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Apis mellifera é uma espécie de abelha bastante estudada sob diferentes perspectivas, tanto em pesquisas básicas como aplicadas. Possui uma natureza singular associada não só a interesses econômicos como produção de cera, mel, própolis, geléia real, pólen, mas também, por seu potencial agrícola como polinizador. Esta espécie tem sido alvo de muitos estudos morfométricos, principalmente pela sua importância ecológica, pela sua grande capacidade de adaptação, sua ampla distribuição e por serem capazes de se estabelecer eficientemente em diversos ambientes. A morfometria geométrica permite uma análise rigorosa da variação da forma de uma determinada estrutura em organismos de diversos tamanhos, principalmente utilizando métodos de estatística multivariada, além de ser capaz de avaliar a instabilidade no desenvolvimento de um organismo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as variações da forma e tamanho em asas e corbículas de operárias de Apis mellifera, provenientes das 5 regiões geográficas do Brasil, utilizando análises morfogeométricas. A existência de padrões de variação de forma e tamanho das abelhas africanizadas no Brasil obtidos há 16 anos em estudo clássico realizado por Diniz-Filho e Malaspina, possibilitou uma análise espaço-temporal comparativa com os resultados obtidos utilizando recursos tecnológicos atuais para a avaliação de dados morfométricos, bem como, verificar por meio das análises de assimetria flutuante a plasticidade fenotípica no tamanho e forma da asa e corbícula dessa espécie, possibilitou ainda, avaliar se condições adversas relacionadas às ações antrópicas influenciam no aumento de desvios na simetria bilateral desses caracteres morfológicos. Foi realizada uma amostragem abrangendo as 5 regiões geográficas do Brasil, pela forma das asa e análises multivariadas verificou-se que existe um padrão geográfico entre as populações de Apis mellifera no Brasil (P <0,001). Essas variações geográficas podem ser devidas à grande extensão territorial, além da possível associação das diferenças entre ecorregiões. Verificou-se, também, a presença de assimetria flutuante na forma das asas e das corbículas de Apis mellifera em todas as populações estudadas, porém, na análise multivariada e assimetria do tamanho não obteve significância em algumas populações, constatando-se que para estudo de assimetria e distribuiçäo populacional a forma da asa e das corbículas é a análise mais indicada e que apresenta maior precisão., Apis mellifera is bee specie very studied under different perspectives, as for basic studies to applied ones. They have a singular nature, not only associated to economic issues as wax, honey, propolis, royal jelly and pollen production, but also for their agricultural potential as pollinators. This specie has been long aimed for morphometric studies, because of its ecological importance, easy capacity of adaptation, large distribution and for being able of efficient establishment in diverse environments. The geometric morphometric allows rigorous analyses in shape variation of a given structure in organism of diverse sizes, especially when using multivariate statistics methods, enabling the evaluation of instability in the development of an organism. The present study aim the variations of shape and size in wings and pollen basket from workers of Apis mellifera, acquired at 5 geographic regions of Brazil, using morphogeometric analyses. The existence of variation patters in shape and size of Africanized bees in Brazil, obtained 16 years ago in classic study made by Diniz-Filho and Malaspina, made possible a comparative spatialtemporal analyses with the results obtained in this study, using updated technology resources for evaluation of morphometric data, as well as the phenotypic plasticity exam of size and shape in wings and pollen basket of this specie, using fluctuating asymmetric analysis, and evaluate if diverse conditions made by anthropomorphic actions has influence on the deviation increase among bilateral symmetry of this morphological characters. The sample was made including 5 geographic regions of Brazil. By the wings size shape and multivariate analyses, it was verified the existence of a geographic pattern among Brazilian Apis mellifera populations (P<0,001). Those geographical variations may be caused due to the big territorial expansion, alongside with the possible association of different ecoregions. It was also verified floating asymmetric in the shape of wings and pollen basket from Apis mellifera in all studied populations, however, in the multivariate analyses the asymmetry in shape was not significant in some populations, showing that, for studies of asymmetry and populational distribution, the shape of wings and pollen basket is the most indicated and precise analyses.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-28T12:47:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rocha Albuquerque Lima.pdf: 1669674 bytes, checksum: 8c470f7b42a668a3ae34976123b15507 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T12:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rocha Albuquerque Lima.pdf: 1669674 bytes, checksum: 8c470f7b42a668a3ae34976123b15507 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq The guitarfish Rhinobatos cf percelens is a marine ray inhabiting shallow coastal waters in southern hemisphere. The analyzed sample was collected at Caiçara do Norte, off Rio Grande do Norte state (Brazil). Traditional techniques and geometric morphometry were used aiming at identifying the specific status of the exploited species along the Brazilian Northeast coast. For that, comparisons between R. percellens and R. lentiginosus were carried out by means of data obtained from the literature and data from paratypes of both species provided by the Museu Oceanográfico da Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - MOVI. The knowledge of the specific status of fishes composing commercial catches is essential for allocating them in their proper stock units, so that stock assessments can be conducted as well as management measures undertaken. Thus, were used as approach the analysis morphometric, through techniques of image processing, analysis multivariate and geometric morphometric, using for comparison the described pattern widely accepted for each species. Individual images were digitalized through a camera and stored in files of image jpeg. The coordinates of landmarks and pseudo-landmarks definedover the dorsal part of the animal were obtained and matrix of data was submitted to the mentioned techniques allowing comparisons of the form variations among specimens. Results obtained pointed out two groups, consisting the first at dark coloration specimens with numerous white spots, while the second was made up of individuals brown coloration with or without spots. Rhinobatos cf percellens é uma espécie de raia marinha de águas costeiras. A amostra analisada foi coletada em Caiçara do Norte, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte (Brasil). Técnicas tradicionais e de morfometria geométrica foram usadas com o objetivo de identificar o status específico da espécie explorada na costa Nordeste do Brasil. Para isso, comparações entre R. percellens e R. lentiginosus foram feitas através de dados obtidos na literatura e dados de parátipos de ambas espécies provenientes do Museu Oceanográfico da Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - MOVI. O conhecimento do status específico das espécies exploradas é essencial para alocação em suas próprias unidades de estoque, de forma que estas avaliações possam ser administradas bem como estabelecer medidas de administração. Assim, foram utilizadas como abordagem a análise morfométrica, através de técnicas de processamento de imagem, análise multivariada e morfometria geométrica, utilizando para comparação o padrão amplamente aceito para cada uma das espécies. Imagens individuais foram digitalizadas através de uma câmara e armazenadas em arquivos de imagem jpeg. As coordenadas de marcos anatômicos e pseudosmarcos anatômicos, definidos sobre a região dorsal do animal, foram obtidas e a matriz de dados submetida às técnicas mencionadas permitindo uma comparação das variações da forma entre os espécimes. Resultados obtidos apontaram dois grupos, consistindo o primeiro por espécimes de coloração escura com numerosos pontos brancos, o segundo foi formado por indivíduos de coloração marrom com presença ou não de manchas.

Growth of bilateral structures is not a standard phenotypic finding in humans during development. Dental arch asymmetry is a common finding in orthodontically untreated children as well as in subjects with congenital malformations, finger sucking, extractions, interproximal caries and other extrinsic factors. Full asymmetry of an organism consists of two components: directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). As a sensitive indicator of the organism's ability to cope with the stresses during ontogeny, one would expect FA of the dental arch in an inbred Adriatic island population to increase with the level of inbreeding, and to be higher than in an outbred sample from a panmictic population. Two hundred and fifty five dental casts of children from the island of Hvar, Croatia, with various inbreeding estimated from different endogamy levels. Dental casts from a panmictic population from Zagreb, Croatia formed the control group. The tree dimensional coordinates of 26 dental arch landmarks were digitized with Polhemus Fastrac. For the decomposition of the original forms into DA and FA, the Procrustes asymmetry assessment was applied. FA was higher in the island sample than in control group and increasing FA with the endogamy level. There was no significant DA in the Zagreb sample and likewise in the upper jaw of the outbred island group, but significant DA in both jaws of the inbred population. The endogamous groups were consistently different in conformation of left and right side while the reference sample did not exhibit DA. These results suggest an environmental as well as a genetic influence on dental arch asymmetry, and while the lower jaw expresses these two stresses almost additively, the upper jaw appears to be better buffered.

The objective is to study different factors of variations in the body shape of trout (Salmo trutta ) belonging to the Mediterranean lineage (indigenous trout) or Atlantic lineage (introduced trout), and their hybrids. Using thin plate-spline (TPS) method by pointing landmarks, it made possible to provide a graphical representation of the characteristic conformation of the individuals. The characteristics of form highlighted let appear – that the male trout have a dorsal part more prominent than that of the female trout and a larger head – the existence of a general curvature of the body related to the size of trout, independently of the sex. In addition, characteristics of form provide satisfactory results to distinguish the Mediterranean lineage from the Atlantic lineage. The recognition of hybrid trout is more random because very near to Mediterranean trout. The existence of a sexual dimorphism could be established in spite of the absence of information on the sex. Comparative with the sexual dimorphisms in spawning period reveals morphological transformations during the reproduction, mainly for the males. Independently of the genotypic and sexual dimorphisms, a general curvature of the body related to the size was detected.

We aimed to determine the factors of the anthropisation involved in the mouse commensalism, using both phylogeographical and historical approaches. The quantification of the variability in the molar shape (Fourier analyses) of Mediterranean mice species showed that it is possible to separate species and sub-species of the genus using dental morphology and that this variability might be a marker of genes flow.Zooarchaeological analyses allowed us to identify the emergence of Neolithic farming practices (seeds storage, cultivated fields ...) in the Near East as the determining factor for the adaptation of the mouse to the commensal niche.Finally, we showed that the house mouse colonized the western Mediterranean during the intensification of both exchanges and urbanization in the first millennium BC, allowing it to overcome the ecological and genetic barriers which, previously, prevented its invasion.; Nous voulions déterminer les facteurs de l'anthropisation impliqués dans le commensalisme de la souris, selon une approche phylogéographique et historique.La quantification de la variabilité actuelle des morphologies dentaires (analyses de Fourier) du genre Mus en Méditerranée a montré qu'il est possible de discriminer les espèces et sous-espèces du genre à partir du matériel fossile et qu'elle pouvait être un marqueur des flux géniques. L'application archéozoologique nous a permis d'identifier l'émergence des pratiques de l'économie agricole néolithique (stockage des grains, champs cultivés...) au Proche-Orient comme le facteur déterminant dans l'adaptation de la souris à la niche commensale.Enfin, nous avons montré que la souris domestique colonisa la Méditerranée occidentale lors de l'intensification conjointe des échanges et de l'urbanisation du premier millénaire av. J.-C., lui permettant de surmonter les barrières écologiques et génétiques qui, auparavant, empêchaient son invasion.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-06T19:02:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose de Melo Lima Filho.pdf: 1580839 bytes, checksum: 922a898621f152e5c160d41a8f459629 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T19:02:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose de Melo Lima Filho.pdf: 1580839 bytes, checksum: 922a898621f152e5c160d41a8f459629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-23 Species of the Carangidae family are important components of fish fauna during all phases of the life span. Both Selene spixii (full moon fish) Spix and Agassiz (1831) and Selene Vomer (Atlantic look down) Linnaeus (1758) range in the Western Atlantic Ocean from New Scotia (Canada) to South America including the Gulf of Mexico. They are found in coastal shallow waters, either on hard or sandy bottoms. They usually establish schoals, but are also observed in small groups or pairs. They feed on small crustaceans, shrimps, fish and worms. Their flesh tastes good; these species are trade fresh. They can also be reared, they are highly prized in sport fishing. Both species are very similar in early phases of their life cycle, which renders the identification at the species level quite difficult. The aim of the present study was to carry out analyses of the pattern of morphological differentiation between the above mentioned species of Selene genre, using as method 1, techniques of multivariate analysis of the 16 distances between landmarks, defined in the truss net; and as method 2, the relative warps analysis (thin plate spline function) on the coordinates of 9 landmarks. Morphometric data were obtained from scanner digitalized images and the coordinates of the landmarks by using tpsdigw program, the distances were obtained from a program developed in language C and the relative warps analysis from tpsRelw program. Similarities were discriminated between the studied species using both Principal Components Analysis, Canonic as well as Discriminant Analyses based on morphometric features. The landmarks usedwere: 1. tip of the nose, 2. base of pelvic fin, 3. beginning of the first dorsal fin, 4. beginning of anal fin, 5. beginning of the second dorsal fin, 6. end of anal fin, 7.end of the second dorsal fin, 8. beginning of lower caudal fin, 9. beginning of upper caudal fin. According to method 1, measures D 1-3 and D 3-4 were the most important whereas for method 2, among shape variations, the one which contributes the most was the component x. Os Carangidae são importantes componentes da ictiofauna em todas as fases da vida e as espécies Selene spixii (Lua-do-Caribe) Spix e Agassiz (1831) e Selene vomer (galo–de-penacho) Linnaeus (1758) estão distribuídas pelo Atlântico Oeste de Nova Escócia (Canadá) ao longo das costas do Golfo do México até a América do Sul. Esses peixes são encontrados em águas rasas costeiras, sobre fundos duros ou arenosos. Vivem em cardumes, mas também podem ser observados em pequenos grupos ou em pares. Alimentam-se de pequenos caranguejos, camarões, peixes e poliquetas. Sua carne apresenta um sabor excelente, sendo comercializado fresco. Estes peixes podem ser cultivados em aquários, são valorizados na pesca esportiva, e ambas espécies apresentam grande semelhança na fase jovem o que dificulta a identificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os padrões de diferenciação morfológicos entre as espécies do gênero Selene, utilizando como método 1, técnicas de análise multivariada das 16 distâncias entre marcos anatômicos, definidas na rede de treliças; e como método 2, a análise de deformações relativas (função thin plate spline) sobre as coordenadas de 9 marcos anatômicos. Os dados morfométricos foram obtidos em imagens digitalizadas por scanner, as coordenadas dos marcos anatômicos pelo programa tpsDig, as distâncias obtidas por programa desenvolvido em linguagem C e a análise de deformações relativas através do programa tpsRelw. Pretendeu-se discriminar similaridades entre as duas espécies por meio de Componentes Principais, Análise de Variáveis Canônicas e Análise Discriminante com base em características morfométricas. Foram utilizados os seguintes marcos anatômicos: 1. ponta do focinho; 2. base da nadadeira ventral (pélvica); 3. início da primeira nadadeira dorsal; 4. início da nadadeira anal; 5. início da segunda nadadeira dorsal; 6. final da nadadeira anal; 7. final da segunda nadadeira dorsal; 8. início da nadadeira caudal inferior; 9. início da nadadeira caudal superior. No método 1, as medidas D 1-3 e D 3-4 foram as mais importantes, enquanto que no método 2, dentre as variações de forma, a que mais contribuiu foi a componente uniforme x.

The venerid genus Anomalocardia is tropical American in origin, yet has a distribution spanning the tropical western Atlantic to western Pacifi c oceans. This distribution makes it the most widespread genus of the monophyletic, tropical American Chioninae. Other tropical American chionine genera have either remained restricted to American waters since their originations at various times during the early Neogene, or have sparse fossil or relict Recent distributions in the northwestern Pacifi c. This is in spite of tremendous diversifi cation throughout Atlantic and Pacifi c American waters. Here we analyze the morphologic variation of A. squamosa (Linneaus, 1758) from Thailand, focusing specifi cally on the correspondence between morphological variability and microhabitat variation, with the eventual goal of uncovering possible adaptive advantages of Anomalocardia relative to other chionine genera. Signifi cant variation was found among sites, characterized by differences in the shape of valve commissures and siphonal regions. The variation corresponds qualitatively with differences in sediment and water energy. We further compare A. squamosa to the congeneric, western Atlantic A. brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791), and the related eastern Pacifi c species, Iliochione subrugosa (Wood, 1828), establishing A. squamosa as a geographically widespread species, and fi nding all the taxa to be morphologically distinct. Finally, the analysis of A. brasiliana reveals that individuals from the Caribbean are morphologically distinct from Brazilian individuals. Fil: Roopnarine, Peter D.. California Academy of Sciences. Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology; Estados Unidos Fil: Signorelli, Javier Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Laumer, Christopher. Lawrence University. Department of Biology; Estados Unidos

The tribe Cercopithecini is a large and colourful taxon of African primates. Together with the tribe Papionini, it belongs to the subfamily Cercopithecinae (Gray, 1821). Despite several studies carried on the present species of Cercopithecini (guenons and sister genera), up to date a strong and clear systematics is missing. The evolutionary relationships inside the tribe are controversial, as are the numbers of genera and species. This lack prevents our full comprehension of the evolution of the tribe. We decided to investigate the tribe Cercopithecini through the use of two methodologies: geometric morphometrics and cytogenetics. The geometric morphometric survey was conducted on 1126 crania and 1067 mandibles of 42 Catarrhini species to identify the most extreme differences in skull shape, to test the morphometric independence and validity of the taxa Chlorocebus and Allochrocebus and to investigate the existence of arboreal or terrestrial features on Cercopithecini skulls. Cytogenetic techniques were focused on the human chromosomes 20 and 21 synteny (HSA20/21) to investigate the reliability of the tribe and support the morphometric data. We recognized four clear sister genera inside the tribe, Allenopithecus, Erythrocebus, Miopithecus and Cercopithecus, which showed cranial differences mainly in facial bone height and neurocranial length. With respect to the mandibles, we noted that the length of the bodies and rami influenced the clustering of genera. Chlorocebus and Allochrocebus mildly differed from the morphometric shape of genus Cercopithecus skull in facial bone and mandibular rami heights but the morphometric cluster is the same. The clustering highlighted relies more on size and diet than on arboreal and terrestrial attitudes. From the karyological point of view, the widespread presence of the HSA20/21 synteny can be considered a proof of the correct grouping of the genera inside the tribe. The morphometric methodology is usually preferred for analyses between taxa with deep morphometric differences or long evolutionary distances. Nevertheless, the clustering of the tribe Cercopithecini in sister genera is supported by geometric morphometrics. Further, the sharing of cytogenetic features supports the reliability of the tribe.

In landmarks-based Shape Analysis size is measured, in most cases, with Centroid Size. Changes in shape are decomposed in affine and non affine components. Furthermore the non affine component can be in turn decomposed in a series of local deformations (partial warps). If the extent of deformation between two shapes is small, the difference between centroid size and m-Volume increment is barely appreciable. In medical imaging applied to soft tissues bodies can undergo very large deformations, involving large changes in size. The cardiac example, analyzed in the present paper, shows changes in m-Volume that can reach the 60%. We show here that standard Geometric Morphometrics tools (landmarks, Thin Plate Spline, and related decomposition of the deformation) can be generalized to better describe the very large deformations of biological tissues, without losing a synthetic description. In particular, the classical decomposition of the space tangent to the shape space in affine and non affine components is enriched to include also the change in size, in order to give a complete description of the tangent space to the size-and-shape space. The proposed generalization is formulated by means of a new Riemannian metric describing the change in size as change in m-Volume rather than change in Centroid Size. This leads to a redefinition of some aspects of the Kendall’s size-and-shape space without losing Kendall’s original formulation. This new formulation is discussed by means of simulated examples using 2D and 3D platonic shapes as well as a real example from clinical 3D echocardiographic data. We demonstrate that our decomposition based approaches discriminate very effectively healthy subjects from patients affected by Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Two statistical methods i.e., fractal geometry and geometric morphometrics are tested for their applicability to ostracod systematics. For this comparison, two morphologically similar ostracod species (Krithe compressa and Krithe iniqua) whose genus-level systematics is still incompletely resolved, are selected. Twenty-nine right valves of each species were collected from the upper Pliocene samples at the Monte San Nicola Section in southern Italy. Statistical analyses (MANOVA on morphometric shape variables, and D values) were utilized to test if geometric morphometrics and fractal analysis are appropriate into discriminating between the two species. Both methods succeeded in distinguishing the species statistically. The fractal analysis of the two ostracod species shows D values centered on 1.310.02 for Krithe iniqua and on 1.400.02 for Krithe compressa. Geometric morphometrics analysis indicates significant differences between the two species and allows studying intra-populational variability as well as. The most variable traits indicated by geometric morphometrics are vestibular area and posterior outline of the shells,indicating that these traits are the most relevant for the systematics of the species analyzed. Both fractal geometry and geometric morphometrics provide a measure of population variability. Fractal analysis has the advantage of being free by any subjectivity in the selection of characters and could be most appropriate to use for analysis of complex ornamentation for systematic purposes. However, a possible advantage of geometric morphometrics over fractal analysis its ability to indicate where statistically significant variation in shape occur on the shell.

We aimed to determine the factors of the anthropisation involved in the mouse commensalism, using both phylogeographical and historical approaches. The quantification of the variability in the molar shape (Fourier analyses) of Mediterranean mice species showed that it is possible to separate species and sub-species of the genus using dental morphology and that this variability might be a marker of genes flow.Zooarchaeological analyses allowed us to identify the emergence of Neolithic farming practices (seeds storage, cultivated fields ...) in the Near East as the determining factor for the adaptation of the mouse to the commensal niche.Finally, we showed that the house mouse colonized the western Mediterranean during the intensification of both exchanges and urbanization in the first millennium BC, allowing it to overcome the ecological and genetic barriers which, previously, prevented its invasion.; Nous voulions déterminer les facteurs de l'anthropisation impliqués dans le commensalisme de la souris, selon une approche phylogéographique et historique.La quantification de la variabilité actuelle des morphologies dentaires (analyses de Fourier) du genre Mus en Méditerranée a montré qu'il est possible de discriminer les espèces et sous-espèces du genre à partir du matériel fossile et qu'elle pouvait être un marqueur des flux géniques. L'application archéozoologique nous a permis d'identifier l'émergence des pratiques de l'économie agricole néolithique (stockage des grains, champs cultivés...) au Proche-Orient comme le facteur déterminant dans l'adaptation de la souris à la niche commensale.Enfin, nous avons montré que la souris domestique colonisa la Méditerranée occidentale lors de l'intensification conjointe des échanges et de l'urbanisation du premier millénaire av. J.-C., lui permettant de surmonter les barrières écologiques et génétiques qui, auparavant, empêchaient son invasion.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the outline shapes of deciduous upper and lower second molars and the deciduous upper first molar are useful for diagnosing hominin taxa—especially Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Building on these studies, we use geometric morphometric methods to assess the taxonomic significance of the crown outline of the lower first deciduous molar (dm1). We test whether the crown shape of the dm1 distinguishes H. neanderthalensis from H. sapiens and explore whether dm1 crown shape can be used to accurately assign individuals to taxa. Our fossil sample includes 3 early H. sapiens, 7 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, and 13 H. neanderthalensis individuals. Our recent human sample includes 103 individuals from Africa, Australia, Europe, South America, and South Asia. Our results indicate that H. neanderthalensis dm1s cluster fairly tightly and separate well from those of Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens. However, we also found that the range of shapes in the recent human sample completely overlaps the ranges of all fossil samples. Consequently, results of the quadratic discriminant analysis based on the first 8 principal components (PCs) representing more than 90% of the variation were mixed. Lower dm1s were correctly classified in 87.3% of the individuals; the combined H. sapiens sample had greater success (90.2%) in assigning individuals than did the H. neanderthalensis sample (61.5%). When the analysis was run removing the highly variable recent human sample, accuracy increased to 84.6% for H. neanderthalensis, and 57.1% of Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens were classified correctly by using the first 4 PCs (70.3%). We conclude that caution is warranted when assigning isolated dm1 crowns to taxa; while an assignment to H. neanderthalensis has a high probability of being correct, assignment to Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens is less certain.