734 results on '"Speed of processing"'
Search Results
502. A comparison of red cell recovery between two different methods of red cell washing
- Author
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Donna F. Hobson, Paul S. Potter, and Jonathan H. Waters
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Erythrocytes ,Time Factors ,Red Cell ,business.industry ,Blood Loss, Surgical ,Surgical wound ,Centrifugation ,Speed of processing ,Cell Separation ,Efficiency ,In Vitro Techniques ,Hemolysis ,Surgery ,Red blood cell ,Hemoglobins ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Blood loss ,Medicine ,Humans ,Hemoglobin ,business ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
UNLABELLED The success of cell salvage varies depending upon how many shed red blood cells (RBC) are captured from the surgical wound and returned to the patient. Here, the authors hypothesized that pneumatic disk (PD) processing might provide better RBC recovery when compared with traditional Latham bowl (LB) techniques. Comparison of the speed of processing, product hemoglobin and salvage efficiency was made between the two machines when their reservoirs were loaded with blood volumes ranging from 100 mL to 1000 mL. The PD provided a consistent hemoglobin concentration (21.7 +/- 0.8 g/dL; mean +/- SD), whereas the LB provided varying hemoglobin concentrations dependent upon the starting volume (range, 2.9 +/- 0.7 g/dL to 18.4 +/- 0.8 g/dL). The PD also provided more efficiency versus full LB only (79.4% versus 56.3%; P = 0.001). When all RBCs were processed, the LB technology provided statistically larger degrees of RBC return (79.4% versus 83.6% for the PD versus LB, respectively; P < 0.001). The processing speed of the LB was faster at all starting volumes. In conclusion, for small volumes of blood loss where a full LB is not achieved, the PD will return a larger number of cells with a more consistent hemoglobin per volume of blood processed. IMPLICATIONS This study compared two types of cell salvage equipment. Pneumatic disk processing may offer advantages over traditional devices when small blood loss is anticipated.
- Published
- 2003
503. Dyslexia: the possible benefit of multimodal integration of fMRI- and EEG-data
- Author
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M. Klingert, Marc Ligges, Herbert Witte, Werner A. Kaiser, Carolin Grünling, Reinhard Rzanny, Ralph Huonker, Bernhard Blanz, and Hans-Joachim Mentzel
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Adolescent ,Normal Distribution ,Electroencephalography ,Dyslexia ,Neuroimaging ,Eeg data ,medicine ,High spatial resolution ,Humans ,Child ,Biological Psychiatry ,Analysis of Variance ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Brain ,Speed of processing ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Multivariate Analysis ,Neurology (clinical) ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Psychology ,Photic Stimulation ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Biological research about dyslexia has been conducted using various neuroimaging methods like functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) or Electroencephalography (EEG). Since language functions are characterized by both distributed network activities and speed of processing within milliseconds, high temporal as well as high spatial resolution of activation profiles are of interest: "where" can dyslexia specific activations be detected and "when" do language processes start to diverge between dyslexics and controls? Due to the network character of language processing, fMRI-constrained distributed source models based on EEG-data were computed for multimodal data integration. First single-case results show that this method could be a promising approach for the understanding of a repeatedly described experimental finding for dyslexia like that of an overactivation in inferior frontal language areas. Multimodal data analysis for the subjects presented here could probably demonstrate that inferior frontal overactivations are the consequence of a phonological deficit and could represent ongoing articulation processes used to solve phonologically challenging tasks.
- Published
- 2003
504. Age-of-acquisition ratings for 2332 Dutch words from 49 different semantic categories
- Author
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Marc Brysbaert, Mandy Ghyselinck, and Roel Custers
- Subjects
Variable (computer science) ,Age of Acquisition ,Multitude ,Verbal fluency test ,Social Sciences ,Speed of processing ,Semantic system ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Linguistics ,Test (assessment) ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Words differ with respect to their frequency-of-occurrence in the language and with respect to the age at which they are acquired. Research has indicated that both variables have a large impact on the speed of processing in a multitude of psycholinguistic tasks. A problem for the research, however, is that the information about the age of acquisition for many types of words is very limited. In Dutch, the information is largely confined to short words. Because there is increasing evidence that age of acquisition may be an important variable in the organisation of the semantic system, we present data about 2,332 carefully selected words from 49 different semantic categories. These will provide researchers with the information needed to test a wide range of hypotheses about the origins of the age-of-acquisition effect and to adequately select their stimuli for semantic categorisation tasks.
- Published
- 2003
505. Stages of test development
- Author
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Arthur Hughes
- Subjects
Computer science ,Mathematics education ,Achievement test ,Speed of processing ,Readability ,Test (assessment) - Published
- 2002
506. Corner detection using Gabor-type filtering
- Author
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Azhar Quddus and M.M. Fahmy
- Subjects
Gray level ,Robustness (computer science) ,business.industry ,Feature extraction ,Corner detection ,Binary number ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,Speed of processing ,business ,Curvature ,Scale interaction ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper a new corner detection technique using Gabor filters is proposed. It is suitable for both binary and gray level images with varying backgrounds. This technique is based on a scale interaction model, where the difference of two lowpass filters (with different bandwidths) is utilized to extract the corners, line intersections and line endings in the input image. The filtering is done iteratively until the change in the output is below a certain threshold. This technique does not require tracking the boundary and computing the curvature. The important features of the scheme include simplicity, robustness, speed of processing and availability of simple controls to tune the technique for various computer vision applications.
- Published
- 2002
507. New model of automatic fingerprint verification system
- Author
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K. Ohashi
- Subjects
Computer science ,Interface (computing) ,Real-time computing ,Pattern recognition (psychology) ,Information system ,Information processing ,Fingerprint Verification Competition ,Speed of processing ,Data mining ,User interface ,Fingerprint recognition ,computer.software_genre ,computer - Abstract
This paper discusses the New Automatic Verification System. The introduction of this in response to a demand for greater capacity and higher speed processing for the fingerprint identification work being performed by National Police Agency of Japan, aims at an improved man-machine interface, raising the speed of processing, simplified procedures, a more integrated input system, etc., and has realized higher speed search and verification in comparison with the previous model.
- Published
- 2002
508. Developmentally impaired processing speed decreases more than normally with age
- Author
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Veijo Virsu, Pekka Lahti-Nuuttila, and Marja Laasonen
- Subjects
Senescence ,Adult ,Male ,Aging ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Intelligence ,Brain damage ,050105 experimental psychology ,Dyslexia ,Perceptual Disorders ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Reading (process) ,Physical Stimulation ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Temporal information ,media_common ,General Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Brain ,Cognition ,Speed of processing ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Acoustic Stimulation ,Reading ,Touch ,Time Perception ,Developmental dyslexia ,Auditory Perception ,Visual Perception ,Educational Status ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Cognition Disorders ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
Several studies show that although function may recover after brain damage the insult can nevertheless cause accelerated deterioration in old age. This has been interpreted as indicating reduced neuronal capacity to counteract age-related decline with plastic changes. Psychosocial and compensatory factors obscure the neuronal explanation. Since the speed of processing sequential temporal information is impaired in developmental dyslexia, we investigated its dependence on age (20-59 years) in psychosocially comparable groups of dyslexic and fluent readers using six tasks. Processing speed was impaired in dyslexia and decreased with age. The decrement was faster in dyslexic than normal readers in processing periodic stimuli. No exacerbation occurred in reading and other experiential factors. Our results, therefore, support the neuronal explanation.
- Published
- 2002
509. Assessment of Reaction Time of Soccer Goalkeepers Wicketkeepers in Cricket and Kho-kho Players
- Author
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Sentu Mitra
- Subjects
biology ,Cricket ,Statistics ,West bengal ,Operations management ,Speed of processing ,biology.organism_classification ,Standard deviation ,Mathematics - Abstract
Reaction time denotes the elapsed time between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent behav- ioural response. It has application in various disciplines including behavioural neuroscience. In psychology it is considered to as an index of speed of processing (en.wikipedia.org). Objective: To compare reaction time among goalkeepers in soccer, wicketkeepers in cricket and kho-kho players. Method: Study area: Nadia and Hooghly districts in West Bengal, India. Subject: 30 (10 from each game) varsity-level players ranging the age between 20 and 24 years. Criterion measure: Hand reaction time and leg reaction time of subjects were measured in seconds with the help of Stick drop test. Statistics: Mean, Standard Deviation and one-way ANOVA were used. Level of Significance was set at 0.05. Result: The mean hand reaction time of goal-keepers, wicket-keepers and kho-kho players were 14.08±1.13, 12.38±2.33 and 12.58±1.39 seconds respectively, while mean leg reaction time of three different groups were 19.31±3.07, 21.34±2.09 and 17.89±3.51 seconds respectively. The F-value of hand reaction time among three different category of players was 3.005(>0.05), whereas leg reaction time was 3.446(
- Published
- 2011
510. A-01 * Remote Speed of Processing Training in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with HIV
- Author
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P Fazeli, David E. Vance, and S Humphrey
- Subjects
Gerontology ,Social stigma ,business.industry ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,Cognition ,General Medicine ,Speed of processing ,medicine.disease_cause ,Hiv seropositivity ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,medicine ,Middle-aged adult ,Self report ,Cognitive impairment ,business - Published
- 2014
511. Processing speed in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type
- Author
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Deborah P. Waber, Michael D. Weiler, David C. Bellinger, and Jane Holmes Bernstein
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Male ,Reading disability ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychometrics ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Dyslexia ,mental disorders ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Reaction Time ,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,Humans ,Attention ,Psychiatry ,Child ,Inattentive type ,Neuropsychology ,Information processing ,Speed of processing ,medicine.disease ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Attention deficit ,Female ,Psychology - Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is among the most common and most often reconceptualized neurobehavioral disorders of childhood. In the most recent DSM-IV, a primarily inattentive subtype of ADHD (AD) has again been identified. This study explores the neuropsychological profile of this group of children. Eighty-two children referred for school-related problems participated. Twenty-five met criteria for AD; 52 met criteria for reading disability (RD); 9 were comorbid for RD and AD. AD children performed poorly on measures of information processing speed. Children with comorbid AD/RD were distinguishable from those with RD on speed of processing measures only. Vulnerability to information processing load may be at the root of many of the behavioral manifestations of AD.
- Published
- 2001
512. Do the global advantage and interference effects covary?
- Author
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Gholamali Amirkhiabani and William Lovegrove
- Subjects
Communication ,Visual perception ,Time Factors ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Speed of processing ,Fixation, Ocular ,Interference (wave propagation) ,Sensory Systems ,Visual field ,Variable (computer science) ,Consistency (statistics) ,Statistics ,Reaction Time ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,Eccentricity (behavior) ,Global precedence ,business ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Mathematics - Abstract
The global precedence hypothesis has been operationally defined as a faster or earlier processing of the global than of the local properties of an image (global advantage) and as interference by processing at the global level with processing at the local level (global interference). Navon (1977) proposed an association between the global advantage and interference effects. Other studies have shown a dissociation between the two effects (e.g., Lamb & Robertson, 1988). It seems that the controversy in previous research resulted from not equalizing the eccentricities of global and local properties. In the present study, the eccentricities of the two levels were equalized by using stimuli with all their elements located along their perimeters. The results of the first experiment demonstrated that although the global level was identified faster than the local level in both the central and the peripheral locations of the visual field (global advantage), the pattern of global interference varied across the visual field. Consistency of global and local levels increased the speed of processing of the local level displayed at the center of the visual field but slowed down the processing of that level at peripheral locations. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that it was most likely that the variation in the pattern of global interference was determined by the variable of eccentricity, rather than by the sizes of the global and local levels.
- Published
- 1999
513. The relation of affect to attention and learning in infancy
- Author
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Lorelle R. Futterweit, Jeffery J. Jankowski, and Susan A. Rose
- Subjects
Male ,Affective behavior ,Psychology, Child ,Fixation, Ocular ,Affect (psychology) ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Learning experience ,Child Development ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Learning ,Attention ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,Analysis of Variance ,Infant ,Cognition ,Speed of processing ,Affect ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Mood ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Duration (music) ,Face ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,Psychology - Abstract
The relation of positive affect to attention and learning was examined in 5-, 7-, and 9-month-olds (N = 84). Affect and attention were assessed while the infants inspected a photograph. Affect was rated globally, for overall mood, and specifically, for amount of time smiling. Attention was indexed by the duration of the infant's longest (or peak) look, a measure previously linked to differential cognitive performance. At all ages, positive affect (shown by approximately half the infants) was associated with long look durations and slower learning, as assessed on a task in which infants learned to distinguish a familiar face from a series of novel faces. By contrast, neutral affect was associated with short looks and faster learning. Affect and look duration had synergistic effects, in that learning was faster than expected for infants who displayed both short looks and neutral affect. These findings are compatible with adult research that links positive affect to less analytical processing, and provide the first evidence that affect may be associated with the speed of processing differences implicated in short and long looking.
- Published
- 1999
514. Selective effect of closed-head injury on central resource allocation: evidence from dual-task performance
- Author
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Dell'Acqua, R, Stablum, F, Galbiati, S, Spannocchi, G, Cerri, C, CERRI, CESARE GIUSEPPE, Dell'Acqua, R, Stablum, F, Galbiati, S, Spannocchi, G, Cerri, C, and CERRI, CESARE GIUSEPPE
- Abstract
Two dual-task experiments are reported bearing on the issue of slower processing time for severe chronic closed-head injury (CHI) patients compared to matched controls. In the first experiment, a classical psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm was employed, in which two sequential stimuli, a pure tone and a colored dot, were presented at variable stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), each associated with a distinct task. The task on the tone required a speeded vocal response based on pitch, and the task on the colored dot required a speeded manual response based on color. In the second experiment, either one or three masked letters was presented, followed by a pure tone at variable SOAs. The task on the letters required a delayed report of the letters at the end of each trial. The task on the tone required an immediate manual response based on pitch. In both experiments, both CHI patients and matched controls reported an SOA-locked slowing of the speeded response to the second stimulus, a PRP effect. The PRP effect was more substantial for CHI patients than for matched controls, suggesting that a component of the slower processing time for CHI patients was related to a selective increase in temporal demands for central processing of the stimuli
- Published
- 2001
515. Research Supplement: Speed of Information Processing and the Visually Handicapped Child
- Author
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Michael J. Tobin and Heather Mason
- Subjects
Head (linguistics) ,Preliminary report ,Research centre ,Applied psychology ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Information processing ,Mathematics education ,Cognition ,Speed of processing ,Psychology ,Education - Abstract
Heather Mason is deputy head of the Priestley Smith School, Birmingham, and Mike Tobin is director of the Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped at Birmingham University. They present a preliminary report from a more extensive study of speed of processing visual information by visually handicapped children.
- Published
- 2007
516. Substantial genetic influence on cognitive abilities in twins 80 or more years old
- Author
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Nancy L. Pedersen, Frank M. Ahern, Gerald E. McClearn, Robert Plomin, Stephen A. Petrill, Stig Berg, and Boo Johansson
- Subjects
Genetics ,Aged, 80 and over ,Intelligence Tests ,Male ,Sweden ,Aging ,Likelihood Functions ,Multidisciplinary ,Spatial ability ,Intelligence ,Cognition ,Motor impairment ,Speed of processing ,Twins, Monozygotic ,Heritability ,Environment ,Developmental psychology ,Twins, Dizygotic ,Humans ,Female ,Registries ,Psychology ,Identical twins ,Aged - Abstract
General and specific cognitive abilities were studied in intact Swedish same-sex twin pairs 80 or more years old for whom neither twin had major cognitive, sensory, or motor impairment. Resemblance for 110 identical twin pairs significantly exceeded resemblance for 130 fraternal same-sex twin pairs for all abilities. Maximum-likelihood model-fitting estimates of heritability were 62 percent for general cognitive ability, 55 percent for verbal ability, 32 percent for spatial ability, 62 percent for speed of processing, and 52 percent for memory. There was also evidence for the significant influence of idiosyncratic experience as the environmental component that most determines individual differences in cognitive abilities late in life.
- Published
- 1997
517. Lexical decision, visual hemifield and angle of orientation
- Author
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Miriam Faust, Harvey Babkoff, and Michal Lavidor
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Speech recognition ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Decision Making ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Perception ,Orientation ,Lexical decision task ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,media_common ,Communication ,Orientation (computer vision) ,business.industry ,Cognition ,Speed of processing ,Visual discrimination ,Laterality ,Significant response ,Visual Fields ,Psychology ,business ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
Varying the orientation of word or nonword target stimuli from 0° to 90° in a lexical decision–visual hemifield task results in an increase in RT and a decrease in accuracy and d ′. RVF superiority, as measured by d ′ was found at all orientations. RVF superiority, as measured by RT was only found for stimulation by words at orientations of 0° and 15°. There was a significant bias to respond ‘word’ (log β ) only for stimulation of the RVF at orientations of 0° and 15°. Under all other conditions, there was no significant response bias. A ‘normal’ (horizontal) presentation format seems to be necessary for the finding of a greater RVF bias to respond ‘word’ and for RVF superiority in speed of processing linguistic stimuli. However, a horizontal presentation format does not seem to be necessary for the RVF superiority in its capability to discriminate words from nonwords. Copyright©1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Published
- 1997
518. Outside-in Processing and the Global Precedence Effect
- Author
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Gholamali Amirkhiabani
- Subjects
Target level ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,Speed of processing ,Normal vision ,Visual angle ,Global precedence ,business - Abstract
The outside-in hypothesis was investigated by considering the effect of size on the speed of processing to outside and inside figures. The results showed that when the size of the compound pattern was large the outside figure was responded to more slowly than the inside figure, whereas with small patterns the speed of processing of the outer figure was faster than the inner one. It seems that outside precedence is not inevitable and depends on a number of factors including size. It has been suggested that outside-in processing may be related to the global-local relationship.
- Published
- 1997
519. Spotlight on the October 8 Issue
- Author
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Robert A. Gross
- Subjects
Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Homocysteine ,business.industry ,Disease ,Speed of processing ,medicine.disease ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,B vitamins ,Medication regimen ,chemistry ,Useful field of view ,Medicine ,Test performance ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Stroke - Abstract
Eighty-seven adults with a diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson disease and on a stable medication regimen participated in either 20 hours of self-administered speed of processing training or a no-contact control condition. Speed of processing training improved Useful Field of View Test performance among persons in the mild to moderate stages of Parkinson disease. See p. 1284; Editorial, p. 1278 The authors examined the association between B vitamin supplementation and endpoint events using a fixed-effects model on 54,913 participants. B vitamin supplementation for homocysteine reduction reduced stroke events, especially in subjects with certain characteristics who received …
- Published
- 2013
520. Feasibility of speed of processing training in middle-aged and older adults with HIV: A pilot study
- Author
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Pariya L Fazeli and David E. Vance
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Neurology ,business.industry ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,medicine ,Training (meteorology) ,Neurology (clinical) ,Speed of processing ,medicine.disease_cause ,business - Published
- 2013
521. Practical Problem Solving Efficacy among Older and Young Adults
- Author
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Barbara Haskins and Glenn Shean
- Subjects
Embryology ,Short-term memory ,Cognition ,Cell Biology ,Speed of processing ,Developmental psychology ,Social cognition ,Cognitive skill ,Anatomy ,Young adult ,Psychology ,Competence (human resources) ,Social cognitive theory ,Developmental Biology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
We compared the relationship between general cognitive ability, social cognition and the ability to understand and make decisions about practical problems among groups of college age and older adults. Results indicated that both general cognitive functioning and social cognitive ability were related to practical problem solving ability among older adults. In contrast college age adults practical problem solving was related to only general cognitive ability. Results indicate that social cognitive ability may compensate for age related decline in general cognitive functions among older adults and allow for continued competence in practical problem solving as speed of processing and short term memory functions decline.
- Published
- 2013
522. Effect of Speed of Processing Training on Older Driver Screening Measures.
- Author
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Eramudugolla R, Kiely KM, Chopra S, and Anstey KJ
- Abstract
Objective: Computerized training for cognitive enhancement is of great public interest, however, there is inconsistent evidence for the transfer of training gains to every day activity. Several large trials have focused on speed of processing (SOP) training with some promising findings for long-term effects on daily activity, but no immediate transfer to other cognitive tests. Here, we examine the transfer of SOP training gains to cognitive measures that are known predictors of driving safety in older adults. Methods: Fifty-three adults aged 65-87 years who were current drivers participated in a two group non-randomized design with repeated measures and a no-contact matched control group. The Intervention group completed an average of 7.9 ( SD = 3.0) hours of self-administered online SOP training at home. Control group was matched on age, gender and test-re-test interval. Measures included the Useful Field of View (UFOV) test, a Hazard Perception test, choice reaction time (Cars RT), Trail Making Test B, a Maze test, visual motion threshold, as well as road craft and road knowledge tests. Results: Speed of processing training resulted in significant improvement in processing speed on the UFOV test relative to controls, with an average change of -45.8 ms ( SE = 14.5), and effect size of ω
2 = 0.21. Performance on the Maze test also improved, but significant slowing on the Hazard Perception test was observed after SOP training. Training effects on the UFOV task was associated with similar effects on the Cars RT, but not the Hazard Perception and Maze tests, suggesting transfer to some but not all driving related measures. There were no effects of training on any of the other measures examined. Conclusion: Speed of processing training effects on the UFOV task can be achieved with self-administered, online training at home, with some transfer to other cognitive tests. However, differential effects of training may be observed for tasks requiring goal-directed search strategies rather than diffuse attention.- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
523. Relative speed of processing determines color-word contingency learning.
- Author
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Forrin ND and MacLeod CM
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Young Adult, Color Perception physiology, Learning physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology, Psychomotor Performance physiology, Reading, Speech physiology
- Abstract
In three experiments, we tested a relative-speed-of-processing account of color-word contingency learning, a phenomenon in which color identification responses to high-contingency stimuli (words that appear most often in particular colors) are faster than those to low-contingency stimuli. Experiment 1 showed equally large contingency-learning effects whether responding was to the colors or to the words, likely due to slow responding to both dimensions because of the unfamiliar mapping required by the key press responses. For Experiment 2, participants switched to vocal responding, in which reading words is considerably faster than naming colors, and we obtained a contingency-learning effect only for color naming, the slower dimension. In Experiment 3, previewing the color information resulted in a reduced contingency-learning effect for color naming, but it enhanced the contingency-learning effect for word reading. These results are all consistent with contingency learning influencing performance only when the nominally irrelevant feature is faster to process than the relevant feature, and therefore are entirely in accord with a relative-speed-of-processing explanation.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
524. Binet's Error: Developmental Change and Individual Differences in Intelligence Are Related to Different Mechanisms.
- Author
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Anderson M
- Abstract
In common with most, if not all, papers in this special issue, I will argue that understanding the nature of developmental change and individual differences in intelligence requires a theory of the mechanisms underlying both factors. Insofar as these mechanisms constitute part of the fundamental architecture of cognition, this is also an exercise in unifying the discipline and research on intelligence in both children and adults. However, I argue that a variety of data support a theory suggesting that developmental change is the province of mechanisms commonly regarded as components of executive functioning or cognitive control, whereas individual differences are constrained by the speed of information processing. Perhaps paradoxically, this leads to the conclusion that Binet's fundamental insight-that children's increasing ability to solve problems of increasing difficulty could generate a single scale of intelligence-is wrong. Compounding the paradox, this means that mental age and IQ are not simply two different ways of expressing the same thing, but are related to two different dimensions of g itself.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
525. The efficacy and safety of extended-release methylphenidate following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled pilot study.
- Author
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Dymowski AR, Ponsford JL, Owens JA, Olver JH, Ponsford M, and Willmott C
- Subjects
- Adult, Brain Injuries, Traumatic complications, Brain Injuries, Traumatic diagnosis, Brain Injuries, Traumatic rehabilitation, Central Nervous System Stimulants adverse effects, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Female, Glasgow Coma Scale, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders drug therapy, Mental Disorders etiology, Mental Disorders physiopathology, Methylphenidate adverse effects, Middle Aged, Neurological Rehabilitation methods, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Prognosis, Reference Values, Risk Assessment, Statistics, Nonparametric, Task Performance and Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Brain Injuries, Traumatic drug therapy, Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage, Methylphenidate administration & dosage
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of extended-release methylphenidate in enhancing processing speed, complex attentional functioning and everyday attentional behaviour after traumatic brain injury., Design: Seven week randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel pilot study., Setting: Inpatient and outpatient Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program., Participants: Eleven individuals with reduced processing speed and/or attention deficits following complicated mild to severe traumatic brain injury., Interventions: Participants were allocated using a blocked randomisation schedule to receive daily extended-release methylphenidate (Ritalin
® LA at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg) or placebo (lactose) in identical capsules., Main Outcomes: Tests of processing speed and complex attention, and ratings of everyday attentional behaviour were completed at baseline, week 7 (on-drug), week 8 (off-drug) and 9 months follow-up. Vital signs and side effects were monitored from baseline to week 8., Results: Three percent ( n = 11) of individuals screened participated (mean post-traumatic amnesia duration = 63.80 days, SD = 45.15). Results were analysed for six and four individuals on methylphenidate and placebo, respectively. Groups did not differ on attentional test performance or relative/therapist ratings of everyday attentional behaviour. One methylphenidate participant withdrew due to difficulty sleeping. Methylphenidate was associated with trends towards increased blood pressure and reported anxiety., Conclusion: Methylphenidate was not associated with enhanced processing speed, attentional functioning or everyday attentional behaviour after traumatic brain injury. Alternative treatments for attention deficits after traumatic brain injury should be explored given the limited feasibility of methylphenidate in this population.- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
526. Differential age-related gray and white matter impact mediates educational influence on elders' cognition.
- Author
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Vaqué-Alcázar L, Sala-Llonch R, Valls-Pedret C, Vidal-Piñeiro D, Fernández-Cabello S, Bargalló N, Ros E, and Bartrés-Faz D
- Subjects
- Aged, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex anatomy & histology, Female, Gray Matter physiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Reference Values, White Matter physiology, Aging pathology, Aging physiology, Cerebral Cortex physiology, Cognition physiology, Educational Status, Gray Matter anatomy & histology, White Matter anatomy & histology
- Abstract
High education, as a proxy of cognitive reserve (CR), has been associated with cognitive advantage amongst old adults and may operate through neuroprotective and/or compensation mechanisms. In neuromaging studies, indirect evidences of neuroprotection can be inferred from positive relationships between CR and brain integrity measures. In contrast, compensation allows high CR elders to sustain greater brain damage. We included 100 cognitively normal old-adults and investigated the associations and interactions between education, speed of processing (SP), memory and two brain integrity measures: cortical thickness (CTh) of gray matter (GM) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the white matter (WM). High education was associated with better cognitive performance, enlarged CTh in frontal lobe areas and reduced measures of FA in several areas. Better SP performance in higher educated subjects was related to more preserved GM and WM, while memory status amongst high educated elders was better explained by a putative compensatory mechanism and independently from cerebrovascular risk indicators. Moreover, we analyzed the direct effect of age on measures of brain integrity and found a stronger negative effect on WM than in CTh, which was accentuated amongst the high CR sample. Our study suggests that the cognitive advantage associated to high education among healthy aging is related to the coexistence of both neuroprotective and compensatory mechanisms. In particular, high educated elders seem to have greater capacity to counteract a more abrupt age impact on WM integrity.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
527. Alpha frequency, reaction time, and the speed of processing information
- Author
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Michael Doppelmayr, Thomas Pachinger, Hannes Schimke, and Wolfgang Klimesch
- Subjects
Physics ,Adult ,Male ,Entire population ,Physiology ,Information processing ,Alpha (ethology) ,Brain ,Electroencephalography ,Speed of processing ,Radio spectrum ,Power (physics) ,Alpha Rhythm ,Cognition ,Neurology ,Alpha rhythm ,Physiology (medical) ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Statistical physics - Abstract
Several experiments indicate that alpha frequency is significantly correlated with the speed of information processing, as measured by reaction times. These data imply that alpha frequency is a timing mechanism for cognitive processes. However, this interpretation contradicts the well-accepted view that there is no single alpha rhythm, but instead an entire population of different alpha oscillations. We present arguments and report data in the attempt to demonstrate that this paradox can be resolved if different states of alpha oscillations are distinguished. The results of the present study show that during a state of desynchronization, task-related shifts in alpha frequency are not "real" because they are not related to reaction times. Instead, they most likely reflect power changes in different frequency bands.
- Published
- 1996
528. A single aerobic exercise session accelerates movement execution but not central processing.
- Author
-
Beyer KB, Sage MD, Staines WR, Middleton LE, and McIlroy WE
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Reaction Time, Young Adult, Exercise, Movement, Psychomotor Performance
- Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that aerobic exercise has disparate effects on speed of processing and movement execution. In simple and choice reaction tasks, aerobic exercise appears to increase speed of movement execution while speed of processing is unaffected. In the flanker task, aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce response time on incongruent trials more than congruent trials, purportedly reflecting a selective influence on speed of processing related to cognitive control. However, it is unclear how changes in speed of processing and movement execution contribute to these exercise-induced changes in response time during the flanker task. This study examined how a single session of aerobic exercise influences speed of processing and movement execution during a flanker task using electromyography to partition response time into reaction time and movement time, respectively. Movement time decreased during aerobic exercise regardless of flanker congruence but returned to pre-exercise levels immediately after exercise. Reaction time during incongruent flanker trials decreased over time in both an aerobic exercise and non-exercise control condition indicating it was not specifically influenced by exercise. This disparate influence of aerobic exercise on movement time and reaction time indicates the importance of partitioning response time when examining the influence of aerobic exercise on speed of processing. The decrease in reaction time over time independent of aerobic exercise indicates that interpreting pre-to-post exercise changes in behavior requires caution., (Copyright © 2017 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
529. Gluten-induced cognitive impairment ("brain fog") in coeliac disease.
- Author
-
Yelland GW
- Subjects
- Celiac Disease therapy, Cognitive Dysfunction diagnosis, Cognitive Dysfunction therapy, Crohn Disease complications, Cytokines metabolism, Diet, Gluten-Free, Humans, Inflammation complications, Inflammation metabolism, Inflammation Mediators metabolism, Celiac Disease complications, Cognitive Dysfunction etiology, Glutens adverse effects
- Abstract
Much is known about the serious neurological effects of gluten ingestion in coeliac disease patients, such as sporadic ataxia and peripheral neuropathy, although the causal links to gluten are still under debate. However, such disorders are observed in only a small percentage of coeliac patients. Much less is known about the transient cognitive impairments to memory, attention, executive function, and the speed of cognitive processing reported by the majority of patients with coeliac disease. These mild degradations of cognitive functions, referred to as "brain fog," are yet to be formally recognized as a medical or psychological condition. However, subtle tests of cognitive function are measurable in untreated patients with coeliac disease and improve over the first 12 months' therapy with a gluten-free diet. Such deficits also occur in patients with Crohn's disease, particularly in association with systemic inflammatory activity. Thus, cognitive impairments associated with brain fog are psychologically and neurologically real and improve with adherence to a gluten-free diet. There is not yet sufficient evidence to provide a definitive account of the mechanism by which gluten ingestion causes the impairments to cognitive function associated with brain fog, but current evidence suggests that it is more likely that the causal factor is not directly related to exposure to gluten., (© 2017 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
530. Examining the relationship between rapid automatized naming and arithmetic fluency in Chinese kindergarten children.
- Author
-
Cui J, Georgiou GK, Zhang Y, Li Y, Shu H, and Zhou X
- Subjects
- Awareness, Child, Preschool, China, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Cognition, Mathematics, Memory, Short-Term, Reaction Time
- Abstract
Rapid automatized naming (RAN) has been found to predict mathematics. However, the nature of their relationship remains unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine how RAN (numeric and non-numeric) predicts a subdomain of mathematics (arithmetic fluency) and (b) to examine what processing skills may account for the RAN-arithmetic fluency relationship. A total of 160 third-year kindergarten Chinese children (83 boys and 77 girls, mean age=5.11years) were assessed on RAN (colors, objects, digits, and dice), nonverbal IQ, visual-verbal paired associate learning, phonological awareness, short-term memory, speed of processing, approximate number system acuity, and arithmetic fluency (addition and subtraction). The results indicated first that RAN was a significant correlate of arithmetic fluency and the correlations did not vary as a function of type of RAN or arithmetic fluency tasks. In addition, RAN continued to predict addition and subtraction fluency even after controlling for all other processing skills. Taken together, these findings challenge the existing theoretical accounts of the RAN-arithmetic fluency relationship and suggest that, similar to reading fluency, multiple processes underlie the RAN-arithmetic fluency relationship., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
531. Reaction time and variability 5 and 10 years after traumatic brain injury
- Author
-
Donald T. Stuss, M. A. J. Finlayson, and C. R. Hetherington
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychometrics ,Adolescent ,Traumatic brain injury ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Neuroscience (miscellaneous) ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Choice Behavior ,Central nervous system disease ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Head Injuries, Closed ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Latency (engineering) ,Problem Solving ,Rehabilitation ,business.industry ,Head injury ,Information processing ,Speed of processing ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Brain Damage, Chronic ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Improvement in performance can occur up to 10 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Few previous studies have examined the long-term effects of TBI on information processing. This study used reaction time (RT) tasks of increasing complexity with 10-year post-injury, 5-year post-injury, and control groups to assess any such effects. There were no significant group differences in mean RT; however, in the groups of persons with head injury only, response latency was related to age and to task demands. Older members of the groups of persons with head injury were slower than controls. The variability in performance was significantly higher in the 5-year post-injury group than in both the 10-year group and the control group. There were no significant differences among the groups in their ability to inhibit the processing of redundant information. There were no correlations between any dependent measure and severity of injury. Speed of processing is more sensitive to task complexity in individuals with head injury, but only when age at injury is considered. Most importantly, for rehabilitation purposes, recovery of consistency in performance can be expected more than 5 years after a TBI.
- Published
- 1996
532. Subtypes of children with attention disabilities
- Author
-
P. F. De Jong, E. A. Das-smaal, E. F.J.M. Brand, Cognitive Psychology, Clinical Child and Family Studies, Biological Psychology, and Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Attentional control ,Speed of processing ,Audiology ,Developmental psychology ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Internal validity ,Set (psychology) ,Psychology ,SDG 4 - Quality Education - Abstract
Subtypes of children with attentional problems were investigated using cluster analysis. Subjects were 9-year-old-elementary school children (N = 443). The test battery administered to these children comprised a comprehensive set of common attention tests, covering different aspects of attentional functioning, and a test of reading comprehension. Cluster analysis of these data yielded eight stable and reproducible clus¬ters. The test profiles of two subgroups were indicative of distinct attentional problems. One group ap¬peared deficient in speed of processing, the other in attentional control. A third subgroup showed a reading deficit. Two additional clusters had very poor and excellent performance on the whole battery, respec¬tively. Finally, three clusters were found with minor variations approximating average performance. The internal validity, that is, the adequacy and stability of the cluster solution, appeared to be reasonably good, as indicated by a variety of measures. The long-term stability over an 18-month period was also checked and found to be satisfactory.
- Published
- 1996
533. The Interrelationship between EFL Learners’ Levels of Reading Anxiety and Their Levels of Cognitive Test Anxiety: An Analysis of EFL Learners’ Speed of Processing an IELTS Reading Test
- Author
-
Zahra Loghmani and Behzad Ghonsooly
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Foreign language ,Speed of processing ,Test (assessment) ,Cognitive test ,Developmental psychology ,Reading (process) ,medicine ,Anxiety ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Anxiety scale ,media_common - Abstract
This study investigated the EFL learner’s speed of processing an IELTS reading test, in relation to their scores on Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) and Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale (CTAS). The association between their scores on the two aforementioned scales was also examined to find if there was any significant relationship. 196 senior university EFL learners majoring in either English translation or English literature were participating in the first phase of the study. Out of them 46 were chosen according to their FLRAS scores -23 of them were low-anxiety group and 23 were high-anxiety group- who participated in the second stage of the study. Their speed of reading and processing an IELTS reading test and their levels of CTAS were then examined. To find the relationship, the Pearson Product-moment formula was used and the results indicated that the higher were the EFL learners’ scores on FLRAS and CTAS, the more time they needed to finish the reading task. A positive correlation between the EFL learners’ levels of Foreign Language Reading Anxiety and their scores on CTAS was also found.
- Published
- 2012
534. Developing Auditory Measures of General Speediness
- Author
-
Nicholas R. Burns, Vanessa Danthiir, and Ian Zajac
- Subjects
Modality (human–computer interaction) ,General Arts and Humanities ,General Social Sciences ,Cognition ,Speed of processing ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
1. Ian T. Zajac[1][1] 2. Nicholas R. Burns[1][1] 3. Vanessa Danthiir[2][2] 1. 1University of Adelaide, South Australia 2. 2CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia 1. Ian Zajac, School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Email: ian.zajac{at}adelaide.edu.au This study examined whether the broad ability general speediness (Gs) could be measured via the auditory modality. Existing and purpose-developed auditory tasks that maintained the cognitive requirements of established visually presented Gs markers were completed by 96 university undergraduates. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the auditory tasks combined with established visual measures to define latent Gs and reaction time factors. These findings provide preliminary evidence that suggests that if auditory tasks are developed that maintain the same cognitive requirements as existing visual measures, then they are likely to index similar cognitive processes. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #aff-2
- Published
- 2011
535. Are we recognising the organisational impact on educational software design?
- Author
-
R. C. MacGregor
- Subjects
Knowledge management ,Terminal (telecommunication) ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Speed of processing ,computer.software_genre ,Education ,Software ,Work (electrical) ,Work setting ,business ,computer ,Throughput (business) ,Educational software ,Computer technology - Abstract
When computers were first used in business and industry in the 1950s, programmers and engineers were, for the most part, the only real computer users. Computer useability was little more than a question of speed of processing and throughput. As such, the idea of human computer interaction was a largely meaningless concept, as was any thought of the effect of the computer upon work practices. Grudin (1990) suggests that since that time the concept of human-computer interaction has shifted outwards from hardware, to software, to the terminal and on towards the work setting. Today, there is substantial interest in the effect of computer technology on organisations. Although the effect of computers on organisations is far from predictable, (Attewell and Rule 1984, Soorgaard 1988) it is well established that the implementation of computer technology brings with it changes to the organisation and changes to relationships within the organisation (Little 1990).
- Published
- 1993
536. Application of automatic fringe analysis techniques in the automotive industry
- Author
-
David P. Towers and C.H. Buckberry
- Subjects
Engineering drawing ,Engineering ,Operations research ,business.industry ,Modal analysis ,Automotive industry ,Holography ,Image processing ,Moiré pattern ,Speed of processing ,3D modeling ,law.invention ,All optical ,law ,business - Abstract
The application of fringe analysis has enhanced the application of all optical analysis techniques to industry. Emphasis has traditionally been placed upon such issues as the accuracy of the algorithm used, the number of frames required and the speed of processing. However, the practical use of such techniques at Rover has resulted in a more pragmatic view of this technology and the opinion that other issues dominate its successful use in industry. This paper presents these views by relating experience of applying fringe analysis to TV Holography, Moire, and Photoelastic systems.
- Published
- 1993
537. The Role of a Global Mechanism in Developmental Change in Speed of Processing
- Author
-
Robert Kail
- Subjects
Mechanism (biology) ,Computer science ,Speed of processing ,Developmental change ,Task (project management) ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Improvements during childhood and adolescence in performance on speeded tasks are ubiquitous. For tasks such as scanning the contents of short-term memory, retrieving names from long-term memory, verifying the truth of arithmetic statements, and reasoning analogically, the results are the same: Adults respond substantially more rapidly than do children (e.g., Ashcraft & Fierman, 1982; Bisanz, Danner, & Resnick, 1979; Sternberg & Rifkin, 1979). It has been proposed that these results reflect some global mechanism (i.e., one not specific to a particular task) that limits the speed with which all processes can be executed (Hale, 1990; Kail, 1988). As this mechanism changes with age, all processes are executed more rapidly.
- Published
- 1993
538. Efectividad de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica en el daño cerebral adquirido (I): atención, velocidad de procesamiento, memoria y lenguaje
- Author
-
Javier Tirapu-Ustárroz, Ignacio Sánchez-Cubillo, Igor Bombín-González, Marcos Ríos-Lago, Alberto García-Molina, and David de Noreña
- Subjects
Neurology (clinical) ,General Medicine ,Speed of processing ,Psychology ,Humanities - Abstract
Introduccion. Las consecuencias del dano cerebral adquirido incluyen alteraciones en el funcionamiento cognitivo, emocional y conductual de las personas afectadas. La neuropsicologia proporciona tecnicas que permiten tratar dichas alteraciones; de ahi la importancia de establecer cuales, de entre todas las herramientas disponibles, son las mas eficaces para este objetivo. Desarrollo. El presente articulo revisa los estudios existentes sobre efectividad de la rehabilitacion neuropsicologica, centrandose en aquellas areas y procesos cognitivos alterados con mas frecuencia. El fin ultimo del articulo es servir de guia y orientar la rehabilitacion neuropsicologica de estos pacientes a partir de las evidencias mas solidas existentes en la literatura, especialmente en procesos como la atencion y la heminegligencia, la memoria y el lenguaje. Conclusion. Existen evidencias suficientes para recomendar la rehabilitacion neuropsicologica de los procesos antes senalados en poblacion con dano cerebral adquirido.
- Published
- 2010
539. Coordination of perishable product returns with imbalance information
- Author
-
Jiaqin Yang, Huei Lee, and Zhaoqiong Qin
- Subjects
Supply chain management ,Commerce ,business.industry ,Supply chain ,Processing cost ,Reverse logistics ,Speed of processing ,Product (category theory) ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Business and International Management ,business ,Industrial organization ,Outsourcing - Abstract
The speed of processing product returns is an important issue for a supply chain with perishable items. Especially, more manufacturers have recently started outsourcing the reverse logistics to third-party logistics (3-PL) providers. This paper proposes a model for such a supply chain with a single manufacturer and single 3-PL provider. The proposed model suggests a way of coordination between the manufacturer and its 3-PL provider with an optimal processing speed of product returns and allocation of total profits between the two parties. Specifically, the model provides the optimal coordination strategies for the manufacturer when both parties have the imbalance information about the processing cost of the 3-PL provider.
- Published
- 2009
540. Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence
- Author
-
Robert Kail
- Subjects
Age differences ,Adolescent ,Cognition ,Speed of processing ,Developmental change ,Child development ,Developmental psychology ,Child Development ,History and Philosophy of Science ,El Niño ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Attention ,Psychology ,Child ,General Psychology - Abstract
Throughout childhood and adolescence, there are consistent age differences in speed of processing. Here 72 published studies yielded 1,826 pairs of response times (RTs) in which each pair consisted of adults' mean RT for a condition and the corresponding mean RT for a younger group. The primary results were that (a) children's and adolescents' RTs increase linearly as a function of adult RTs in corresponding conditions and (b) the amount of increase becomes smaller with age in a manner that is well described by an exponential function. These results are consistent with the view that age differences in processing speed reflect some general (i.e., nontask specific) component that changes rapidly during childhood and more slowly during adolescence. Possible candidates for the general component are discussed.
- Published
- 1991
541. A Rasch Model for the Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff In Time limited Tests
- Author
-
Edward E. Roskam and Gerard J. P. Van Breukelen
- Subjects
Persistence (psychology) ,Rasch model ,Speed accuracy ,Statistics ,Econometrics ,Polytomous Rasch model ,Test performance ,Speed of processing ,Psychology ,Mental rotation ,Weibull distribution - Abstract
A modified Rasch model for time limited intelligence and ability tests is presented, which is based on the assumption that interindividual differences in test performance reflect differences in speed and accuracy, and at a more fundamental level, in speed of processing and persistence. The tradeoff between speed and accuracy is accounted for by the model.
- Published
- 1991
542. The effect of amplification on children's performance in the classroom
- Author
-
Julie E. Dockrell and Bridget Shield
- Subjects
Gain score ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Acoustics and Ultrasonics ,Repeated measures design ,Special needs ,Speed of processing ,Audiology ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Spelling ,Comprehension ,Typically developing ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,medicine ,Special educational needs ,Psychology - Abstract
The use of amplification systems in the classroom has the potential to reduce the impact of poor classroom acoustics for typically developing pupils and those with special educational needs (SENs). The immediate benefits of amplified acoustic signals on the performance of 253 primary school children, including 24 children with special needs, were examined. All participants were familiar with the use of the amplification systems. Children's performance was assessed on two verbal measures (spelling and oral comprehension) and one non‐verbal measure, using a balanced repeated measures design. It was predicted that the effects of amplification would be evident for spelling and oral language comprehension, but that there would be no discernable effect on speed of processing. Children with SEN were expected to have an added advantage with amplification. The predictions were partially supported. Both gain score analysis and ANOVAs of performance scores with amplification, controlling for performance without ampl...
- Published
- 2008
543. Chapter 8 More Evidence for a Common, Central Constraint on Speed of Processing
- Author
-
Robert Kail
- Subjects
Limiting factor ,Correlation ,Age differences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Information processing ,Cognition ,Speed of processing ,Psychology ,Mental rotation ,Developmental psychology ,Cognitive psychology ,Vigilance (psychology) ,media_common - Abstract
Children typically execute cognitive processes more slowly than do adults. One explanation for this age difference is that processing speed is limited by a general factor common to performance on many tasks. Consistent with this view, speed of many different cognitive processes (e.g., mental rotation, memory search) seems to change with age at a common rate. Also consistent with this view, (a) the correlation across conditions between children's response times and adults' response times approximates 1.0, and (b) the slope of the function relating children's response times to adults' response times declines with age at a common rate. Possible candidates for the hypothetical limiting factor are discussed.
- Published
- 1990
544. A systematic review comparing sex differences in cognitive function in schizophrenia and in rodent models for schizophrenia, implications for improved therapeutic strategies.
- Author
-
Leger M and Neill JC
- Subjects
- Animals, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sex Characteristics, Cognition, Schizophrenia
- Abstract
Sex is often overlooked in animal and human research. Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) remains an unmet clinical need, as current antipsychotic medication does not provide clinically meaningful improvements. One explanation could be lack of appreciation of gender differences in CIAS. Animal models play a critical role in drug development and improved translation to the clinic is an on-going process. Our systematic review aims to evaluate how well the animal studies translate into clinical findings. Supporting clinical results, our review highlights a male working memory advantage and a female advantage for visual memory and social cognition in rodent models for schizophrenia. Not investigated in animals, a female advantage for attention and speed of processing has been found in schizophrenia patients. Sex differences in reasoning and problem solving are poorly investigated in both human and animal studies. Overall, our review provides evidence of good translation from the animal models into the clinic when sexual dimorphism is assessed. Enhanced understanding of these sex differences will improve the management of CIAS., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
545. The neurobiology of HIV and its impact on cognitive reserve: A review of cognitive interventions for an aging population.
- Author
-
Cody SL and Vance DE
- Subjects
- Aging drug effects, Animals, Cognitive Reserve drug effects, HIV Infections drug therapy, Humans, Aging physiology, Aging psychology, Cognitive Reserve physiology, HIV Infections physiopathology, HIV Infections psychology
- Abstract
The medications used to treat HIV have reduced the severity of cognitive deficits; yet, nearly half of adults with HIV still exhibit some degree of cognitive deficits, referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder or HAND. These cognitive deficits interfere with everyday functioning such as emotional regulation, medication adherence, instrumental activities of daily living, and even driving a vehicle. As adults are expected to live a normal lifespan, the process of aging in this clinical population may exacerbate such cognitive deficits. Therefore, it is important to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of HIV on cognitive reserve and develop interventions that are either neuroprotective or compensate for such cognitive deficits. Within the context of cognitive reserve, this article delivers a state of the science perspective on the causes of HAND and provides possible interventions for addressing such cognitive deficits. Suggestions for future research are also provided., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
546. The association of physical activity, cognitive processes and automobile driving ability in older adults: A review of the literature.
- Author
-
Miller SM, Taylor-Piliae RE, and Insel KC
- Subjects
- Aged, Attention, Automobile Driving psychology, Executive Function, Humans, Visual Perception, Automobile Driving standards, Cognition physiology, Exercise physiology, Geriatric Assessment methods
- Abstract
As the number of older adults in the United States grows, the number of automobile drivers over the age of 65 will also increase. Several cognitive processes necessary for automobile driving are vulnerable to age-related decline. These include declines in executive function, working memory, attention, and speed of information processing. The benefits of physical activity on physical, psychological and particular cognitive processes are well-documented; however few studies have explored the relationship between physical activity and driving ability in older adults or examined if cognitive processes mediate (or moderate) the effect of physical activity on driving ability. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature regarding physical activity, cognition and automobile driving. Recommendations for further research and utility of the findings to nursing and the health care team are provided., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
547. Cognitive and Neural Effects of Vision-Based Speed-of-Processing Training in Older Adults with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study.
- Author
-
Lin F, Heffner KL, Ren P, Tivarus ME, Brasch J, Chen DG, Mapstone M, Porsteinsson AP, and Tadin D
- Subjects
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Attention physiology, Comprehension physiology, Female, Geriatric Assessment, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pilot Projects, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Amnesia physiopathology, Amnesia rehabilitation, Cognitive Dysfunction physiopathology, Cognitive Dysfunction rehabilitation, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Photic Stimulation
- Abstract
Objectives: To examine the cognitive and neural effects of vision-based speed-of-processing (VSOP) training in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and contrast those effects with an active control (mental leisure activities (MLA))., Design: Randomized single-blind controlled pilot trial., Setting: Academic medical center., Participants: Individuals with aMCI (N = 21)., Intervention: Six-week computerized VSOP training., Measurements: Multiple cognitive processing measures, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and two resting state neural networks regulating cognitive processing: central executive network (CEN) and default mode network (DMN)., Results: VSOP training led to significantly greater improvements in trained (processing speed and attention: F1,19 = 6.61, partial η(2) = 0.26, P = .02) and untrained (working memory: F1,19 = 7.33, partial η(2) = 0.28, P = .01; IADLs: F1,19 = 5.16, partial η(2) = 0.21, P = .03) cognitive domains than MLA and protective maintenance in DMN (F1, 9 = 14.63, partial η(2) = 0.62, P = .004). VSOP training, but not MLA, resulted in a significant improvement in CEN connectivity (Z = -2.37, P = .02)., Conclusion: Target and transfer effects of VSOP training were identified, and links between VSOP training and two neural networks associated with aMCI were found. These findings highlight the potential of VSOP training to slow cognitive decline in individuals with aMCI. Further delineation of mechanisms underlying VSOP-induced plasticity is necessary to understand in which populations and under what conditions such training may be most effective., (© 2016, Copyright the Authors Journal compilation © 2016, The American Geriatrics Society.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
548. Daytime somnolence as an early sign of cognitive decline in a community-based study of older people.
- Author
-
Tsapanou A, Gu Y, O'Shea D, Eich T, Tang MX, Schupf N, Manly J, Zimmerman M, Scarmeas N, and Stern Y
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition physiology, Cognition Disorders physiopathology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Executive Function physiology, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory physiology, Neuropsychological Tests, Sleep Wake Disorders physiopathology, Cognition Disorders complications, Sleep Wake Disorders etiology
- Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between self-reported sleep problems and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older people. We hypothesized that daytime somnolence predicts subsequent cognitive decline., Methods: This is a longitudinal study in a 3.2-year follow-up, with 18-month intervals. The setting is the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project. There were 1098 participants, who were over 65 years old and recruited from the community. Sleep problems were estimated using five sleep categories derived from the RAND Medical Outcome Study Sleep Scale: sleep disturbance, snoring, awaken short of breath/with a headache, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. Four distinct cognitive composite scores were calculated: memory, language, speed of processing, and executive functioning. We used generalized estimating equations analyses with cognitive scores as the outcome, and time, sleep categories and their interactions as the main predictors. Models were initially unadjusted and then adjusted for age, gender, education, ethnicity, depression, and apolipoprotein E-ε4 genotype., Results: Increased daytime somnolence (including feeling drowsy/sleepy, having trouble staying awake, and taking naps during the day) was linked to slower speed of processing both cross-sectionally (B = -0.143, p = 0.047) and longitudinally (B = -0.003, p = 0.027). After excluding the demented participants at baseline, the results remained significant (B = -0.003, p = 0.021)., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that daytime somnolence may be an early sign of cognitive decline in the older population., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
549. Two Novel Psychomotor Tasks in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.
- Author
-
Rossetti MA, Piryatinsky I, Ahmed FS, Klinge PM, Relkin NR, Salloway S, Ravdin LD, Brenner E, Malloy PF, Levin BE, Broggi M, Gavett R, Maniscalco JS, and Katzen H
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attention physiology, Executive Function physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Reproducibility of Results, Severity of Illness Index, Statistics, Nonparametric, Cognition Disorders diagnosis, Cognition Disorders etiology, Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure complications, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Disorders diagnosis, Psychomotor Disorders etiology
- Abstract
Objective: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a neurological disorder presenting with gait, cognitive, and bladder symptoms in the context of ventricular enlargement. Although gait is the primary indicator for treatment candidacy and outcome, additional monitoring tools are needed. Line Tracing Test (LTT) and Serial Dotting Test (SDT), two psychomotor tasks, have been introduced as potential outcome measures but have not been widely studied. This preliminary study examined whether LTT and SDT are sensitive to motor dysfunction in INPH and determined if accuracy and time are important aspects of performance., Methods: Eighty-four INPH subjects and 36 healthy older adults were administered LTT and SDT. Novel error scoring procedures were developed to make scoring practical and efficient; interclass correlation showed good reliability of scoring procedures for both tasks (0.997; p<.001)., Results: The INPH group demonstrated slower performance on SDT (p<.001) and made a greater number of errors on both tasks (p<.001). Combined Time/Error scores revealed poorer performance in the INPH group for original-LTT (p<.001), modified-LTT (p ≤ .001) and SDT (p<.001)., Conclusions: These findings indicate LTT and SDT may prove useful for monitoring psychomotor skills in INPH. While completion time reflects impaired processing speed, reduced accuracy may suggest planning and self-monitoring difficulties, aspects of executive functioning known to be compromised in INPH. This is the first study to underscore the importance of performance accuracy in INPH and introduce practical/reliable error scoring for these tasks. Future work will establish reliability and validity of these measures and determine their utility as outcome tools.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
550. Neuropsychological profile in adult schizophrenia measured with the CMINDS.
- Author
-
van Erp TG, Preda A, Turner JA, Callahan S, Calhoun VD, Bustillo JR, Lim KO, Mueller B, Brown GG, Vaidya JG, McEwen S, Belger A, Voyvodic J, Mathalon DH, Nguyen D, Ford JM, and Potkin SG
- Subjects
- Adult, Attention, Cognition Disorders psychology, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Problem Solving, Sex Factors, Spatial Learning, Thinking, Verbal Learning, Cognition, Cognition Disorders diagnosis, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenia diagnosis, Schizophrenic Psychology
- Abstract
Schizophrenia neurocognitive domain profiles are predominantly based on paper-and-pencil batteries. This study presents the first schizophrenia domain profile based on the Computerized Multiphasic Interactive Neurocognitive System (CMINDS(®)). Neurocognitive domain z-scores were computed from computerized neuropsychological tests, similar to those in the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), administered to 175 patients with schizophrenia and 169 demographically similar healthy volunteers. The schizophrenia domain profile order by effect size was Speed of Processing (d=-1.14), Attention/Vigilance (d=-1.04), Working Memory (d=-1.03), Verbal Learning (d=-1.02), Visual Learning (d=-0.91), and Reasoning/Problem Solving (d=-0.67). There were no significant group by sex interactions, but overall women, compared to men, showed advantages on Attention/Vigilance, Verbal Learning, and Visual Learning compared to Reasoning/Problem Solving on which men showed an advantage over women. The CMINDS can readily be employed in the assessment of cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders; particularly in large-scale studies that may benefit most from electronic data capture., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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