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Abstract: An unusual 9,11-seco limonoid, toonasecone A (1), had been isolated from the bark of Toona ciliata. The structure was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis. This is the first time the 9,11-seco limonoid has been isolated from the Meliaceae family. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), caused by ABCC6/MRP6 mutation, is a heritable multisystem disorder in humans. The progressive clinical manifestations of PXE are accompanied by ectopic mineralization in various connective tissues. However, the pathomechanisms underlying the PXE multisystem disorder remains obscure, and effective treatment is currently available. In this study, we generated zebrafish abcc6a mutants using the transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technique. In young adult zebrafish, abcc6a is expressed in the eyes, heart, intestine, and other tissues. abcc6a mutants exhibit extensive calcification in the ocular sclera and Bruch's membrane, recapitulating part of the PXE manifestations. Mutations in abcc6a upregulate extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, leading to fibrotic heart with reduced cardiomyocyte number. We found that abcc6a mutation reduced levels of both vitamin K and pyrophosphate (PPi) in the serum and diverse tissues. Vitamin K administration increased the gamma-glutamyl carboxylated form of matrix gla protein (cMGP), alleviating ectopic calcification and fibrosis in vertebrae, eyes, and hearts. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of PXE pathophysiology from zebrafish models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new tremulane sesquiterpenoids were isolated from co-culture of endophyte Irpex lacteus , phytopathogen Nigrospora oryzae , and entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. All compounds showed obvious antifeedant activities against silkworm with inhibition percentages of 73–99%, at concentrations of 50 μg/cm2. Compound 11 indicated notable antifeedant activity with inhibition percentage of 93% at concentration of 6.25 μg/cm2 among them. Compounds 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 15 and 16 indicated anti-fungal activities against I. lacteus with MIC values ≤8 μg/mL, compounds 11 , 12 , 16–18 showed significant anti-fungal activity against N. oryzae with MICs ≤ 4 μg/mL, and compounds 2 , 5 , 12 and 18 indicated significant anti-fungal activity against B. bassiana with MICs ≤ 8 μg/mL. In addition, the I. lacteus should unite B. bassiana to inhibit the production of phytotoxins from N. oryzae in the ternary culture. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron backscatter diffraction technique is used to systematically investigate the characteristics of thermal- and strain-induced ε-martensite in Fe 50 Mn 30 Co 10 Cr 10 multi-component alloy, focusing on the grain size effect. Results show that a clear morphological distinction between thermal- and strain-induced ε-martensite cannot be made, both exhibiting laminate- and blocky-shaped features. The amount of thermal-induced ε-martensite dependence of initial γ-austenite grain sizes is evidenced, revealing the formation of multiple initial ε variants in coarse γ-austenite grains, rather than in fine γ-austenite grains. The external strain effect is advantageous of the formation of secondary ε variants and ε twins , but not the thermal effect. Decreasing γ-austenite grain size hinders the activation of secondary ε variants and ε twin , confirming secondary ε variants and ε twin can be produced in coarse γ-austenite grains under the small strain, rather than in fine γ-austenite grains. Furthermore, under the heavy strain, the saturated ε-martensite is almost dominated by one persisting ε variant in coarse and fine γ-austenite grains. • Thermal- and strain-induced ε-martensite exhibit laminate- and blocky-shaped features. • The external strain is in favor of the formation of secondary ε variants and ε twins. • The initial γ-austenite grain sizes affect the amount of thermal-induced ε variants. • The initial γ-austenite grain sizes determine activation orders of secondary ε variants and ε twin. • Under the heavy strain, the saturated ε-martensite are almost dominated by one persisting ε variant with 70.5°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thin Au, Au-NP, Ag-NP and AgO bi-layer and tri-layer ITO-based films were studied. • Strong absorption peaks were detected for Ag-NP and Au-NP colloidal solutions. • A maximum transmittance of 91.5% was attained for (AgO)I and (I(AgO)I) thin films. • A band gap energy of 3.75 eV was estimated for (AgO)I and (I(AgO)I) thin films. • An improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8 to 4.9% was achieved. In this investigation, ITO-based bi-layer and tri-layer thin film coatings (~130 nm) were synthesized via a sol-gel spin-coating process and annealed at 500 °C. Thin layers of Au, Au-NPs, Ag-NPs and AgO were inserted underneath ITO films to form bi-layer thin film systems and/or encapsulated between two thin ITO layers to form tri-layer thin film systems. The effects of incorporating these layers with ITO thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, four-point probes and Hall effect. XRD results confirmed the presence of a body-centred cubic structure of indium oxide for all synthesized ITO-based coatings with an average grain size ~30 nm. FESEM images of all fabricated films revealed the formation of dense surfaces with grain-like morphologies confirming the formation of a polycrystalline structure of ITO. Optical studies on the Ag-NPs and Au-NPs colloidal solutions resulted in absorption peaks featured at wavelengths 405 and 531 nm, indicating the formation of 10–14 nm and 48 nm Ag and Au nanoparticles, respectively. The highest optical transparency and band gap energy were found to be ~91.5% and 3.75 eV for (AgO)I and (I(AgO)I) thin films, respectively. The lowest electrical resistivity of 1.2 × 10−4 Ω·cm, along with the highest carrier concentration of 11.4 × 1020 cm−3 and mobility 40 cm2/V.s were obtained from the IAuI thin film. An improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8 to 4.9% was achieved in an organic solar cell by replacing the conventional pure ITO electrode with the (I(AgO)I) electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of 'Young' patients less than 40 years of age are being hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to increased prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and performances of AMI between young and elderly patients. We conducted a retrospective study to compare AMI in young patients and elder patients. Based on the medical record databases in our hospital, we enrolled 114 'young' AMI patients (age ≤42 years) and 179 'elder' AMI patients (≥60 years), and then collected and analyzed their demographic information, clinical performances, and coronary angiography results. In the young AMI group, the proportion of male patients was higher than that in the elder AMI group (94.7 vs. 64.2%, P<0.05). Compared with the elder AMI patients, young patients had higher rates of smoking history and positive family medical history, but lower rates of hypertension and diabetes. Elder patients with AMI were more likely to develop various clinical performances, and multiple-branch lesions; however, young AMI patients had relatively fewer symptoms, and the tissue lesions were more limited. The clinical profiles of AMI in young patients were different from that in elder AMI patients. Specific interventions should be carried out to prevent and control the prevalence of AMI in the young population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two previously undescribed seco-type C 19 -diterpenoid alkaloids, stylosines A and B (1 – 2), which possess an unprecedented opened D ring by the C (15) –C (16) broken bond forming a five-membered C (15) −O–C (14) lactone ring, together with 14 known diterpenoid alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Aconitum stylosum (Ranunculaceae). Compound 1 is the first reported C 19 -diterpenoid alkaloid with an α -orientation at H-13. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, NMR calculations and DP4+ analysis. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of the undescribed compounds was proposed. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory activity against the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 β, cyclooxygenase-2, and tumor necrosis factor α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 2.00 and 32.00 μ g/mL, respectively. Image 1 • Stylosines A and B (1 – 2), which possess an unprecedented opened D ring by the C (15) –C (16) broken bond forming a five-membered C (15) −O–C (14) lactone ring. • Compound 1 is the first reported C 19 -diterpenoid alkaloid with α -orientation at H-13. • Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant anti-inflammatory effects. • Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence has emerged revealing that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play essential roles in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the complicated regulatory interactions among various ncRNAs in the development of HCC are not entirely understood. The newly discovered mechanism of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) uncovered regulatory interactions among different varieties of RNAs. In recent years, a growing number of studies have suggested that ncRNAs, including long ncRNAs, circular RNAs and pseudogenes, play major roles in the biological functions of the ceRNA network in HCC. These ncRNAs can share microRNA response elements to affect microRNA affinity with target RNAs, thus regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level and both physiological and pathological processes. The ncRNAs that function as ceRNAs are involved in diverse biological processes in HCC cells, such as tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Based on these findings, ncRNAs that act as ceRNAs may be promising candidates for clinical diagnosis and treatments. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and research methods of ceRNA networks. We also reviewed the recent advances in studying the roles of ncRNAs as ceRNAs in HCC and highlight possible directions and possibilities of ceRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Finally, the limitations, gaps in knowledge and opportunities for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penctrimertone (1), a novel citrinin dimer bearing a 6/6/6/6 tetracyclic ring scaffold, along with two known compounds xerucitrinic acid A (2) and citrinin (3) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. T2-11. Their structures were unequivocally established by a comprehensive interpretation of the spectroscopic data, with the stereochemistry for 1 was defined by a combination of TDDFT-ECD calculations and the DP4+ probability analysis based on NMR chemical shift calculations. Bioassays revealed that compound 1 exhibited noticeable antimicrobial activities and moderate cytotoxicity. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was also proposed. Unlabelled Image • A novel citrinin dimer from a Penicillium fungus associated with Gastrodia elata. • Penctrimertone features a novel 6/6/6/6 tetracyclic ring scaffold. • The stereochemistry was elucidated by DP4+ and TDDFT-ECD calculation methods. • Penctrimertone showed noticeable antimicrobial activities and moderate cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Curcumae Radix", the dried rhizomes of Curcuma kwangsiensis documented in Chinese pharmacopoeia, has been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory and pain diseases, such as jaundice and red urine, cleaning the heart-fire and depression, arthralgia, and dysmenorrhea. However, according to literature surveys, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive studies of C. kwangsiensis have been seldom reported so far. The current study focuses on the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of C. kwangsiensis and discovering the bioactive compounds for its traditional usages both in vivo and in vitro , which could provide scientific justification about its traditional use. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive assays of various layers (ME, EA, AQS) from C. kwangsiensis were achieved by carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-induced writhing animal models, respectively. The most bioactive part, EA layer was further phytochemically investigated by multiple step chromatography techniques. The structures of these isolates were unambiguously elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic and chemical methods, and comparison with corresponding data of the reported literature. Four major sesquiterpenoids (4 , 6 , 14 , and 15) were achieved for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive assays by the two aforementioned animal models in vivo. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects via detecting inflammatory mediator releases (COX-2, IL-1 β , and TNF- α) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells induced by LPS. The ME and EA layers significantly alleviated the paw edema caused by carrageenan and decreased the number of writhes induced by acetic acid at the dose of 200 and/or 100 mg/kg in comparison to the control group (p < 0.01 / 0.05), and the EA layer exhibited better activity than that of ME layer. Subsequent phytochemical investigation on EA layer of C. kwangsiensis exhibited that three new terpenoid compounds (1 – 3), identified as (12 Z ,14 R)-7 β -hydroxylabda-8(17),12-diene-14,15,16-triol (1), (12 Z ,14 S)- 7 β -hydroxlabda-8(17),12-diene-14,15,16-triol (2), and (4 S)-hydroxy-(8)-methoxy-(5 S)-(H)-guaia1(10),7(11)-dien-12,8-olide (3), together with twenty-two known analogs were isolated. Furthermore, four major sesquiterpenoids (4 , 6 , 14 , and 15) significantly relieved the paw edema and number of writhes at 100 and/or 50 mg/kg (p < 0.05/0.01). Likewise, the majority of sesqui- and diterpenoids isolated could remarkably inhibited the secretion of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-1 β , and TNF- α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells at the concentration of 20 μ g/mL, comparable to DXM used as the positive control. All the results suggested that EA layer from C. kwangsiensis possessed the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, and these sesqui- and diterpenoids could be the effective constituents responsible for relieving inflammation. The present studies undoubtedly determined the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive material basis of C. kwangsiensis , including the EA layer and its precise components, which presented equivalent or better anti-inflammatory effects than that of positive control (ASP/DXM) in vivo and in vitro. These results not only would account for scientific knowledge for traditional use of C. kwangsiensis , but also provide credible theoretical foundation for the further development of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agents. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays important roles in unique non-shivering thermogenesis. It is necessary to select reference genes during the transition process from brown (BAT) to white adipose tissue (WAT) for Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. In this study, CTNNB, PFDN5 and EIF3M, selected from RNA sequencing data, were the most suitable reference genes. The present study provides a detailed analysis of the expression stability of reference genes for the study of gene expression profiling during the transition process from BAT to WAT. Brown adipose tissues have unique non-shivering thermogenesis functions, can be found in newborn ruminate animals, and then are gradually replaced by white adipose tissues in adulthood. For the purpose of exploring the intrinsic mechanism underlying the conversion process from brown (BAT) to white adipose tissue (WAT), it is necessary to utilize Quantitative PCR (qPCR) to study gene expression profiling. In this study, we identified reference genes that were consistently expressed during the transformation from goat BAT to WAT using RNA-seq data. Then, twelve genes were evaluated as candidate reference genes for qPCR in goat perirenal adipose tissue using three tools (geNorm, Normfinder, and BestKeeper). In addition, the selected reference genes were used to normalize the gene expression of PGC-1α and GPAT4. It was found that traditional reference genes, such as GAPDH, RPLP0, HPRT1, and PPIA were not suitable for target gene normalization. In contrast, CTNNB, PFDN5, and EIF3M, selected from RNA sequencing data, showed the least variation and were recommended as the best reference genes during the transformation from BAT to WAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with polymeric materials prevails in scenarios pertinent to thermal recycling of bromine-laden objects; most notably the non-metallic fraction in e-waste. Hydro-dehalogenation of aromatic compounds in a hydrogen-donating medium constitutes a key step in refining pyrolysis oil of BFRs. Chemical reactions underpinning this process are poorly understood. Herein, we utilize accurate density functional theory (DFT) calculations to report thermo-kinetic parameters for the reaction of solid polyethylene, PE, (as a surrogate model for aliphatic polymers) with prime products sourced from thermal decomposition of BFRs, namely, HBr, bromophenols; benzene, and phenyl radical. Facile abstraction of an ethylenic H by Br atoms is expected to contribute to the formation of abundant HBr concentrations in practical systems. Likewise, a relatively low energy barrier for aromatic Br atom abstraction from a 2-bromophenol molecule by an alkyl radical site, concurs with the reported noticeable hydro-debromination capacity of PE. Pathways entailing a PE-induced bromination of a phenoxy radical should be hindered in view of high energy barrier for a Br transfer into the para position of the phenoxy radical. Adsorption of a phenoxy radical onto a Cu(Br) site substituted at the PE chain affords the commonly discussed PBDD/Fs precursor of a surface-bounded bromophenolate adduct. Such scenario arises due to the heterogeneous integration of metals into the bromine-rich carbon matrix in primitive recycling of e-waste and their open burning. Image 1 • Hydro-dehalogenation of aromatic compounds constitutes a key step in refining pyrolysis oil of BFRs. • We describe the interaction of a bromphenoxy radical with a PE-Cu(Br) configuration. • Such a scenario arises in primitive recycling of e-waste and their open burning. • Computed parameters are useful for understanding the combustion chemistry of BFRs-polymers blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elevated metaldehyde (a toxic molluscicide) concentrations in UK and EU water bodies are a major concern among water treatment professionals and related stakeholders. The difficulty of removing metaldehyde using conventional water treatment methods has motivated researchers to develop more effective treatment solutions. In this contribution, we have utilized density functional theory (DFT) to fundamentally investigate the adsorptive interactions (e.g. binding energy) between metaldehyde and sulfonic functional group in an ion exchange resin. Adsorption of the cationic metaldehyde on deprotonated sulfonic group is substantial with a binding energy amounting to 130.9 kcal/mol. Preliminary results on an experimental study involving adsorption of metaldehyde on ion exchange resin are also reported. Our findings would complement the existing body of knowledge on metaldehyde removal. Unlabelled Image • We study adsorptive interactions between metaldehyde and sulfonic functional group. • This occurs in an ion exchange resin. • Adsorption (binding) energies are calculated using density functional theory. • Binding energy of cationic metaldehyde-deprotonated sulfonic group = 130.9 kcal/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is increasing, but its etiology remains elusive and hence an effective treatment is not available. Previous research conducted on animal models suggests that microbiota-gut-brain axis may contribute to ASD pathology and more human research is needed. This study was divided into two stages,.At the discovery stage, we compared the differences in gut microbiota profiles (using 16S rRNA sequencing), fecal SCFAs (using GC-MS) and plasma neurotransmitters (using UHPLC-MS/MS) of 26 children with ASD and 24 normal children. All 26 children with ASD participated in the intervention stage, and we measured the gut microbiota profiles, SCFAs and neurotransmitters before and after probiotics + FOS (n = 16) or placebo supplementation (n = 10). We found that gut microbiota was in a state of dysbiosis and significantly lower levels of Bifidobacteriales and Bifidobacterium longum were observed at the discovery stage in children with ASD. An increase in beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacteriales and B. longum) and suppression of suspected pathogenic bacteria (Clostridium) emerged after probiotics + FOS intervention, with significant reduction in the severity of autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. Compared to children in the control group, significantly lower levels of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were found, and a hyperserotonergic state (increased serotonin) and dopamine metabolism disorder (decreased homovanillic acid) were observed in children with ASD. Interestingly, the above SCFAs in children with autism significantly elevated after probiotics + FOS intervention and approached those in the control group. In addition, our data demonstrated that decreased serotonin and increased homovanillic acid emerged after probiotics + FOS intervention. However, the above-mentioned changes did not appear in the placebo group for ASD children. Probiotics + FOS intervention can modulate gut microbiota, SCFAs and serotonin in association with improved ASD symptoms, including a hyper-serotonergic state and dopamine metabolism disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A triple structure of CdS/Au/GQDs as a photo-to-electron conversion medium for the real-time detection of Cu2+ ions. • The detection limit of 2.27 nM was obtained, which is 10,000 fold lower than that of WHO's Guidelines (∼30 μM). • The photocurrent reduction was negligible after 30 days of storage, suggesting the high stability of the photoelectrode. • The real-time monitoring of Cu2+ ions in real water samples showed satisfactory results. • The excellent results acquired confirmed the capability of the studied photoelectrode as a practical detector for Cu2+ ions. Nowadays, increasing the risk for copper leaching into the drinking water in homes, hotels and schools has become unresolved issues all around the countries such as Canada, the United States, and Malaysia. The leaching of copper in tap water is due to a combination of acidic water, damaged pipes, and corroded plumbing fixtures. To remedy this global problem, a triple interconnected structure of CdS/Au/GQDs was designed as a photo-to-electron conversion medium for a real time and selective visible-light-prompt photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for Cu2+ ions in real water samples. The synergistic interaction of the CdS/Au/GQDs enabled the smooth transportation of charge carriers to the charge collector and provided a channel to inhibit the charge recombination reaction. Thus, a detection limit of 2.27 nM was obtained, which is 10,000 fold lower than that of WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (∼30 μM). The photocurrent reduction was negligible after 30 days of storage under ambient conditions, suggesting the high stability of photoelectrode. Moreover, the real-time monitoring of Cu2+ ions in real samples was performed with satisfactory results, confirming the capability of the investigated photoelectrode as the most practical detector for trace amounts of Cu2+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ω-hydroxyl-panaxytriol (1) and ω-hydroxyl-dihydropanaxytriol (2)—are rare examples of polyacetylene metabolism by microbial transformation, and these new metabolites (1, 2) from fermented red ginseng (FRG) by solid co-culture induction of two Chaetomium globosum should be the intermediates of biotransformation of panaxylactone (metabolite A). The metabolic pathway of panaxylactone was also exhibited. The ingredients of red ginseng (RG) also induced the production of rare 6/5/5 tricyclic ring spiro-γ-lactone skeleton (3). The ω-hydroxylation of new intermediates (1, 2) decreases cytotoxicity and antifungal activity against C. globosum compared with that of its bioprecursor panaxytriol. Additionally, compounds 1 and 2 indicated obvious inhibition against nitric oxide (NO) production, with ratios of 44.80 ± 1.37 and 23.10 ± 1.00% at 50 μM. 1 has an equivalent inhibition of NO production compared with the positive drug. So, the microbial biotransformation that occurred in FRG fermented by gut C. globosum can change the original bioactivity of polyacetylene, which gave a basis about the metabolic modification of red ginseng by intestinal fungus fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtubule-binding proteins provide an alternative and vital pathway to the functional diversity of microtubules. Considerable work is still required to understand the complexities of microtubule-associated cellular processes and to identify novel microtubule-binding proteins. In this study, we identify Bcl2-associated athanogene cochaperone 6 (BAG6) as a novel microtubule-binding protein and reveal that it is crucial for primary ciliogenesis. By immunofluorescence we show that BAG6 largely colocalizes with intracellular microtubules and by co-immunoprecipitation we demonstated that it can interact with α-tubulin. Additionally, both the UBL and BAG domains of BAG6 are indispensable for its interaction with α-tubulin. Moreover, the assembly of primary cilia in RPE-1 cells is significantly inhibited upon the depletion of BAG6. Notably, BAG6 inhibition leads to an abnormal G0/G1 transition during the cell cycle. In addition, BAG6 colocalizes and interactes with the centrosomal protein γ-tubulin, suggesting that BAG6 might regulate primary ciliogenesis through its action in centrosomal function. Collectively, our findings suggest that BAG6 is a novel microtubule-bindng protein crucial for primary ciliogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay of phenolic molecules with 3 d transition metals, such as Fe and Cu, and their oxide surfaces, provide important fingerprints for environmental burdens associated with thermal recycling of e -waste and subsequent generation of notorious dioxins compounds and phenoxy-type Environmental Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs). DRIFTS and EPR measurements established a strong interaction of the phenol molecule with transition metal oxides via synthesis of phenolic- and catecholic-type EPFRs intermediates. In this contribution, we comparatively examined the dissociative adsorption of a phenol molecule, as the simplest model for phenolic-type compounds, on Cu and Fe surfaces and their partially oxidized configurations through accurate density functional theory (DFT) studies. The underlying aim is to elucidate the specific underpinning mechanism forming phenoxy- or phenolate-type EFPRs. Simulated results show that, the phenol molecule undergoes fission of its hydroxyl's O–H bond via accessible activation energies. These values are lower by 46.5–74.1% when compared with the analogous gas phase value. Physisorbed molecules of phenol incur very low binding energies in the range of −2.1 to −5.5 over clean Cu/Fe and their oxides surfaces. Molecular attributes based on charge transfer and geometrical features are in accord with the very weak interaction in physisorbed states. Thermo-kinetic parameters established over the temperature region of 300 and 1000 K, exhibit a lower activation energy for scission of phenolic's O–H bonds over the oxide surfaces in reference to their pure surfaces (24.7 and 43.0 kcal mol−1 vs 38.4 and 47.0 kcal mol−1). • Transition metals and their oxides mediate formation of EPFRs from phenolic compounds. • The study presents mechanisms and kinetics parameters over Cu and Fe surfaces. • Activation energies indicate a facile formation of EPFR over PM 2.5. • Phenolate-type EPFR are strongly adsorbed on the surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eight new compounds were isolated from a co-culture of Armillaria sp. and Epicoccum sp. • These new compounds were only detected in the co-cultures. • Absolute configurations were determined via ECD methods. • Compound 6 showed in vitro cytotoxicity to five human cancer cell lines. An investigation of a co-culture of the Armillaria sp. and endophytic fungus Epicoccum sp. YUD17002 associated with Gastrodia elata led to the isolation of eight new compounds, including five protoilludane-type sesquiterpenes (1 – 5) and three aryl esters (6 – 8), together with six known analogues (9 – 14). The assignments of their structures were conducted via extensive analyses of the spectroscopic data and comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Notably, these new compounds were not present in the pure culture controls and were only detected in the co-cultures. Compound 4 is the first example of an ent -protoilludane sesquiterpenoid scaffold bearing a five-membered lactone. Compound 6 exhibited moderate in vitro cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines (HL-60, A549, MCF-7, SMMC-7721, and SW480) with IC 50 values ranging from 15.80 to 23.03 μM. Moreover, 6 showed weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC 50 value of 23.85 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A blue emission glutathione stabilized Au nanoclusters prepared by an Au/Histidine complex with ligand-exchanges method was used for sensing of copper ions. We found that the glutathione stabilized Au NCs which has fluorescence emission hundred times higher than the Au/Histidine complex and has a highly selective fluorescence quenching response to copper ion. Other common metal ions, such as mercury, lead, iron and zinc, which could obviously quench or enhance the fluorescence of Au/Histidine complex, do not interfere the sensing of copper using glutathione stabilized Au nanocluster. The possible quenching mechanism and the dynamic quenching process for copper detection were also discussed. The results indicated that copper in the range from 0.5 to 300.0 μM could be linearly detected and the detection could be finished quickly in 5 min. A visual detection method for copper ion that may be used to fast warn copper pollution in waters by naked eyes observation was also be developed using the glutathione stabilized Au NCs probe. Unlabelled Image • Developed a new fluorescence strategy for copper ion sensing. • The method is fast, visual and highly selective to copper ion. • Ligand-exchange is an effective method to study application of a fluorescent NCs probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peniterester (1), a new tricyclic sesquiterpene, together with 6 known compounds (2 – 7) were isolated from the secondary metabolites of an artificial mutant Penicillium sp. T2-M20 which was obtained from the parental strain Penicillium sp. T2–8 via UV irradiation as well as nitrosoguanidine (NTG) induction. Peniterester was only produced by the mutant T2-M20 on the basis of LC-MS analysis. Meanwhile, the results of in vitro bioactivities screening indicated that peniterester owned obvious antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with MICs of 8.0, 8.0 and 4.0 μg/mL, respectively. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 420 rodents in China were examined for Francisella tularensis by polymerase chain reaction. The infection rates were 4.76% in total, and 11.65%, 10.00%, 6.56%, 1.77%, and 0% in Jilin, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Zhejiang, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that all the detected agents belonged to F. tularensis subsp. holarctica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a letter to the editor about pulmonary tuberculosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome in Beijing, China.

B Introduction: b To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in choledocholithiasis and to determine whether use of MRCP may eliminate the need for purely diagnostic laparoscopic trans-cystic common bile duct (CBD) exploration (LTCBDE). B Result: b Forty-three patients were ineligible and excluded for failed common bile duct exploration (18, 7.8%) and lack of MRCP (25, 10.8%), leaving 188 patients for the analysis (175 undergoing LTCBDE, 8 converted to trans-duct exploration and 5 converted to open surgery). However, 40 of 123 patients (88 with a normal MRCP and 35 with CBD dilatation of more than 8mm) had choledocholithiasis identified by LTCBDE. [Extracted from the article]

Ectopic lipid accumulation in muscle is important not only for obesity and myopathy treatment, but also for meat quality improvement in farm animals. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in lipid metabolism in muscle satellite cells are still elusive. In this study, SB216763 reduced GSK3β activation by increasing the level of pGSK3β (Ser9) and decreasing the level of total GSK3β protein. GSK3β inhibition decreased lipid accumulation and downregulated the expression level of lipogenesis-related genes in the adipogenic differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Furthermore, SB216763 treatment increased the levels of pAMPKα (T172) and pACC (Ser79). Further, we found that GSK3β inhibition promoted levels of LC3B-II and reduced the protein levels of p62 to induce the autophagy in muscle satellite cells. Taken together, our results provide new insight into a critical function for GSK3β: modulating lipid accumulation in goat muscle satellite cells through activating the AMPK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TWA1 is associated with microtubule dynamics, cell migration, nucleokinesis and chromosome segregation. However, the role of TWA1 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In this study, Cosmic database revealed that the expression level of TWA1 ranks in the top 20 of overexpressed genes in GC. Further bioinformatic analysis revealed that the expression level of TWA1 was not in connection with the infection status of HP or EB. IHC and IF showed that TWA1 protein was present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, but mainly in the cytoplasm. The high expression level of TWA1 was also related to tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, cancerous node and vascular invasion. Furthermore, higher TWA1 expression was also associated with shorter PFS and OS in GC. The univariate and multivariate analysis suggested the expression of TWA1 was an independent poor prognostic factor in GC. DNA copy number gain contributes to TWA1 overexpression and promoter methylation of TWA1 predicts profitable prognosis. Co-expression showed that TAF4 may function as a transcription factor (TF) regulates TWA1 expression, which further to mediate tumor invasion and metastasis. These findings revealed that TWA1 plays an important role in the development of GC and is expected to become an important biomarker and therapeutic target of tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the thermogenesis and energy storage of brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, knowledge of the cellular transition from BAT to white adipose tissue (WAT) and the potential role of lncRNAs in goat adipose tissue remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the transformation from BAT to WAT using histological and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene analyses. Brown adipose tissue mainly existed within the goat perirenal fat at 1 day and there was obviously a transition from BAT to WAT from 1 day to 1 year. The RNA libraries constructed from the perirenal adipose tissues of 1 day, 30 days, and 1 year goats were sequenced. A total number of 21,232 lncRNAs from perirenal fat were identified, including 5393 intronic-lncRNAs and 3546 antisense-lncRNAs. Furthermore, a total of 548 differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected across three stages (fold change ≥ 2.0, false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05), and six lncRNAs were validated by qPCR. Furthermore, trans analysis found lncRNAs that were transcribed close to 890 protein-coding genes. Additionally, a coexpression network suggested that 4519 lncRNAs and 5212 mRNAs were potentially in trans-regulatory relationships (r > 0.95 or r < −0.95). In addition, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses showed that the targeted genes were involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid elongation and metabolism, the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways. The present study provides a comprehensive catalog of lncRNAs involved in the transformation from BAT to WAT and provides insight into understanding the role of lncRNAs in goat brown adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the long-term excretion of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in sputum and stool specimens from 56 infected patients. The median (range) duration of virus excretion in sputa and stools was 21 (14-52) and 27 (16-126) days, respectively Coexisting illness or conditions were associated with longer viral excretion in stools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marked negative carbon excursion from the upper part of the Member 3 of the Doushantuo Formation (DST3) in South China is generally considered as equivalent of the Shuram excursion. This negative carbon excursion has been identified in numerous sections globally. Due to the lack of chronologic constraints, however, its duration and global synchronicity are obscure and thus much debate still exists regarding to its origin.In order to constrain the duration of the negative carbon excursion from the upper part of DST3, a cyclostratigraphic study has been conducted on two sections around the Huangling Granite (HG), in the eastern Three Gorges region. One section is a segment of the Wuhe-Gaojiaxi (WG) core that was jointly collected by Northwest University and Tokyo Institute of Technology. The WG core is located on the southeast to the HG. The other section is located on the northwest to the HG, named the Zhengjiatang (ZJT) section. The DST3 of the WG core contains two parts in lithology. The upper part is ribbon grey dolomite and the lower is thick-bedded grey dolomite. The DST3 of the ZJT section is more complex in lithology, the top ~5-meter interval is predominated by light grey and pale red dolomite and intervals downward are thin-bedded grey calcite (~9-meter in thickness), thin-bedded purple calcite (18.5-meter in thickness), thin-bedded pink dolomite (~6-meter in thickness) and thick-bedded grey dolomite.The magnetic susceptibility (MS) sequences were achieved from the WG core at 1 cm interval and from the ZJT section at ~5 cm interval. These two MS sequences were comparable. After linear interpolation at 4 cm interval and detrending by subtracting 10% weighted averages, both the MS sequences were ready for cyclostratigraphic analyses, including power spectral analysis, Evolutionary Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrograms, and Gaussian bandpass filtering.The spectral peaks of the MS sequence of the WG core revealed cycle periods of 588-243 cm, 108-78.1 cm, 37.9-24.3 cm, 20.6-15.5 cm and cycle periods of the ZJT section were 325-245 cm, 81.3-60.6 cm, 30.1-19.2 cm, 18.8-14.1 cm. They were consistent and interpreted to correspond to the Milankovitch cycles at ~570 Ma, i.e. eccentricity periods (E, 405 k.y. and e, 100 k.y.), obliquity period (O, 31.7 k.y.) and precession periods (P1, 20.2 k.y., P2, 19.2 k.y. and P3, 16.6 k.y.). The E-filter-output results suggested that duration of the entire negative carbon excursion from the upper part of DST3 in the region was ~6.1 m.y. (~15.2 E). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women, which is the third leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Brachytherapy is the most effective treatment for cervical cancer. For brachytherapy, computed tomography (CT) imaging is necessary since it conveys tissue density information which can be used for dose planning. However, the metal artifacts caused by brachytherapy applicators remain a challenge for the automatic processing of image data for image-guided procedures or accurate dose calculations. Therefore, developing an effective metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm in cervical CT images is of high demand.Methods: A novel residual learning method based on convolutional neural network (RL-ARCNN) is proposed to reduce metal artifacts in cervical CT images. For MAR, a dataset is generated by simulating various metal artifacts in the first step, which will be applied to train the CNN. This dataset includes artifact-insert, artifact-free, and artifact-residual images. Numerous image patches are extracted from the dataset for training on deep residual learning artifact reduction based on CNN (RL-ARCNN). Afterwards, the trained model can be used for MAR on cervical CT images.Results: The proposed method provides a good MAR result with a PSNR of 38.09 on the test set of simulated artifact images. The PSNR of residual learning (38.09) is higher than that of ordinary learning (37.79) which shows that CNN-based residual images achieve favorable artifact reduction. Moreover, for a 512 × 512 image, the average removal artifact time is less than 1 s.Conclusions: The RL-ARCNN indicates that residual learning of CNN remarkably reduces metal artifacts and improves critical structure visualization and confidence of radiation oncologists in target delineation. Metal artifacts are eliminated efficiently free of sinogram data and complicated post-processing procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The neuroprotective role of propofol (PPF) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) has recently been highlighted. This study aimed to explore whether the neuroprotective mechanisms of PPF were linked to its regulation of Ca2+/CaMKKβ (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β)/AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)/autophagy pathway. Methods: Cultured primary rat cerebral cortical neurons were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R) to mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro. Results: Compared with the control neurons, OGD/R exposure successfully induced neuronal I/R injury. Furthermore, OGD/R exposure notably caused autophagy induction, reflected by augmented LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin 1 expression, decreased p62 expression, and increased LC3 puncta formation. Moreover, OGD/R exposure induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). However, PPF treatment significantly antagonized OGD/R-triggered cell injury, autophagy induction, and [Ca2+]i elevation. Further investigation revealed that both autophagy induction by rapamycin and [Ca2+]i elevation by the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin significantly reversed the PPF-mediated amelioration of OGD/R-triggered cell injury. Importantly, ionomycin also significantly abrogated the PPF-mediated suppression of autophagy and CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR signaling in OGD/R-exposed neurons. Additionally, activation of CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR signaling abrogated the PPF-mediated autophagy suppression. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that PPF antagonized OGD/R-triggered neuronal injury, which might be mediated, at least in part, via inhibition of autophagy through Ca2+/CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Hainan black goat was determined for the first time by the PCR-based method. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,641 bp, including 33.54% A, 26.04% C, 27.31% T, 13.11% G. The genome structure contained 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region (D-loop region). These results have extended more detail information of mitochondrial genome, thus being useful for further study on the genetic divergence and phylogenetic resolution of global goats. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Meigu goat (Capra hircus) is one of the indigenous goat breeds in China. Our research findings revealed that the entire mitochondrial genome of Meigu goat was 16,643 bp in length. The contents of A, C, T and G in the mitochondrial genome were 33.59%, 26.05%, 27.31% and 13.05%, respectively. The mitogenome of meigu goat contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region. Components of the Meigu goat’s mitogenome were similar to those of otherCapra hircusin gene arrangement and composition. These results could provide essential information for molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of domestic goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome of Boer goat. The mitogenome was 16,639 bp in length, comprised of 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 putative control region. Almost all genes were encoded on the H-strand except theND6and eight tRNA genes. Most of the genes initiated with ATG, whereasND2, ND3andND5started with ATA. The total base composition of the mitogenome was 33.53% for A, 26.05% for C, 13.12% for T and 27.30% for G. These results provide a standard reference sequence for phylogenetic analyses among goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanjiang Yellow goat (Capra hircus) is the first cultured mutton breed in China. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Nanjiang Yellow goat has been identified for the first time. The total length of the mitochondrial genome was 16,639 bp, with the base composition of 33.54% A, 26.05% C, 13.11% G and 27.30% T. It contained 37 genes (22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 13 protein-coding genes) and a major non-coding control region (D-loop). Most of the genes have ATG initiation codons, whereasND2, ND3andND5start with ATA. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Nanjiang Yellow goat provides an important data set for further estimation on the phylogeographic structure of domestic goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tibetan goat (Capra hircus), a breed native to China, is adapted to cold and hypoxia. Here, we describe the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Tibetan goat. The mitochondrial genome is 16,640 bp in length, with a base composition of 33.6% A, 26.0% C, 13.1% G and 27.3% T. It has a typical mitogenome structure, containing 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and a non-coding control region (D-loop region). Most of the genes have ATG initiation codons, whereasND2, ND3andND5start with ATA. This genomic data provides a strating point for future phylogenetics studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the co-culture of Nigrospora oryzae and Beauveria bassiana, the endophytes in the seeds of Dendrobium officinale, were examined for metabolite diversity. Five new azaphilones were isolated, and their structures were determined by spectral analysis. In terms of azaphilones, compound 2 had an unprecedented skeleton, with a bicyclic oxygen bridge. The antifungal selectivities of the metabolite produced by N. oryzae against its co-culture fungus, B. bassiana, and common pathogens exhibited competitive interaction in this mix-culture. Compounds 1 and 2 showed obvious nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity with ratios of 37%, and 39%, respectively, at a concentration of 50 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since solar–thermal collectors are considered to be the most direct way of converting solar energy into usable forms, in the last few years growing attention has been paid to the development of transition metal nitride and metal oxynitride based thin film selective surfaces for solar–thermal collectors, in order to harvest more solar energy. A solar–thermal energy system, generally, shows very high solar absorption of incident solar radiation from the solar–thermal collectors in the visible range (0.3 to 2.5 μm) and extremely low thermal losses through emission (or high reflection) in the infrared region (≥2.5 μm). The efficiency of a solar–thermal energy conversion system can be improved by the use of solar selective surfaces consisting of novel metallic nanoparticles embedded in metal nitride/oxynitride systems. In order to enhance the effectiveness of solar–thermal devices, solar selective surfaces with high thermal stability are a prerequisite. Over the years, substantial efforts have been made in the field of solar selective surfaces to attain higher solar absorptance and lower thermal emittance in high temperature (above 400 °C) applications. In this article, we review the present state-of-the-art transition metal nitride and/or oxynitride based vacuum sputtered nanostructured thin film coatings, with respect to their optical and solar selective surface applications. We have also summarized the solar selectivity data from recently published investigations, including discussion on some potential applications for these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ethanol gas sensor with enhanced sensor response was fabricated using Ni-doped SnO2 nanorods, synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. It was found that the response (R = R0/Rg) of a 5.0 mol% Ni-doped SnO2 (5.0Ni:SnO2) nanorod sensor was 1.4 × 104 for 1000 ppm C2H5OH gas, which is about 13 times higher than that of pure SnO2 nanorods, (1.1 × 103) at the operating temperature of 450 °C. Moreover, for 50 ppm C2H5OH gas, the 5.0Ni:SnO2 nanorod sensor still recorded a significant response reading, namely 2.0 × 103 with a response time of 30 s and recovery time of 10 min. To investigate the effect of Ni dopant (0.5–5.0 mol%) on SnO2 nanorods, structural characterizations were demonstrated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and an ultraviolet–visible spectrometer. XRD results confirmed that all the samples consisted of tetragonal-shaped rutile SnO2 nanorods. It was found that the average diameter and length of the nanorods formed in 5.0Ni:SnO2 were four times smaller (∼6 and ∼35 nm, respectively) than those of the nanorods formed in pure SnO2 (∼25 and 150 nm). Interestingly, both samples had the same aspect ratio, ∼6. It is proposed that the high response of the 5.0Ni:SnO2 nanorod sensor can be attributed to the particle size, which causes an increase in the thickness of the charge depletion layer, and the presence of oxygen vacancies within the matrix of SnO2 nanorods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compound (II) exhibits moderate antibacterial activities against C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, triggering irreversible myocardial cell damage and heart failure. The role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) as coreceptors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the adult heart remain unknown. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 and dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1) are 2 secreted LRP5/6 binding proteins that play a crucial role in heart development through preventing Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. However, their roles in the adult heart remain unexplored.Methods: To understand the role of LRP5/6 and β-catenin in the adult heart, we constructed conditional cardiomyocyte-specific LRP5/6 and β-catenin knockout mice and induced surgical myocardial infarction. We also directly injected recombinant proteins of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 and Dkk1 into the heart immediately following myocardial infarction to further examine the mechanisms through which these proteins regulate LRP5/6 and β-catenin.Results: Deletion of LRP5/6 promoted cardiac ischemic insults. Conversely, deficiency of β-catenin, a downstream target of LRP5/6, was beneficial in ischemic injury. It is interesting to note that although both insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 and Dkk1 are secreted Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitors, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 protected the ischemic heart by inhibiting β-catenin, whereas Dkk1 enhanced the injury response mainly through inducing LRP5/6 endocytosis and degradation.Conclusions: Our findings reveal previously unidentified dual roles of LRP5/6 involved in the cardiomyocyte response to ischemic injury. These findings suggest new therapeutic strategies in ischemic heart disease by fine-tuning LRP5/6 and β-catenin signaling within the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study of tick-borne diseases using actively questing and feeding ticks collected from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China in the summers of 2007 and 2008. Researchers found that the isolates had the same phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, similar to those of previously reported Roseomonas spp. (1), but required a lower salt concentration and a higher temperature for optimal growth compared to other species. The isolates were susceptible to several aminoglycosides but resistant to cephalosporins and sulfamethoxazole.

Two new cyclic tetrapeptides (I) and (II) are isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces rutgersensis T009 obtained from Elaphodus davidianus excrement together with 15 known compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the study "Alstorisine A, a nor-Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid From Cecidogenous Leaves of Alstonia scholaris" by Y. Y. Chen and colleagues is presented.

The article presents chemical equations for the article "Highly Efficient Transformation of cis- to trans-Cinnamic Acid Derivatives by Iodine" by Z.-J. Li and others published in the journal "Tetrahedron Letters" in 2016.

Although calcitonin gene-related peptide is a recognized pain transducer, the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary afferents may be differentially affected following different types of nerve injury. Here, we examined whether different calcitonin gene-related peptide expression patterns in primary afferents contributes to distinct sensory disturbances in three animal models of sciatic nerve injury: chronic constriction injury, mild (100g force) or strong (1000g force) transient crush in rats. Assessments of withdrawal reflexes and spontaneous behavior indicated that chronic constriction injury and mild crush resulted in positive neuropathic symptoms (static/dynamic mechanical allodynia, heat hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, spontaneous pain). However, strong crush led to both positive (dynamic mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, spontaneous pain) and negative symptoms (static mechanical hypoesthesia, heat hypoalgesia). Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia and corresponding spinal cord segments, and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglia, indicated that the primary afferent calcitonin gene-related peptide supply was markedly reduced only after strong crush. This reduction paralleled the development of negative symptoms (static mechanical hypoesthesia and heat hypoalgesia). Administration of exogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide intrathecally after strong crush did not alter heat hypoalgesia but ameliorated static mechanical hypoesthesia, an effect blocked by a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. Thus, reducing the primary afferent calcitonin gene-related peptide supply contributed to subsequent negative neuropathic symptoms, especially to static mechanical stimuli. Moreover, nerve injury caused a subcellular redistribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide from small- and medium-size dorsal root ganglia neurons to large-size dorsal root ganglia neurons, which paralleled the development of positive neuropathic symptoms. Intrathecal administration of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist ameliorated these positive symptoms, indicating that the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in large-size dorsal root ganglia neurons is important for the positive neuropathic symptoms in all three models. Taken together, these results suggest that distinct calcitonin gene-related peptide expression pattern in primary afferents contribute to different neuropathic symptoms following chronic constriction or crush injuries to the rat sciatic nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ebola virus disease (EVD) has erupted many times in some zones since it was first found in 1976. The 2014 EVD outbreak in West Africa is the largest ever, which has caused a large number of deaths and the most serious country is Liberia during the outbreak period. Based on the data released by World Health Organization and the actual transmission situations, we investigate the impact of different transmission routes on the EVD outbreak in Liberia and estimate the basic reproduction number R0 = 2.012 in the absence of effective control measures. Through sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, we reveal that the transmission coefficients of suspected and probable cases have stronger correlations on the basic reproduction number. Furthermore, we study the influence of control measures (isolation and safe burial measures) on EVD outbreak. It is found that if combined control measures are taken, the basic reproduction number will be less than one and thus EVD in Liberia may be well contained. The obtained results may provide new guidance to prevent and control the spread of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resonant cavity-enhanced (RCE) quantum dot (QD) field-effect transistor (RCEQDFET) is designed for single-photon detection in this paper. Adding distributed Bragg reflection (DBR) mirrors to the single-photon detector (SPD), we improve the light absorption efficiency of the SPD. The effects of the reflectivity of the mirrors, the thickness and light absorption coefficient of the absorbing layer on the detector's light absorption efficiency are investigated, and the resonant cavity is determined by using the air/semiconductor interface as the mirror on the top. Through analyzing the relationship between the refractive index of Alx:Ga1−x:As and Al component, we choose AlAs/Al0.15Ga0.85As as the material of the mirror on the bottom. The pairs of AlAs/Al0.15Ga0.85 As film are further determined to be 21 by calculating the reflectivity of the mirror. The detector is fabricated from semiconductor heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The reflection spectrum, photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, photocurrent response, and channel current of the detector are tested and the results show that the RCEQDFET-SPD designed in this paper has better performances in photonic response and wavelength selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subject index for a 2014 issue of the journal "ChemInform" is presented.