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The conditions necessary for the recording of quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the hexane-soluble oil separated from a coal hydrogenation product have been investigated. Measured values of T1 for different signals in the spectrum were less than 1 s, and altering the pulse-repetition time beyond 2–4 s had little effect on carbon aromaticities. The nuclear Overhauser effect was suppressed by gating the proton decoupling. Assignments of chemical shifts for various signals in the spectrum of the oil were made by reference to literature spectra of polyaromatic substances and their derivatives. Determinations of different structural carbon types were internally consistent.

The present paper deals with an optimal stopping problem which permits the cost of obserbation in the case of continuous time Markov processes. Under certain conditions of the terminal functions and the running cost functions, we show the existence of a finite optimal stopping time. Moreover we also discuss a free boundary problem concerning the optimal stopping problem.

This paper deals with a zero-sum game, whose state changes correspondingly with a kind of Markov process. In the game the two players' strategies are when to stop the game to maximize their own rewards. In this paper we investigate optimal stopping times, optimal rewards and the conditions which should be satisfied. To describe more precisely, it is as follows. Let $ M $ be an $ m $-symmetric Hunt process and let $ (mathfrak{F}, mathfrak{E}) $ be the corresponding Dirichlet space. For $ alpha > 0 $ and $ W in mathfrak{F} $ we consider a variational inequality : (1.1) $ U^alpha in Re $, $ mathfrak{E}_alpha(U^alpha - W, V - U^alpha) geqq 0 $ for all $ V in Re $, where $ Re $ is a certain subset of $ mathfrak{F} $. In this paper we investigate properties of solutions $ U^alpha $ of (1.1) and we show that solutions $ U^alpha $ has a quasi-continuous version which becomes to be a value of a certain zero-sum game associated with regions $ X - F_i (i=1,2) $ not to permit stopping the game. The aim of this paper is to discuss these in the case of $ m $-symmetric Hunt processes, which have $ m $-symmetric diffusion processes and $ m $-symmetric jump processes as examples. When the processes are transient, we can treat the case of # alpha = 0 $ and we discuss it similarly.

The changes in pore structure of six kinds of Japanese coals heat treated up to 900°C were measured by the absorption of carbon dioxide at 298°K and 273°K.The micro-pore volume, the parameter of static pore size distribution, and the parameter of dynamic pore size were calculated from the intercept and gradient of Dubinin-Polanyi equation and the ratio of the amounts adsorbed during first 10 minutes to those of equilibrium state.The micro-pore volume decreased slightly with the increase of HTT and showed a minimum at about 400°C. Then increased to about 600°C in all the samples investigated. At the higher temperature than about 600°C, the values of coals of higher rank than 85%C decreased sharply with the increase of HTT, but those of coals lower rank than 85%C flattened off or increased slightly.It was found that the changes of pore structure were mainly due to the oozing out of tarry materials, demethanation, dehydrogenation and thermal shrinkage, in the range of HTT of about 100-400°C, about 400-700°C and above about 700°C, respectively.

Changes in the fine structure of Japanese non-caking and caking coals heattreated in the range from 100 to 900°C were followed by measuring the carbon dioxide adsorption and the mercury-penetration as a function of heat treatment temperature. The micro-pore volume, the parameter of static pore size distribution and the parameter of dynamic pore size distribution were deduced from the carbon dioxide adsorption by using the intercept and the gradient in a plot of rectilinear form of the Dubinin-Polanyi equation. Changes of the micro-pore volume are compared with those of pore volumes deduced from the difference of specific volumes in mercury, n-hexane and methanol. Changes in the fine structure of carbonized coals may be explained by oozing out of tarry materials at about 400°C, the demethanation and dehydrogenation at about 400–700°C, and the thermal shrinkage above about 700°C.

At the Government Industrial Development Laboratory, Hokkaido, the process consisting of low-temperature carbonisation and hot briquetting followed by high temperature carbonisation is being investigated to convert non-or slightly caking coals into metallurgical coke and also to develop a continuous coke-making process. It is based on the technique for making solid smokeless fuel reported previously.This paper relates to low-temperature carbonisation and hot briquetting carried out with a pilot plant of 250kg/hr.Coking coals blended with 30 to 50 per cent of slightly caking coals of 1 to 11/2 in free swelling index are crushed and carbonized at 410-450°C in a fluidized bed carbonizer provided with a stirrer. Hot fine coals are formed while still hot by a double roll press.At first air was used as a fluidizing gas and then it was replaced by hot inert gas. Bed temperature was controlled within ±5°C by means of automatic feed control. In this way, briquet coke high in strength became obtainable.Secondly, a pre-heater of fluidized bed was added in series before the carbonizer. Though the effects of shortening of residence time in the carbonizer on coke quality were little recognized, the capacity of the carbonizer was much increased. From these results, a compound fluidized carbonizer was proposed.As regards high temperature carbonisation, a fluidized medium carbonizer of horizontal type is still in the stage of laboratory scale, experimental results being briefly described.

炭の粘着およびコークス化性に関する最近の研究とその動向とを綜説した。最初に種々の方法でとらえられた加熱時の粘結炭特有の挙動をあげて粘結現象とこれについての最近の考え方を紹介し, ついでいま一つコークス強度に重要な影響をもつコークス化過程における亀裂の生成機構とこれを支配する因子とについて主として著者の研究を概述し, これらの観点からコークス製造のための石炭配合における合性に関する本邦の研究を紹介してその進歩の過程を明らかにした。

The experiment of CO2 adsorption on twelve kinds of Japanese coals and five kinds of foreign coals was carried out and the applicability of Dubinin's theory of micro-pore volume filling was examined. The results were satisfactory.The isosteric differential heat of adsorption evaluated from the characteristic curve was almost constant over the whole rank.The evaluation of surface area was also made by Marsh's method. The plot of the surface areas of Japanese coals against C% showed a concave curve with a minimum at about 85%C and was somewhat smaller than that of foreign coals obtained by Marsh.The rate of adsorption of CO2 on coals was usually slow and different in rank. The relative adsorption values (Vt/V∞) at adsorption time 1, 800sec were plotted against C%. The Vt/V∞ value increased with rank and had a maximum at about 85%C. This shape of curve was also observed in the plot of the gradient of rectilinear characteristic curve against C%.In conclusion, the average pore diameter is small in low rank coals and, with the increase of coal rank, it increases and has a maximum of about 85%C and then decreases. On the contrary, the variation of the surface area with rank was entirely opposite to that of the average pore diameter.

ガスクロマトグラフの検出器として選択性および感度のきわめてよい発光分光型検出器を用いて金属TFAキレートの定量を試みた.目的元素の発光スペクトルは2450MHzの無電極放電管のプラズマで励起した.検出下限はベリリウム,クロムでは0.1ng,アルミニウムでは1ngであった.またガリウム,銅,鉄,インジウムは検量線のこう配が大きく,検出下限はそれぞれ10,60,100,200ngであった.キャリヤーガス中にTFA蒸気を少量加えておくことにより銅2ng,鉄15ngまで検出することが可能となり,検量線のこう配もゆるやかになる.これはTFA蒸気によりカラム中での金属キレートの分解または吸着が妨げられるためで,キレートの熱的安定性と関係づけられることが熱分析によりわかった.

Yubari Coal were subjected to mild reaction conditions, and afollow up on the changes in structural parameter of the reaction products in the course of reaction was carried out as part of the investigation on the reaction mechanism of bydrogenolysis. At the same time two or three discussions were made on the chemical structure of coal, (1) Original coal samples, Py-2, Py-1 showed highly similar structural charac-teristics and it was surmized that the decrease the molecular weight of the original coal to Py-1 could be mainly attributed to cleavage of the linkagebetween structural units accompanying deoxigene.(2) It was shrmized that Py-1 as compared with A has a larger number of pericondensd rings. Further in the course from py-1→A it may be surmized fhat the production of side chains arizing from saturation of terminal aromatic rings is accompanied by cleavage of the linkage of structural units.(3) From A→O2 while saturation of aromatis rings is proceeding, the decomposition of structural units is limited and the main reaction of pecrease the molecular weight is the cleavage of linkage of the structural units. It was also clarified that the decomposition of structural units was remarkable at the O2→O1 stage.(4) As pointed out hitherto it was reconfirmed that among Yubari coals there are two types oxygen. Namely one in which the oxygen reactivity is repidly removed and the other in which the removal is compalatively slow.(5) Similar to the case of oxygen, there are also 2 types of sulfur. And it was recognized that inactive parts are removed only after the decomposition of structural units. It was also noted that nitogen exhibited a similar behavior to that of inactive sulfur.

As coke is a heterogeneous, porous and fissured solid, the adequate information concerning the mechanical properties of coke itself has not been obtained in spite of the necessity to be clarified. Such practical measures as the shatter test and drum test give little fundamental knowledge.In the present investigation, the Knoop hardness, by which the yield stress or the plastic flow stress could be obtained in an ideal hardness test, was adopted.Five kinds of coke-two for blast furnace, two for foundry and one for general use were cut into small square blocks at 2cm and 9cm distant from coke oven wall end, and then planes vertical and parallel to coke oven wall were polished plishad surfaces of rectangular specimens were pressed with a diamond Knoop indenter at various tempera-tures from 20°C to 1, 100°C during heating.The trend of the Knoop hardness of five cokes to temperature was much the same, and there was little variance in hardness with kineds of coke, the orientation and the distance from oven wall end.At a room temperature Knoop hardness number H is about 280kg/mm2, which agrees closelly with those obtained by other workers. It does not change up to 500°C, but begins to decrease slightly at 700°C. With increasing temperature from 900°C to 1, 100°C H abruptly decreases to 150kg/mm2, which is about one-half of the value at a room temperature. Young's modulus and failure stress of coke deduced from hardness number are 7.7×1010dyne/cm2, 7×109 dyne/cm2 respectively at a room temperature.The thermal dependences of hardness is reversible under heating and cooling for all cokes except one, so that it seems the decrease of H at high temperatures is not due to the structual transformation of coke, but to the thermal energy.From these results it is considered that coke is composed of segments which have primary bonds and are in random orientation in the mass.

The variation of the Knoop hardness number (Hk) in a temperature range of 20°C to 350°C was investigated for eight kinds of coal of different ranks.The Hk of brown coals (Tempoku and Taiheiyo) increased remarkably with the increase of tempearature. The Hk determined at a room temperature after the heating at 350°C was higher than that before the heating. The increase of Hk with temperature is considered to be mainly due to the intrinsic changes (the evolution of moisture and the increment of crosslinkages) in brown coals.The Hk of anthracite (Omine) began to increase slightly above about 200°C. This would be due to the increase in the elastic recovery, because the Hk at a room temperature after heating at 350°C was identical to that before the heating.The Hk of bituminous coals (Miike, Yubari, Hashima and Itmann), on the other hand, decreased with the temperature. The temperature change of Yubari coal and Hashima coal was reversible. For Miike coal, the Hk obtained at a room temperature after the heating at 350°C was slightly lower than that before the heating, but for Itmann coal it was slightly higher. It is interpreted that the decrease of Hk is due to the increase of free volume, the effect of bitumen as plasticizer and the decomposition of coal.The Hk of durite was lower than the value of vitrite except Itmann coal. In case of bituminous coals, both the Hk of durite and vitrite decreased with the increase of temperature. The former depended more apparetly on temperature than the latter.

The adsorption of carbon dioxide at 298 K, 273 K and 253 K by the vitrains of twelve Japanese coals and five foreign coals has been studied. The Dubinin-Polanyi equation was used in order to interpret the isotherms. Equilibrium points at different temperatures fell satisfactorily on a single straight line of the Dubinin-Polanyi equation. It was shown that it is possible to estimate the differential heat of adsorption of these coals from an isotherm obtained at a single temperature if the isotherm follows the Dubinin-Polanyi equation. The heats of adsorption of carbon dioxide on coals amounted to 6–7.5 kcal/mol regardless of rank. The rate of adsorption of carbon dioxide on coals was measured at a constant pressure of 260 mmHg at 298 K. The micropore volume, the gradient of the Dubinin plot and the rate of adsorption are discussed in relation to characteristics of their infra-red adsorption spectra. It is concluded that the micropore structure of coal is closely related to the number of hydrogen atoms bound directly to carbon atoms. A possible explanation of this is suggested.

石炭の粘結性に関してこれ迄本邦に於て行われた50に及ぶ研究をコークス製造の見地から夫々の内察に応じて粘結性測定法, ピチューメンの作用, フミン質の役割, コークス性結性に影響を及ぼす諸因子, 硬質コークス製造法等に分類し, 各研究の概要を述べた。粘結性の測定法はこれ迄に種々提案されており, このうちの2, 3は工業的な意味での粘結性の測定に不完全ながら適用出來ると思われる。粘着性は主として所謂ピチューメンの量によつて支配されるが, 同時にフミン質の影響を見逃すことは出來ず, 本質的には石炭を構成する單位体同志を束縛している凝集力の大小に支配されると考えるべきである。コークス化性に対してはフミン質の性質特にそのビチューンンに対する反応性の如何が更に大きな役割を演ずる。粘結性に関与する因子としては風化,粒度, 乾溜速度, 灰分, 割れ等の影響があげられ, これ等の研究の成果として国内炭から強度の高いコークスを作る2, 3の方法が得られている。

コークス製造の際の代表的組合せの配合試験結果を解析してっぎめ結論を得た。配合炭のボタン指数が312以上あればコークス強度 (ドラム15mm上%, y) は配合炭揮発分 (x%) のみに依存し, 両者の関係は次式であらわされる。y=aebx+c (18>x>42)本報告の試験例ではa=-0.000175, b=0.286, c=94.2である。上の式からつぎの関係が得られる。y=c-(c-yo) e-kz, k=b (v2-v1)ただしy0は弱粘結炭単味コークス強度, Zは強粘結炭配合割合, V1およびV2はそれぞれ強粘および弱粘の揮発分である。これらの式によつてコークス強度を予知することが可能である。多数の本邦炭についての試験結果によれば強粘結炭はボタン指数が412以上で揮発分 (無水無灰ベース) が20～37.5%のものであると限定できる。この基準は上記の配合炭にも適用できる。なお著者は揮発分がコークス化性を支配する理由についても簡単に考察を加えた。

Organic solar cells (OSCs) were generally fabricated by two types of deposition method, namely, dry and wet. Many OSCs use very thin films that cannot fully absorb light. Thick film deposition for OSCs has numerous benefits, such as highly efficient harnessing of solar light and low leakage. Thick film fabrication for polymer blend organic solar cells by the wet deposition method was investigated. OSCs were fabricated by spin coating and slow drying using P3HT and bis[60]PCBM in a solvent, respectively. Two-dimensional (2D)-mapping images of the photocurrent of the cells were measured by a laser-beam-induced current method. A low-current density area was not found in all the cells. As a result, we succeeded in fabricating OSCs with a power conversion efficiency of more than 4% by slow drying.

In this paper, by using a fuzzy relation, we define a dynamic fuzzy system with a bounded convex fuzzy reward on the positive orthant R n + of an n -dimensional Euclidean space. As a measure of the system's performance, we introduce the time average fuzzy reward, which is characterized by the limiting fuzzy state under the contractive properties of the fuzzy relation. In the one-dimensional case, the average fuzzy reward is expressed explicitly by the functional equations concerning the extreme points of its α-cuts. Also, a numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results.

In a stochastic and fuzzy environment, two kinds of stopping models are discussed and compared. The optimal fuzzy stopping times are given under the assumptions of monotonicity and regularity for stopping rules. Also, we find that fuzzy stopping times are favored in a comparison between fuzzy and classical stopping models.

Spectroscopic features of various thiophene/phenylene co-oligomers with various molecular sizes and shapes have been investigated in the form of thin films. Of these compounds, shorter oligomers as...

We investigated the device properties of a copper (II) perfluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc)-based n-channel organic thin-film transistor (TFT) with source and drain electrodes consisting of an LiF/Al bilayer. We clarified that the LiF thin film intercalated between the F16CuPc and Al layers played a key role in the observed field-effect transistor characteristics of the TFT. We concluded that the contact resistance was effectively reduced by the LiF layer, providing protection against an unfavorable chemical reaction with Al and possible formation of n-doped regions in the vicinity of the LiF/Al electrodes of the F16CuPc layer.

The pyrene complexes with six polynitro aromatic compounds are isomorphous to each other above the transition temperatures. The onset of a large degree of molecular motion has been shown from broad-line NMR measurements to occur at the transition temperature of all the six complexes.

Four anion radical salts of the 2 : 3 type were derived from 9-dicyanomethylene-2,4,7-trinitrofluorene. Their electronic spectra, the ESR spectra characteristic of triplet excitons, and the electrical properties were measured.

The nature of the sand separated from Athabasca tar sand (Canada) by solvent extraction was examined. The existence of α-SiO2 was confirmed by X-ray analysis. By DTA-TG determination, the occurrence of displacive transformation from low quartz to high quartz at 573±1 °C was proved, this coincides with the results obtained by means of X-ray analysis.

Ba-Y-Cu-O superconducting tapes were fabricated by the reaction between Cu substrate and mixture of BaCO3 and Y2O3 powders. Two layers of different compounds were formed on the Cu substrate after the reaction. The outer layer consisted of Ba2Y1Cu3O9-y superconducting compound and the inner layer was identified as Cu2O. Superconducting transition temperatures of 93 K (onset) and 40 K (offset) for the tapes were obtained.