effects leading to cardiovascular and airway symptoms. A systematic approach is desirable for management of pericardial cysts depending on size, shape and compression effects, symptoms and easy access to serial Echocardiographic follow up. However, pericardial diverticulum may not be differentiated from cysts by the above testing, and only identified at surgery.

Insight and method of historiography and historical perspective of Abuâl-Ḥasan ḠaffÄri KÄÅ¡Äni Mirza Abuâl-Ḥasan ḠaffÄri KÄÅ¡Äni, Iranian historian of the twelfth century AD, the Historiography in era Zand, has been much influence, has been very effectived, This article according to the place of his historiography, which endeavors of life, social origin, method of analysis and insight to his. ḠaffÄriâs GolÅ¡an-e morÄi having intellectual System historiographical approach of this course is one of the major historical periods later became a paradigm for historians. Insight and method of historiography ḠaffÄri Kashani an issue that remained so far away from the vision the researchers, so the question in the this research it is descriptive and analytical using, and insight and method on be introduced Ghaffari Kashani .Therefore present study to identify the and explore the it in order to that independently paid historiography Ghaffari, is unique in of its kind. He intellectual thought component-based systems such as the monarchy the integration, Providence oriented, elitism, and a Critical.

Depending on the extent of aortic disease and surgical repair required, thoracic aortic surgery often involves periods of reduced cerebral perfusion. Historically, this resulted in detrimental neurological dysfunction, and high risk of mortality and morbidity. Over the last half century, rapid improvements have revolutionized aortic surgery. Among these, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) has drastically reduced the risk of mortality and morbidity following surgery on the thoracic aorta. This progress was facilitated by experimental pioneers such as Bigelow, who studied reduced oxygen expenditure consequent on induction of hypothermia in dogs. These encouraging findings led to trials in human cardiac surgery by Lewis in 1952 and further made possible the first successful aortic arch replacement by Denton Cooley and Michael De Bakey. Modern day surgery has come a long way from the use of immersion of the patient in ice baths and other primitive techniques previously described. This paper explores the development of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest from its origins to the present.

Our text does not intend to develop a history of French banks' Europeanisation, but instead to scrutinise the mentalities of French bankers, in order to determine whether they were confined to relationships with French business or embedded within networks of personal relations with their European colleagues. Did some French bankers follow a career more oriented\ towards international activities and were they involved in international travels? Were some bankers committed to designing European strategies and thereafter to implement them through a direct presence in those foreign countries? Did some bankers emerge as key managers of Europeanised strategies and what was their influence within their banking firms? Of course, answers will be relevant to the chronological stages, to assess, for example, whether the decline of the Haute Banque houses was unfavourable to Europeanisation, to analyse how the new joint stock banks adopted a Europeanised business model, and whether deposits banks and investment banks (banques d'affaires) reacted differently in response to Europeanised strategies and a new way of life.

Purchasing and supply management scholarship and practice has significantly evolved during the past 25 years. In parallel, the Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management has likewise emerged from its origins as the European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management as an important source for publishing purchasing and supply management research. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide the journal's current and future readership a historical perspective of how the journal has evolved during the last quarter century from the viewpoints of its current and former editors, and where we believe the future of purchasing and supply management is going as an academic discipline.

Under the influence of popular history, recent historiography on the Ottomans has focused mainly on such subjects as the influence of women on politics and indirectly on issues of the harem. However, such a focus indicates limited information and an insufficient number of studies on the sons-in-law in the dynasty of the late Ottoman state. The purpose of this article is to develop a theoretical framework concerning sons-in-law in the dynasty of the late Ottoman state period by collating the related but limited references in the historical sources. In this context, such issues as the policy of marriage in the Ottoman dynasty, the status of the dynasty sons-in-law, and the privileges they had are studied in terms of the late period of the Ottomans. Thus, the study's major purpose is to discuss the late Ottoman history in the light of such an important but ignored subject. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

This paper introduces the historical view of microbiology and discuss the importance of microorganisms not only as causative agents of disease but also as important contributors to food production, antibiotic manufacture, vaccine development, and environmental management. Microbiology contributed significantly to the development of new branches like biochemistry, Genetics and molecular biology. It presents a brief history of the science of microbiology an overview of the microbial world a discussion of the scope and relevance of microbiology in today's society and predictions about the future of microbiology.

Kanhaiyalal Munshi was a pre-eminent Gujarati author, freedom fighter and politician. A member of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, he is credited with having developed and popularized the concept of Gujarat ni asmita, or Gujarati self-consciousness. This paper focusses on a trilogy of Munshi's historical fiction namely Patan Ni Prabhuta (The Glory of Patan) (1916), Gujarat No Nath (The Master of Gujarat) (1917–1918) and Rajadhiraj (The King of Kings) (1922). This paper offers a close reading of these texts, to argue that the trilogy offers the possibility of opening up notions of Gujarati identity, and of showing its constructed nature. Munshi's engagement with the ideas of politics, heroism and nation-building reflects the concerns of a movement that is trying to understand both itself and the nation that it is in the process of imagining. Highlighting the subversion of the texts is an attempt to stretch the boundaries of Gujarati identity, and think differently about the meaning of being Gujarati.