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Within the past decade, revisionism about Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency has become a veritable cottage industry. A torrent of books and articles has already appeared with many more undoubtedly on the way that have forced a major reassessment of the Eisenhower presidency, and especially of its foreign policy. According to the new literature, the former image of the popular general as an amiable but bumbling leader who presided over the "great postponement" of critical national and international issues during the 1950s can no longer be sustained by the evidence. On the contrary, writes one historian, he was "intelligent, decisive, and perceptive, a strong leader who guided his administration with a deft hand and a president who led his nation peacefully through eight tortuous years of Cold War."' In the words of another scholar

This study investigated the effects of parental instruction-giving on child compliance. Twenty-seven mother-child pairs were randomly assigned to one of three parent-training groups: (1) command training, (2) command plus time-out training, and (3) placebo training. Command training consisted of teaching parents to issue specific, single instructions followed by a 5-sec interval in which the parent did not physically interfere or verbally interrupt her child. Pre- and postmeasures of child compliance indicated that command training resulted in increased child compliance. Parents in the command plus time-out group obtained even greater improvement in child compliance.

The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine changes in parent behavior toward an untreated sibling after parent behavioral training to modify a target child's noncompliance and (b) to examine changes in the untreated sibling's behavior. Eight clinic- referred children and their mothers served as the subjects. Parent training consisted of the use of a standardized clinic program to modify child noncompliance. The outcome measure was home observations of the parent and untreated child's interactions. The results indicated significant changes in both the parent's behavior and the untreated sibling's noncompliance.

Consumer satisfaction in child behavior therapy is reviewed by examining satisfaction with treatment outcome, therapists, treatment procedures, and teaching format. While satisfaction in all four areas has generally been high, most investigators have limited their assessments to treatment outcome and therapists. Furthermore, the majority of studies have been in the area of parent training. A number of methodological issues are discussed including who should be assessed for satisfaction, types of and maintenance of satisfaction, and difficulties with measures being utilized. Finally, recommendations are made for future research and clinical work.

This study describes a comprehensive assessment of parental consumer satisfaction with a parent training program designed to modify child noncompliance. Parental satisfaction with treatment outcome, with therapists, with various teaching methods employed in the program, and with specific parenting skills was assessed at treatment termination and at a 2-month follow-up. Parental satisfaction with the parent training program was compared with satisfaction with a form of the program that included formal training in social learning principles. Results indicated that parents generally reported a high level of satisfaction with the parent training program. Mothers who received training in social learning principles maintained their satisfaction in a more consistent manner.

Developmental changes in pain expression provoked by routine immunization injections during the first 2 years of life were examined. An interval-sampling, behavioral observation system was developed to code categories of expressive behavior in infants, their mothers and the nurse responsible for the injection. Qualitative changes were observed in the infants' behavior, with those less than 12 months of age responding in a more spontaneous, diffuse manner, whereas the older infants displayed more anticipatory distress, descriptive language and goal-directed movement. Mothers and the nurse actively interacted with each other and the infant with a range of vocal and nonvocal actions. The findings justified the use of unobtrusive, naturalistic observation as a means of assisting practitioners who suffer from an inadequate knowledge-base on pain in children.

Self-administered materials for parents are becoming increasingly prevalent; however, adequate empirical evaluation of these materials is generally absent. In order to encourage research in this area, methodological issues that need to be considered in evaluating self-help written packages for parents are presented. These include the following: reading comprehension ability of the parent and readability of the manual; composition of the experimental groups; use of appropriate control or comparison groups; outcome measures; collection of cost-effectiveness data; and assessment of maintenance of treatment effects. Recommendations regarding features of research evaluating self-administered materials are made.

On February 12, 1951, President Harry S. Truman formally recommended to Congress that the United States provide India with two million tons of grain in emergency assistance in order to meet a food crisis of potentially catastrophic dimensions. "We cannot turn a deaf ear to India's appeal," he exclaimed. "Our friendship for the people of India and our traditional concern for human suffering impel us to take every reasonable step we can to alleviate mass hunger and distress."' Although Truman's message stressed the humanitarian reasons for meeting India's food needs, the president and his advisers were convinced that a prompt U.S. response to the crisis would serve diplomatic ends as well. The presidential appeal came at a critical juncture in U.S.Indian relations. American irritation with Prime Minister

The present study was undertaken to address two questions concerning clinic‐referred mother‐child pairs. These were: Do lower class parents differ in their interactions with and perceptions of their children from middle and upper class parents; and are lower class parents and their children less responsive to treatment than middle or upper class parents and their children? Thirty‐one mother‐child pairs served as subjects and were divided into low, medium, and high socioeconomic groups with nine, ten and twelve subjects, respectively. Treatment consisted of teaching the parents to use social reinforcement and time out techniques. Both observational behavioral data and parent questionnaire data were obtained pre and post treatment. The pre treatment data revealed no significant differences among groups. The analysis of the treatment outcome data revealed changes in the desired direction for all dependent variables. Furthermore, all socioeconomic groups demonstrated similar changes for all outcome m...

The purpose of the present study was to examine if parents can manipulate child compliance and, if they can, to determine what parental behavior changes occur in order to accomplish this child behavior change. A second purpose was to examine if parents of deviant and normal children could equally and effectively manipulate child compliance. Ten mothers and their clinic-referred children and ten mothers and their nonclinic children served as subjects. All mothers were seen in a laboratory setting and instructed in one phase to make their children look compliant and in another phase to look noncompliant. All parents subsequently issued 20 standard commands to their children. The results indicated that mothers could manipulate child compliance. Mothers of deviant and normal children did not differ in their ability to change child compliance or in the behaviors they used to obtain compliance and noncompliance. Clinic-referred children were perceived as more deviant by their mothers and displayed less compliance and more general deviant behavior during the standard command situation.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of the presence of a reliability observer on the number of positive parent behaviors recorded by a primary observer during naturalistic parent-child interactions. Thirty parents and their young clinic-referred children served as subjects. After two initial home observations, a reliability observer was present to record data in observation session 3, but not session 4, for one-half the subjects. For the remaining subjects the reliability observer was present in session 4 but not session 3. The results of a 2 × 2 analysis of variance indicated a group by session interaction which resulted from an increase in maternal attention to the child in the presence of a reliability observer. Hypotheses to explain the finding are presented and implications of the results are discussed.

Sixty children completed a brief arithmetic task under one of three conditions: self-reinforcement (scoring their own work and awarding themselves tokens), external reinforcement (the experimenter scored the work and awarded tokens), and control (the experimenter scored the work but no tokens were awarded). Children were in Grades 3 or 6, and sex was balanced between conditions. Grade was not differentially predictive of either immediate or generalized response to the reinforcement conditions. Boys showed superior performance in the self-reinforcement condition as compared to the external and control conditions; girls' performance in both reinforcement conditions tended to be superior to control. Consumer satisfaction and locus of control were not correlated with children's response to the conditions. The results indicate that, while grade was not an important predictor of outcome, there were sex differences in responsiveness to degree of adult control of the token reinforcement system.

Obtention de styrene et de benzocyclobutene. Un seul mecanisme decrit les processus de transposition thermique et photochimique

Examined the efficacy of incorporating formal training in social learning principles into a behavioral parent training program as a means of enhancing treatment outcome and generalization. Two groups of parents (n = 20) received behavioral skill training designed to modify child noncompliance. One g

The purpose of the present study was to extend earlier research examining predictors of maternal perceptions of maladjustment in clinic-referred children. Forty-five mothers and their clinic-referred children served as subjects. Maternal perceptions of child maladjustment were measured by the Parent Attitude Test. Maternal depression, marital adjustment, and family socioeconomic status were determined by the Beck Depression Inventory, Locke Marital Adjustment Test, and Myers and Bean index of social status, respectively. Child compliance and child deviant behavior (other than noncompliance) were obtained in home observations collected by independent observers. The results indicated that maternal depression was the best predictor of maternal perception of children. The remaining variables failed to contribute to the multiple regression analyses. Separate analyses also were performed on males and females and different predictor variables emerged for the two groups.

On etudie la migration thermique d'hydrogene [1,2] dans le (methylphenyl) methylene qui conduit au styrene, cette transposition depend fortement de la temperature. Par contre, le deplacement thermique-[1,4] d'hydrogene dans l'ο-tolylmethylene triplet qui conduit a l'o-xylylene se produit a des temperatures de l'ordre de 4,6 K

Pulsed laser excitation (354.7 nm, 10 ns pulse) of a pyridyltritolylporphyrin chromophore covalently linked to a dibenzylviologen, Bz 2 V 2+ , electron acceptor (porphyrin—viologen, PV 2+ ) in CH 3 CN leads to intramolecular electron transfer quenching of the porphyrin singlet excited state within the laser pulsewidth to reduce the linked Bz 2 V 2+ to Bz 2 V +· . Transient Bz 2 V +· can be detected directly by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The same transient features are obtained from pulsed laser excitation of a mixture of porphyrin (P) and dibenzylviologen in CH 3 CN where Bz 2 V 2+ quenches the porphyrin fluorescence, establishing bimolecular excited state electron transfer quenching to yield Bz 2 V +· . Confirmation of our assignment of the transient Bz 2 V +· comes from comparison of the spectra with the resonance Raman spectrum of an authentic sample of Bz 2 V +· , and of electrochemically reduced PV 2+ which has been spectroscopically confirmed to form PV +· . Fluorescence lifetime determinations for PV 2+ and P yield a rate constant for intramolecular electron transfer, k et = 8 × 10 7 s −1 , consistent with the ability to observe electron transfer within the laser pulsewidth

Ninety nonreferred mothers of young (3- to 8-year-old) children evaluated the treatment acceptability of a behavioral parent training program in terms of its five individual parenting skills (attends, rewards, ignoring, commands, time out), three methods of introducing each new skill to the child (rationale, rationale plus modeling, no rationale or modeling), and the program as an entity. All aspects of the program were rated very positively on overall ratings of acceptability. Strategies to increase deficit behavior (rewards, commands, attends) were rated as more acceptable than strategies used to reduce behavioral excesses (time out, ignoring). Presenting a rationale was rated as the most acceptable method of introducing the new parenting strategies to the child. Comparisons of these findings with previous studies of treatment acceptability and consumer satisfaction are made and discussed in the context of the social validity of this parent training program.

The effectiveness of a brochure in teaching mothers to modify their preschool children's inappropriate mealtime behaviors was examined. The brochure described the procedures of differential attention and time-out as they might be applied to mealtime. No feedback or information other than the brochure was employed. The results were assessed in the home by a multiple-baseline across-subjects design. Inappropriate mealtime behavior decreased substantially for each child, with reductions ranging from 50% to 80%. Maternal use of rewards and consequation of inappropriate mealtime behavior also changed in the desired directions. Changes were maintained at a 6-week follow-up and were comparable to results obtained in more intensive parent training programs.

The present study was undertaken to identify predictors of change in child behavior in school which occur with treatment of home problems. Sixteen clinic-referred children served as subjects. Before and after treatment in which their parents were taught behavior management skills the children were observed in the home and at school. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that changes in home oppositional behavior in combination with the pretreatment level of the school behavior, served as significant predictors of changes in school behavior.

L'irradiation des naphtyldiazomethanes conduit aux composes du titre alors que le phenyldiazomethane donne le cycloheptatetraene-1,2,4,6

“Self-help”1 behavior therapies that are totally self-administered and require at most a minimal amount of professional time are currently quite popular. The advantages of such an approach in terms of cost effectiveness and self-control are inestimable. However, Rosen (1976, 1977a, 1978b) has emphasized the importance of adequate empirical validation of these self-help programs if they are to be of true value to either the behavior therapist or the client. Psychology as a profession is also becoming more cognizant of such a need, as indicated by the recent formation of an APA Task Force on Self-Help Psychotherapies to provide an overview of the current status of this area, delineate possible ethical concerns, and tentatively explore possible action in these areas (Rosen, 1978a). In a review of the several areas in which behavioral written materials have been employed as self-help aides, Glasgow and Rosen (1978) concluded that the empirical status of these self-help therapies was extremely variable.

Obtention de styrene et de benzocyclobutene. Un seul mecanisme decrit les processus de transposition thermique et photochimique

Chronic pain patients typically display reduced activity level attributed to pain and implying a positive correlation between exercise or activity and pain complaints. This study correlated observed pain complaints with amount of prescribed exercise performed by chronic pain patients when exercising to tolerance. Patients were in evaluation of earliest stages of multi-modal treatment. Exercises were physician prescribed to assess use of involved body parts and to promote general activity level. Patients were instructed to do exercise repetitions until pain, weakness of fatigue caused them to stop. Patients decided when to stop. Observations of amount of exercise performed were correlated with observed visible or audible indications of pain or suffering (pain behaviors). Results indicate a consistent negative relationship, i.e., the more exercise performed, the fewer the pain behaviors. This finding is contrary to the frequently observed physician prescription with chronic pain to limit exercise when pain increases.

The purpose of this study was to compare a non-clinic sample of mothers and children to two groups of clinic-referred children and their mothers. The two clinic-referred groups differed from one another in that the selection criterion for one group of children (Clinic Deviant) was that they were significantly more deviant and non-compliant than the non-clinic group whereas the selection criterion for the second group of children (Clinic Non-deviant) was that they did not differ significantly from the non-clinic group on deviant and non-compliant behavior. Home observations by independent observers and parent questionnaires examining parental adjustment and parental perceptions of child adjustment were completed. The results indicated that both clinic groups perceived their children as more maladjusted than parents in the non-clinic groups perceived their children. Parents of the children in the Clinic Non-deviant group were significantly more depressed than those in the remaining two groups, whereas parents in the Clinic Deviant group issued more vague, interrupted commands than those in the Clinic Non-deviant group. Implications of the findings are discussed.