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ラウリルアミンおよびステアリルアミンに酸化エチレンを作用させて〓(ここにp+q=2,4,7または20)を製し,この8種類の第3級アミンを原料としてこれに塩化メチル,ベンジルクロリド,エチレンクロルヒドリンおよびモノクロル酢酸を作用させて24種類の第4 級アンモニウム化合物および8 種類のベタイン誘導体を合成した。p+q=2の化合物は再結晶によって精製し,分析し,それらが著者らの与えた構造式を有することを確認した。この分析において4級塩のCl-%はAgNO3溶液による高周波滴定によって求め,また赤外線吸収スペクトル図をも掲げた。上記の4級塩およびベタイン誘導体の水溶液の表面張力,浸透力,起泡力および帯電防止能(ナイロンおよびアセテートに対する)を測定した。帯電防止能の測定は処理繊維の電気抵抗を測定して行ったが,すぐれた結果を示すものが見出された。

ビス(β-オキシエチル)アルキルアミンまたはビス(ポリオキシエチレン)アルキルアミンとモノクロル酢酸ナトリウムとを反応させることによって,ビス(オキシエチル)基またはビス(ポリオキシエチレン)基を有するべタイン型両性表面活性剤がえられることは著者らのすでに報告したところであるが,本報ではモノクロル酢酸ナトリウムの代わりにブロムエタンスルホン酸ナトリウムおよびイセチオン酸ナトリウムを用いてアルカリ存在下に反応させた。生成物はべタイン型両性活性剤のように第4級窒素原子を有せず,第3級窒素原子をもち,かつ原料アミンの水酸基の水素原子をスルホン酸基に置換した構造をもつことを種々の分析結果およびそのものの結晶性誘導体の赤外線吸収スペクトルから確認した。なお合成したスルホン酸系両性活性剤の表面張力,起泡力,浸透力および繊維の帯電防止能を測定した。帯電防止能は著者らのすでに述べたべタイン型両性活性剤よりも概してやや劣るが,アセテート布よりもナイロン布に対してすぐれた効果をあらわすという特長を示した。緒言

It is generally known that Al-Mg alloy is the most suitable for deepdrawing amongst all kinds of aluminium alloys. This study is to investigate the specific Al-Mg alloy which is the best in deep drawability, strength and weldability. For that purpose, the influences of the magnesium contents, soaking, reduction rate, addition of manganese, chromium and other impurities, annealing temperature were examined.The ingot of 250mm × 150mm × 35mm was rolled down to the sheet of 1.00mm thickness under different conditions. With this sheet, conical die test, tensile test, bending test and Erichsen test were carried out. Used conical die is of 60° in die angle and 19.00mm in die hole diameter. Punch is 17.46mm φ and punch radius is 4.0mm.The findings are as follows:1) Magnesium content does not give much effect to the deep-drawability of the alloy.2) When deep-drawability and stretchability are required, Al-Mg pure binary alloy is recommended, and in this case, lower magnesium content is appropriate in view of the Erichsen value. The properties of this kind of alloy is not affected by iron and silicon content as impurities.3) When bending work has weight, the addition of manganese or chromium is recommendable. The increase in Si and Fe content also shows good result.4) Existance of manganese together with chromium in this alloy makes its drawability and stretchability worse.5) Soaking is good for better deep-drawability.6) Greater cold reduction is better for deep-drawability.7) Higher the final annealing temperature, the better result.8) Under the annealing temperature of 350°C and more, mechanical properties do not show any change, while the deep-drawability is improved. There will be any correlationship between deep drawability and machanical properties in such range of annealing temperature.

Turning tests of 2011 aluminum alloys, subjected to T3, T4, T6 and T8 treatments, were carried out and the free-machining properties were compared. The free-cutting characteristics could successfully be evaluated by a new method proposed by the present authors. In this new method, the number of chips out of a constant amount of machined materials is represented as a function of the cutting conditions. When T3-, T4- and T8-treated alloys were cut at high cutting velocities, by using tools with high side rake angles, chips of continuous stringy type were formed under a certain range of feed while discrete chips were formed under the other conditions. T6 treatment led to the formation of fine discrete chips under all conditions used. The good machinability was found to be produced by the heat treatment in order of T6>T8>T3>T4. However, the difference among the effects of T8-, T3- and T4-treatment on the machinability was negligibly small. The free-machining properties were independent of the kind and the distribution of aging products.

Instant ramen, one of the unique noodle, is often produced by deep-frying with lard to give characteristic flavor. Since the quality of the fried products is apt to be affected by the oxidation of the lard, synthetic antioxidants such as BHA and BHT have been widely employed for the lard. In this investigation natural vitamin E of various concentration were tested as antioxidant with the comparison of synthetic antioxidants. Natural vitamin E of 0.01-0.05% level gave satisfactory result for the lard to prevent from oxidation. The lard containing 0.03% of natural vitamin E as well as instant ramen fried with lard gave the better results in AOM test and storage test in the comparison with the lard containing synthetic antioxidant as well as instant ramen fried with the latter lard.

Objectives. The present study investigated wether the onset of acute myocardial infarction and resistance to thrombolysis have similar circadian variations. Background. Circadian variations of the onset of acute myocardial infarction and resistance to thrombolysis in the early morning have been reported. Some studies have also reported a secondary peak incidence in late evening; however, it is not known whether the resistance to thrombolysis has a similar circadian variation in these patients. Methods. Six hundred eight Japanese patients with an acute myocardial infarction were the subjects of the study. Two hundred forty-four of the 608 patients were treated with thrombolysis within 12 h of the onset of symptoms. One hundred thirteen patients received urokinase, and 131 patients received tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) over 60 min. Patency of the infarct-related artery, the primary end point of the study, was evaluated at 60 min after the initiation of thrombolytic therapy, and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 0, 1 or 2 was defined as resistant to thrombolysis. Results. The onset of acute myocardial infarction and resistance to thrombolysis showed circadian variations with early morning and late evening peaks (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). These circadian patterns showed similar distributions as evaluated with Spearman's method (r = 0.70, p < 0.05), although resistance to thrombolysis showed a phase difference of about 2 h earlier than the infarction incidence. The circadian variation of the resistance to thrombolysis was independent of the types of thrombolytic agents (urokinase or t-PA). Conclusions. These findings suggest that adjustment of treatment based on the time of the onset of symptoms may be warranted for the patients with acute myocardial infarction.

In order to unveil the presence and characteristics of Martian dust ring/torus, Mars Dust Counter (MDC) is aboard ISAS’s spacecraft PLANET-B, which will be launched in 1998 summer and investigate the upper atmosphere and surrounding environment of Mars between 1999 and 2001. MDC PLANET-B is an improved version of impact-ionization dust detectors aboard HITEN and BREMSAT. It weighs only 730 g with the sensor aperture area of 140 cm2. To improve signal to noise ratios and to precisely determine the risetime of signals, a neutral target channel is added independent of ion and electron target channels. Detectable velocity (v) range is between 1 km/s and more than 70 km/s, which will cover all possible dust clans: circummartian (low v), interplanetary (mid v), and interstellar (high v) particles. Measurable mass range is 5 × 10−15 and 10−10 g at v = 10 km/s. Since PLANET-B takes an elliptic retrograde orbit around Mars, MDC can investigate particles from Phobos and Deimos with relative velocity higher than 1 km/s. Therefore, MDC can clarify the presence of a confined dust ring along Phobos’ orbit and an extended dust torus along Deimos’ orbit, and it may answer whether these ring and torus are self-sustained or not. Since the nominal operation of PLANET-B is longer than one Martian year, MDC may detect predicted seasonal variation of the ring/torus structure.

Accepted: 1999-09-04, 資料番号: SA1003716000

Background Cyclosporine and prednisolone combination therapy has been used in the treatment of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of cyclosporine combined with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy (MPT) as a first-line treatment for new-onset MCNS. We conducted a retrospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine combined with MPT and oral prednisolone for new-onset MCNS in adults. Methods Forty-six adult patients with biopsy-proven MCNS were analyzed retrospectively. This study included three groups. Group 1 (n = 17) was treated with intravenous MPT (0.5 or 1.0 g/day for 3 days) followed by oral cyclosporine (2–3 mg/kg/day) and prednisolone (30 mg/day). Group 2 (n = 15) was treated with intravenous MPT followed by oral prednisolone (0.4–0.8 mg/kg/day). Group 3 (n = 14) was treated with oral prednisolone (0.6–1.0 mg/kg/day) alone. Results The length of hospital stay was the shortest in Group 1 (P

A simple and convenient method for efficiently establishing 8-azaguanine-resistant mutant leukemia and myeloma cell lines (for example, the T cell lines Jurkat and CCRF-CEM, human myeloid/macrophage-like cell lines HL60 and U937, Burkitt lymphoma line Raji and the human myeloma line RPMI 8226), is described. The method relies on culturing the cell lines in RPMI 1640 medium containing 8-azaguanine and supplemented with 15% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and large amounts of amino acids and vitamins, and removes the necessity for pretreatment with mutagenic reagents such as ethyl methylsulfonate or X-irradiation. The possibility of obtaining mutant cell lines using the method described here is about 15 times greater than using media without high levels of amino acids and vitamins. Hybridomas produced between mitogen-activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and an 8-azaguanine-resistant Jurkat mutant cell line (established by this method) were shown to produce soluble T cell-derived macrophage activating factor (MAF)-like material.

We examine the effect of an in-plane magnetic field on the resistance of a 2-dimensional electron system confined in a silicon quantum well when the Fermi energy is tuned through the upper valley-subband edge while the electrons are otherwise valley-polarized. In contrast to previous experiments on valley-degenerate systems which only showed positive magnetoresistance, when the Fermi energy is at or near the upper valley-subband edge, the magnetoresistance is found to show a distinct negative contribution which is interpreted as being due to spin polarization of the upper valley-subband.

We have developed two types of devices for silicon-single-electronics; a single-electron transistor (SET) and a single-electron charge coupled device (CCD). Both devices were fabricated on SOI (silicon on insulator) wafers. For the SET fabrication, we used a novel method called pattern-dependent oxidation (PADOX), which exploits special phenomena that occur during thermal oxidation of a small silicon structure. The Si structures are converted into small Si SETs by consequence of stress-induced bandgap narrowing and quantum size effects. Since the size of the resultant Si island is about 10 nm, the SETs operate at relatively high temperatures. We have already developed several kinds of application of Si SETs by utilizing the special features of SETs. In addition, we have developed a single-electron CCD that enables us to manipulate a single electron without tunnel capacitors. The device utilizes small Si-wire MOSFETs connected in series, and an elementary charge can be transferred like in a CCD.

Background Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor blocker, has a diuretic effect for patients with heart failure. However, there were a few data concerning the effects of tolvaptan in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 21 patients with chronic heart failure and CKD. Tolvaptan was co-administered with other diuretics in-use, every day. We compared clinical parameters before and after the treatments with tolvaptan. Furthermore, we examined the correlations between baseline data and the change of body weight. Results Tolvaptan decreased the body weight and increased the urine volume (p = 0.001). The urine osmolality significantly decreased throughout the study period. Urinary Na/Cr ratio and FENa changed significantly after 4 h, and more remarkable after 8 h (p = 0.003, both). Serum creatinine increased slightly after 1 week of treatment (p = 0.012). The alteration of body weight within the study period correlated negatively with the baseline urine osmolality (r = −0.479, p = 0.038), the baseline urine volume (r = −0.48, p = 0.028), and the baseline inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) (r = −0.622, p = 0.017). Hyponatremia was improved to the normal value, and the augmentations of the sodium concentration were negatively associated with the basal sodium levels (p = 0.01, r = −0.546). Conclusions Tolvaptan is effective in increasing diuresis and improved hyponatremia, even in patients with CKD. The baseline urine osmolality, urine volume, and IVCD may be useful predictors for diuretic effects of tolvaptan.

A three-current-terminal single-electron device including two capacitively-coupled Si islands and gates that can control each island was fabricated on a Si-on-insulator wafer. Each island was embedded in one branch of a T-shaped Si wire. Current switching between the two branches was performed at 30 K by using the gate voltage to control the Coulomb blockade at each island. A correlation between these two currents was also found, which opens up the possibility of one-by-one transfer of electrons in this device.