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436 results on '"Sepulchre P"'

401. The Climate System: Its Functioning and History

Author

Jean-Claude Duplessy, Sylvie Joussaume, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geological evolution, business.industry, Earth science, Climate system, Biosphere, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Planet, business, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Climate plays an important role for mankind. It determines the conditions in which societies can develop as well as the resources available to them such as water and biological inputs (agriculture, forests, livestock). However, climate is a complex system. It is the result of interactions not only between the atmosphere, the oceans, landmasses and ice but also the biosphere: the living world. It varies depending on the timescale, and different mechanisms may come into play at different scales. The aim of this book is to show how a multi-disciplinary scientific community can now reconstruct, with increasing accuracy, the major features of past climates and discover how they are regulated by the geological evolution, geochemistry, physics and biology of our living planet, Earth.

Published
2021

402. The Phanerozoic Climate

Author

Alexandre Pohl, Yves Goddéris, Yannick Donnadieu, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Diversification (marketing strategy), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Multicellular organism, Geography, 13. Climate action, Phanerozoic, Ordovician, Period (geology), Colonization, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Phanerozoic period covers the last 542 million years of Earth’s history, about 12% of the history of our planet. With regard to the evolution of life, the Phanerozoic experienced major events such as the rapid diversification of multicellular organisms which first appeared in the Cambrian (541–485 Ma), the colonization of continental surfaces by living organisms during the Ordovician (485–444 Ma) and the appearance of the first hominids about 8 million years ago.

Published
2021

403. Air-water Interface: Tropical Lake Diatoms and Isotope Hydrology Modeling

Author

Françoise Gasse, Florence Sylvestre, Françoise Vimeux, Benjamin Quesada, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre IRD de Montpellier (IRD), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Evaporation, Tropics, Atmospheric sciences, Water balance, 13. Climate action, Isotope hydrology, Evapotranspiration, Middle latitudes, Environmental science, Precipitation, Water cycle, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Regardless of the timescale, a distinctive characteristic of the tropics is a high variability in the water cycle, in particular in the P-E water balance (precipitation minus [evaporation + evapotranspiration]). This variability has more impact on life in the tropics than the variability in temperature which only has a moderate influence compared to the high and middle latitudes.

Published
2021

404. Air-Vegetation Interface: An Example of the Use of Historical Data on Grape Harvests

Author

Valérie Daux, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, Interface (Java), Order (business), Environmental science, Harvest, Vegetation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Historical data provide clues, often precise, of climate phenomena experienced by societies. The example below illustrates the scientific approach applied to records of grape harvest dates in order to quantitatively estimate the evolution of temperature in a region.

Published
2021

405. The Precambrian Climate

Author

Yves Goddéris, Guillaume Le Hir, Gilles Ramstein, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Paleontology, Precambrian, Stratigraphy, 13. Climate action, Proterozoic, Hadean, Archean, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Gneiss, Zircon
Abstract

More than 88% of the history of the Earth occurred in the Precambrian. The Precambrian began with the formation of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago (Ga) and ended 542 million years ago (International Stratigraphic Chart, www.stratigraphy.org). It is subdivided into two large eons: the Archean (between 4 and 2.5 Ga) and the Proterozoic (from 2.5 to 0.542 Ga). The International Commission on Stratigraphy is proposing to add an extra eon, the Hadean, covering the first 600 million years of the history of our planet. Notwithstanding, this eon is described as having an informal status since no pre-Archean rock has been observed today. In fact, the oldest rocks date back to 4 billion years ago (U/Pb dating on zircon crystals). These are the Acasta gneisses in the Slave Province of Canada. The two formal eons of the Precambrian are subdivided into eras. In particular, the Proterozoic contains three eras: Paleoproterozoic (2.5–1.6 Ga), Mesoproterozoic (1.6–1.0 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (1.0–0.542 Ga).

Published
2021

406. The 40K/40Ar and 40Ar/39Ar Methods

Author

Hervé Guillou, Vincent Scao, Sébastien Nomade, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Physics, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Radiogenic nuclide, Argon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Isotope, Period (periodic table), Potassium, Sample (material), chemistry.chemical_element, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry, Atomic physics, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Radioactive decay, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The 40K/40Ar method and its variant, 40Ar/39Ar, are based on the natural radioactive decay of 40K, one of the isotopes of potassium, in 40Ar, one of the isotopes of argon. 40K decreases in 40Ar* (the * symbol indicates that this is a radiogenic isotope) with a period of 1.25 × 109 years, according to the law of radioactive decay N = N0 e−λt. In other words, if we consider a closed system, containing at an initial time (t0) N0 atoms of 40K, then N0/2 atoms of 40K will remain in the system after 1.25 × 109 years. This gives us an indication of the geochronological application. If, in a geological sample, both the number of parent atoms remaining (40K) and the number of daughter atoms formed (40Ar*) can be measured, then it is possible to calculate the age of formation of this sample.

Published
2021

407. Air-Vegetation Interface: Pollen

Author

Joel Guiot, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., and Govin A. (eds)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010506 paleontology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ved/biology, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Drainage basin, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Pollen, Terrestrial plant, medicine, Environmental science, Terrestrial vegetation, Physical geography, medicine.symptom, Vegetation (pathology), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Bog, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Pollen grains emitted by terrestrial plants are used as indicators of past vegetation and climate. They have a very resistant envelop which protects them from oxidation. The morphology of their envelop is a characteristic of the emitting plant type. Every year, terrestrial vegetation disperses billions of pollen grains which accumulate everywhere and, in places where the catchment is humid, such lakes and bogs, they are preserved for long periods of time up to several hundreds of millennia. Then, by sampling the sediments and by counting the pollen grains by plant type, it is possible to reconstruct past vegetation and to statistically deduce climate variations which have induced the vegetation changes.

Published
2021

408. Air-Ice Interface: Tropical Glaciers

Author

Françoise Vimeux, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 13. Climate action, Interface (Java), Humidity, Polar, Glacier, Atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Just as the polar caps are excellent archives of information on past climates, so too are the high-altitude tropical glaciers. Indeed, the prevailing temperature and humidity conditions there usually ensure very good preservation of chemical and isotopic tracers.

Published
2021

409. The Cryosphere and Sea Level

Author

Vincent Peyaud, Catherine Ritz, Claire Waelbroeck, Florence Colleoni, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (OGS), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Cryosphere, Ice sheet, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, Sea level
Abstract

International audience; Several times during the history of the Earth extensive ice sheets covered part of the continents. As a result, a significant proportion of freshwater was stored in solid form, which caused a drop in sea level.

Published
2021

410. Carbon-14

Author

Paterne, Martine, Michel, Élisabeth, Hatté, Christine, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

411. Biogeochemical cycles and aerosols over the last million years

Author

Bouttes, Nathaëlle, Bopp, Laurent, Albani, Samuel, Ramstein, Gilles, Vadsaria, Tristan, Capron, Emilie, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), University of Tokyo [Kashiwa Campus], British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Niels Bohr Institute [Copenhagen] (NBI), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), and University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract

International audience; The biogeochemical cycles encompass the exchange of chemical elements between reservoirs such as the atmosphere, ocean, land and lithosphere. Those exchanges involve biological, geological and chemical processes, hence the term “biogeochemical cycles”.

Published
2021

412. Air-Ice Interface: Polar Ice

Author

Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Jean Jouzel, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climatic variables, Snow, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 03 medical and health sciences, Volume (thermodynamics), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Deposition (phase transition), Polar, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The deposition and preservation of layers of snow, year after year, enable many climate and environmental parameters to be recorded in the structure and composition of the ice, as well as in its gas inclusions and impurities. This section is devoted specifically to information on climate variables; the composition of the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles are discussed in Chap. 1 of this volume and Chap. 1 of Volume 2.

Published
2020

413. Ground-Air Interface: The Loess Sequences, Markers of Atmospheric Circulation

Author

Christine Hatté, Denis-Didier Rousseau, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Moisture, Atmospheric circulation, Earth science, Climate oscillation, 15. Life on land, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, Loess, Interglacial, Paleoclimatology, Environmental science, Aeolian processes, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Atmospheric circulation is responsible for the rapid distribution of heat and moisture across the Earth and hence determines our weather and regional climate, today and in the past. During past climate cycles, the atmosphere has been much more dustier, except during the interglacials, inducing uncertainties about the impact of mineral aerosols on the past climate dynamics. There are abundant traces of the combination of past atmospheric dynamics and paleodust cycle such as eolian mineral material transported and deposited in terrestrial archives as loess. Records from loess deposits consistently suggest that atmospheric dynamics was highly variable, during the past climate cycles, much more than presently where the only sources of dust are the major deserts. In this chapter we explained the four main categories of parameters allowing to identify loess deposits as reliable markers for past air circulation. Open image in new window Fig. 13.1 Global distribution of loess sediments and equivalents. 1: loess sediments; 2: loess derivatives (according to Pecsi (1990))

Published
2020

414. Reconstructing the Physics and Circulation of the Atmosphere

Author

Joel Guiot, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 060102 archaeology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, 06 humanities and the arts, Vegetation, 01 natural sciences, Natural (archaeology), Physics::Geophysics, Atmosphere, Circulation (fluid dynamics), 13. Climate action, Climatology, 0601 history and archaeology, Satellite, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Scale (map), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The variability and evolution of the physical parameters of atmospheric circulation are currently monitored in real time and on a global scale thanks to a dense network of weather stations and to satellite observations of the Earth. But the time span of these observations is relatively short as compared to the time characteristics of the processes at work. It is possible to extend these time series considerably using natural archives, in soils, lakes, vegetation, continental and polar ice. These archives have allowed qualitative or quantitative indices of the main parameters describing climate to be reconstructed, but they need decoding the complex physical, chemical, and biological processes, taking into account the various uncertainty sources.

Published
2020

415. Dating of Corals and Other Geological Samples via the Radioactive Disequilibrium of Uranium and Thorium Isotopes

Author

Norbert Frank, Freya Hemsing, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., Govin A. (eds), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Stalagmite, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, 14. Life underwater, Radiocarbon dating, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Reef, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Tectonic subsidence, geography.geographical_feature_category, Past sea level, Aragonite, Uranium, chemistry, 13. Climate action, engineering, Geology, Isotopes of thorium
Abstract

U/Th dating methods have become cornerstone tools for the determination of the age of climate change recorded in marine and continental carbonates. Here we describe the theoretical principles and analytical methods along the example of U/Th dating the aragonite skeletons of tropical corals. We demonstrate that a precision limiting factor is built in the dating principle, known as U-series open system behavior. Moreover, above all the quality of the samples is crucial for a successful and accurate age determination. When using well preserved fossil coral fragments ages provide measures of past sea level, contribute to the calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, and allow for the reconstruction of reef accumulation rates, tectonic subsidence, or uplift. We finally emphasize that U/Th dating also works for secondary carbonates such as stalagmites, calcareous tuff and travertine, but the boundary conditions regarding the U concentration, and the initial U and Th isotopic composition vary wildly and need careful consideration. When doing so, highest precision and accuracy can Is feasible. Open image in new window Fig. 6.1 Start of the radioactive decay chain 238U

Published
2020

416. Air-Ground Interface: Sediment Tracers in Tropical Lakes

Author

David Williamson, World Agroforestry Centre, Ramstein G., Landais A., Bouttes N., Sepulchre P., and Govin A. (eds)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Sediment, Tropical lake, Sedimentary rock, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Air ground interface, Latitude
Abstract

The climate archives found at low latitudes are mostly sedimentary or geomorphological. Their formation and preservation depend fundamentally on favorable geomorphological and climatic conditions.

Published
2020

417. Biogeochemical Cycles and Aerosols Over the Last Million Years

Author

Gilles Ramstein, Emilie Capron, Tristan Vadsaria, Nathaelle Bouttes, Laurent Bopp, Samuel Albani, Ramstein, G, Landais, A, Bouttes, N, Sepulchre, P, Govin, A, Bopp, L, Albani, S, Vadsaria, T, and Capron, E

Subjects
Atmosphere, Biogeochemical cycle, 13. Climate action, Lithosphere, Earth science, Paleoclimatology, paleoclimatology, Environmental science, biogeochemical cycle
Abstract

The biogeochemical cycles encompass the exchange of chemical elements between reservoirs such as the atmosphere, ocean, land and lithosphere. Those exchanges involve biological, geological and chemical processes, hence the term “biogeochemical cycles”.

Published
2020

418. Dataset of Phanerozoic continental climate and Köppen-Geiger climate classes.

Author

Pohl A, Wong Hearing T, Franc A, Sepulchre P, and Scotese CR

Abstract

This article describes a suite of global climate model output files that provide continental climatic conditions (monthly temperatures, precipitation, evaporation, precipitation minus evaporation balance, runoff) together with the calculated Köppen-Geiger climate classes and topography, for 28 evenly spaced time slices through the Phanerozoic (Cambrian to Quaternary, 540 Ma to 0 Ma). Climatic variables were simulated with the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model (FOAM), using a recent set of open-access continental reconstructions with paleotopography and recent atmospheric CO 2 and solar luminosity estimates. FOAM is a general circulation model frequently used in paleoclimate studies, especially in the Palaeozoic. Köppen-Geiger climate classes were calculated based on simulated temperature and precipitation fields using Wong Hearing et al.'s [1] implementation of Peel et al.'s [2] updated classification. This dataset provides a unique window onto changing continental climate throughout the Phanerozoic that accounts for the simultaneous evolution of paleogeography (continental configuration and topography), atmospheric composition and greenhouse gas forcing, and solar luminosity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Published
2022
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419. Orbital variations as a major driver of climate and biome distribution during the greenhouse to icehouse transition.

Author

Tardif D, Toumoulin A, Fluteau F, Donnadieu Y, Le Hir G, Barbolini N, Licht A, Ladant JB, Sepulchre P, Viovy N, Hoorn C, and Dupont-Nivet G

Abstract

Recent studies suggest increasing sensitivity to orbital variations across the Eocene-Oligocene greenhouse to icehouse climate transition. However, climate simulations and paleoenvironmental studies mostly provide snapshots of the past climate, therefore overlooking the role of this short-term variability in driving major environmental changes and possibly biasing model-data comparisons. We address this problem by performing numerical simulations describing the end-members of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. The orbitally induced biome variability obtained in our simulations allows to reconcile previous apparent mismatch between models and paleobotanical compilations. We show that precession-driven intermittent monsoon-like climate may have taken place during the Eocene, resulting in biomes shifting from shrubland to tropical forest in the intertropical convergence zone migration region. Our Oligocene simulations suggest that, along with decreased p CO 2 , orbital variations crucially modulated major faunal dispersal events around the EOT such as the Grande Coupure by creating and fragmenting the biome corridors along several key land bridges.

Published
2021
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420. Quantitative comparison of geological data and model simulations constrains early Cambrian geography and climate.

Author

Wong Hearing TW, Pohl A, Williams M, Donnadieu Y, Harvey THP, Scotese CR, Sepulchre P, Franc A, and Vandenbroucke TRA

Abstract

Marine ecosystems with a diverse range of animal groups became established during the early Cambrian (~541 to ~509 Ma). However, Earth's environmental parameters and palaeogeography in this interval of major macro-evolutionary change remain poorly constrained. Here, we test contrasting hypotheses of continental configuration and climate that have profound implications for interpreting Cambrian environmental proxies. We integrate general circulation models and geological observations to test three variants of the 'Antarctocentric' paradigm, with a southern polar continent, and an 'equatorial' configuration that lacks polar continents. This quantitative framework can be applied to other deep-time intervals when environmental proxy data are scarce. Our results show that the Antarctocentric palaeogeographic paradigm can reconcile geological data and simulated Cambrian climate. Our analyses indicate a greenhouse climate during the Cambrian animal radiation, with mean annual sea-surface temperatures between ~9 °C to ~19 °C and ~30 °C to ~38 °C for polar and tropical palaeolatitudes, respectively.

Published
2021
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421. Tectonics, climate and the diversification of the tropical African terrestrial flora and fauna.

Author

Couvreur TLP, Dauby G, Blach-Overgaard A, Deblauwe V, Dessein S, Droissart V, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, Janssens SB, Ley AC, Mackinder BA, Sonké B, Sosef MSM, Stévart T, Svenning JC, Wieringa JJ, Faye A, Missoup AD, Tolley KA, Nicolas V, Ntie S, Fluteau F, Robin C, Guillocheau F, Barboni D, and Sepulchre P

Subjects
Animals, Fossils, Phylogeny, Plants genetics, Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Abstract

Tropical Africa is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems. Past climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution and diversification of this biodiversity. During the last two decades, around 90 dated molecular phylogenies of different clades across animals and plants have been published leading to an increased understanding of the diversification and speciation processes generating tropical African biodiversity. In parallel, extended geological and palaeoclimatic records together with detailed numerical simulations have refined our understanding of past geological and climatic changes in Africa. To date, these important advances have not been reviewed within a common framework. Here, we critically review and synthesize African climate, tectonics and terrestrial biodiversity evolution throughout the Cenozoic to the mid-Pleistocene, drawing on recent advances in Earth and life sciences. We first review six major geo-climatic periods defining tropical African biodiversity diversification by synthesizing 89 dated molecular phylogeny studies. Two major geo-climatic factors impacting the diversification of the sub-Saharan biota are highlighted. First, Africa underwent numerous climatic fluctuations at ancient and more recent timescales, with tectonic, greenhouse gas, and orbital forcing stimulating diversification. Second, increased aridification since the Late Eocene led to important extinction events, but also provided unique diversification opportunities shaping the current tropical African biodiversity landscape. We then review diversification studies of tropical terrestrial animal and plant clades and discuss three major models of speciation: (i) geographic speciation via vicariance (allopatry); (ii) ecological speciation impacted by climate and geological changes, and (iii) genomic speciation via genome duplication. Geographic speciation has been the most widely documented to date and is a common speciation model across tropical Africa. We conclude with four important challenges faced by tropical African biodiversity research: (i) to increase knowledge by gathering basic and fundamental biodiversity information; (ii) to improve modelling of African geophysical evolution throughout the Cenozoic via better constraints and downscaling approaches; (iii) to increase the precision of phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dating of tropical African clades by using next generation sequencing approaches together with better fossil calibrations; (iv) finally, as done here, to integrate data better from Earth and life sciences by focusing on the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of tropical African biodiversity in a wider geodiversity context., (© 2020 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.)

Published
2021
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422. Response to Comment on "Revised paleoaltimetry data show low Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene".

Author

Botsyun S, Sepulchre P, Donnadieu Y, Risi C, Licht A, and Caves Rugenstein JK

Abstract

Valdes et al contest our results, suggesting failings in our modeling approach as well as in our comparison with data. Although their comment points to interesting ideas of improvement, we find that their critique reflects an incomplete understanding of our methods and is not supported by the material they provide., (Copyright © 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Published
2019
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423. Revised paleoaltimetry data show low Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene.

Author

Botsyun S, Sepulchre P, Donnadieu Y, Risi C, Licht A, and Caves Rugenstein JK

Abstract

Paleotopographic reconstructions of the Tibetan Plateau based on stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods conclude that most of the Plateau's current elevation was already reached by the Eocene, ~40 million years ago. However, changes in atmospheric and hydrological dynamics affect oxygen stable isotopes in precipitation and may thus bias such reconstructions. We used an isotope-equipped general circulation model to assess the influence of changing Eocene paleogeography and climate on paleoelevation estimates. Our simulations indicate that stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods are not applicable in Eocene Asia because of a combination of increased convective precipitation, mixture of air masses, and widespread aridity. Rather, a model-data comparison suggests that the Tibetan Plateau only reached low to moderate (less than 3000 meters) elevations during the Eocene, reconciling oxygen isotope data with other proxies., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)

Published
2019
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424. Exploring the floristic diversity of tropical Africa.

Author

Sosef MS, Dauby G, Blach-Overgaard A, van der Burgt X, Catarino L, Damen T, Deblauwe V, Dessein S, Dransfield J, Droissart V, Duarte MC, Engledow H, Fadeur G, Figueira R, Gereau RE, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, de Heij J, Janssens S, Klomberg Y, Ley AC, Mackinder BA, Meerts P, van de Poel JL, Sonké B, Stévart T, Stoffelen P, Svenning JC, Sepulchre P, Zaiss R, Wieringa JJ, and Couvreur TL

Subjects
Africa, Databases as Topic, Forests, Geography, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Trees growth & development, Biodiversity, Flowers physiology, Tropical Climate
Abstract

Background: Understanding the patterns of biodiversity distribution and what influences them is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective conservation and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity. Such knowledge is increasingly urgent as biodiversity responds to the ongoing effects of global climate change. Nowhere is this more acute than in species-rich tropical Africa, where so little is known about plant diversity and its distribution. In this paper, we use RAINBIO - one of the largest mega-databases of tropical African vascular plant species distributions ever compiled - to address questions about plant and growth form diversity across tropical Africa., Results: The filtered RAINBIO dataset contains 609,776 georeferenced records representing 22,577 species. Growth form data are recorded for 97% of all species. Records are well distributed, but heterogeneous across the continent. Overall, tropical Africa remains poorly sampled. When using sampling units (SU) of 0.5°, just 21 reach appropriate collection density and sampling completeness, and the average number of records per species per SU is only 1.84. Species richness (observed and estimated) and endemism figures per country are provided. Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Ivory Coast and Liberia appear as the botanically best-explored countries, but none are optimally explored. Forests in the region contain 15,387 vascular plant species, of which 3013 are trees, representing 5-7% of the estimated world's tropical tree flora. The central African forests have the highest endemism rate across Africa, with approximately 30% of species being endemic., Conclusions: The botanical exploration of tropical Africa is far from complete, underlining the need for intensified inventories and digitization. We propose priority target areas for future sampling efforts, mainly focused on Tanzania, Atlantic Central Africa and West Africa. The observed number of tree species for African forests is smaller than those estimated from global tree data, suggesting that a significant number of species are yet to be discovered. Our data provide a solid basis for a more sustainable management and improved conservation of tropical Africa's unique flora, and is important for achieving Objective 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020. In turn, RAINBIO provides a solid basis for a more sustainable management and improved conservation of tropical Africa's unique flora.

Published
2017
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425. RAINBIO: a mega-database of tropical African vascular plants distributions.

Author

Dauby G, Zaiss R, Blach-Overgaard A, Catarino L, Damen T, Deblauwe V, Dessein S, Dransfield J, Droissart V, Duarte MC, Engledow H, Fadeur G, Figueira R, Gereau RE, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, de Heij J, Janssens S, Klomberg Y, Ley AC, Mackinder BA, Meerts P, van de Poel JL, Sonké B, Sosef MS, Stévart T, Stoffelen P, Svenning JC, Sepulchre P, van der Burgt X, Wieringa JJ, and Couvreur TL

Abstract

The tropical vegetation of Africa is characterized by high levels of species diversity but is undergoing important shifts in response to ongoing climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures. Although our knowledge of plant species distribution patterns in the African tropics has been improving over the years, it remains limited. Here we present RAINBIO, a unique comprehensive mega-database of georeferenced records for vascular plants in continental tropical Africa. The geographic focus of the database is the region south of the Sahel and north of Southern Africa, and the majority of data originate from tropical forest regions. RAINBIO is a compilation of 13 datasets either publicly available or personal ones. Numerous in depth data quality checks, automatic and manual via several African flora experts, were undertaken for georeferencing, standardization of taxonomic names and identification and merging of duplicated records. The resulting RAINBIO data allows exploration and extraction of distribution data for 25,356 native tropical African vascular plant species, which represents ca. 89% of all known plant species in the area of interest. Habit information is also provided for 91% of these species.

Published
2016
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426. Tectonic-driven climate change and the diversification of angiosperms.

Author

Chaboureau AC, Sepulchre P, Donnadieu Y, and Franc A

Subjects
Biological Evolution, Ecosystem, Fossils, Genetic Speciation, Genetic Variation, History, Ancient, Models, Biological, Paleontology, Climate Change, Magnoliopsida classification, Magnoliopsida genetics
Abstract

In 1879, Charles Darwin characterized the sudden and unexplained rise of angiosperms during the Cretaceous as an "abominable mystery." The diversification of this clade marked the beginning of a rapid transition among Mesozoic ecosystems and floras formerly dominated by ferns, conifers, and cycads. Although the role of environmental factors has been suggested [Coiffard C, Gómez B (2012) Geol Acta 10(2):181-188], Cretaceous global climate change has barely been considered as a contributor to angiosperm radiation, and focus was put on biotic factors to explain this transition. Here we use a fully coupled climate model driven by Mesozoic paleogeographic maps to quantify and discuss the impact of continental drift on angiosperm expansion and diversification. We show that the decrease of desertic belts between the Triassic and the Cretaceous and the subsequent onset of long-lasting humid conditions during the Late Cretaceous were driven by the breakup of Pangea and were contemporaneous with the first rise of angiosperm diversification. Positioning angiosperm-bearing fossil sites on our paleobioclimatic maps shows a strong match between the location of fossil-rich outcrops and temperate humid zones, indicating that climate change from arid to temperate dominance may have set the stage for the ecological expansion of flowering plants.

Published
2014
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427. Tectonic uplift and Eastern Africa aridification.

Author

Sepulchre P, Ramstein G, Fluteau F, Schuster M, Tiercelin JJ, and Brunet M

Abstract

The history of Eastern African hominids has been linked to a progressive increase of open grassland during the past 8 million years. This trend was explained by global climatic processes, which do not account for the massive uplift of eastern African topography that occurred during this period. Atmosphere and biosphere simulations quantify the role played by these tectonic events. The reduced topographic barrier before 8 million years ago permitted a zonal circulation with associated moisture transport and strong precipitation. Our results suggest that the uplift itself led to a drastic reorganization of atmospheric circulation, engendering the strong aridification and paleoenvironmental changes suggested by the data.

Published
2006
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428. [Reflections on the anterior cruciate ligament (A.C.L.) and clinical implications].

Author

Konate D, Sepulchre P, Sy H, and Blaimont P

Subjects
Aged, Humans, Joint Diseases pathology, Joint Diseases physiopathology, Joint Diseases surgery, Knee Prosthesis, Knee Joint, Ligaments, Articular pathology, Ligaments, Articular physiopathology
Abstract

This report documents experiments on the front, crossed ligament undertaken after dissection of 17 human knees. The form, direction, constitution, and even the various diameters and tibial and femoral bone insertion surfaces of the ligament were all studied. Various cross-section experiments were undertaken to reveal the physio-pathological aspects. Greater tibial insertion area and diameter along with a more oblique orthogonal projection on the tibial correspond to the need to better spread the constraints. It is concluded that varying degrees of tension in function of the position of the knee, and knowledge of the various lengths and diameters of the ligament permit a better understanding of the prosthetic replacement surgery required.

Published
1990

430. [Internal tibial pain in runners].

Author

Sepulchre P, Blaimont P, and Pasteels JL

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Athletic Injuries complications, Pain etiology, Running, Tibia
Abstract

Certain pains located along the internal boundary of the tibia in its middle third appear sometimes in young athletes who have come to racing comparatively late. The pains improve with rest, but nevertheless end up by being subintrant. The worst pain is located at the tibial insertion point of the common flexor of the toes, and of the soleus muscle. An accentuation of tarsal pronation often accompanies the pain syndrome, this in turn sometimes being accompanied by excessive valgisation of the back of the foot. Torsion disorders of the lower limb are another component of the picture. Intensive training and certain propulsion exercises on tiptoe seem to trigger off these disorders. Radiography can show moniliform cortical adaptations. Bone scintigraphies using marked technetate mainly show the areas of longitudinal hypercaptation on the internal boundary of the tibia. Pain is triggered off by the excessive use of the common flexor of the toes and by partial rupture of the aponeurosis at the point of tibial insertion of the soleus. The pressure measurements of the deep posterior space do not suggest a lodge syndrome; however, certain histopathological pictures do suggest the existence of an ischemical phenomenon. The orthopaedic treatment is based on an understanding of the deficient mechanisms functioning during foot pressure on the ground in racing. Corrective footwear and slow, gradual training techniques can help with these problems. Sometimes the pains become resistant to all conservative treatment and will respond favourably to an aponeurotomy associated with partial disinsertion of the soleus and common flexor of the toes.

Published
1988

431. [Medial tibial pain in runners].

Author

Sepulchre P, Blaimont P, and Pasteels JL

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Male, Pain Management, Radiography, Radionuclide Imaging, Tendons physiopathology, Athletic Injuries physiopathology, Pain physiopathology, Running, Tibia diagnostic imaging
Abstract

Pain at the site of the tibial insertion of the flexor digitorum longus and the soleus near the middle third of the medial border of the tibia may be encountered in young athletes, who have usually started to run in late adolescence. Heel valgus, abnormal mid-foot pronation and excessive tibial torsion may be seen in association. The symptoms are brought on after excessive training. Radiographs may show cortical thickening at the site of the pain, and a bone scan may demonstrate a mild increase in the uptake of the isotope at this site. The pain appears to be related to a strain of the attachment of the flexor digitorum longus and the aponeurotic insertion of the soleus into the tibia. The pressure in the deep posterior compartment of the tibia is normal. Histological examination of specimens from the flexor digitorum longus may demonstrate ischaemic changes in the muscle. Treatment is based on an understanding of the biomechanics of the foot in running, modification of training methods and the use of suitable orthotics. If these measures fail, partial division of the aponeurotic attachment of soleus and freeing of the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus is usually successful.

Published
1988
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433. [Letter: Weight reduction and perhexiline maleate].

Author

Grand A and Sepulchre P

Subjects
Diuresis drug effects, Feeding and Eating Disorders chemically induced, Humans, Maleates, Perhexiline adverse effects, Perhexiline therapeutic use, Body Weight drug effects, Coronary Disease drug therapy, Piperidines therapeutic use, Vasodilator Agents therapeutic use
Published
1974

435. [Surgical treatment of the herniated cervical disk].

Author

Blaimont P, van Elegem P, and Sepulchre P

Subjects
Cervical Vertebrae surgery, Humans, Intervertebral Disc Displacement diagnosis, Spinal Fusion methods, Intervertebral Disc Displacement surgery
Published
1988

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