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Mastitis is an important factor affecting the health of cows that leads to elevated somatic cell counts in milk, which can seriously affect milk quality and result in huge economic losses for the livestock industry. Therefore, the aim of this trial was to investigate the effect of melatonin on performance and mastitis in dairy cows. Forty-eight Holstein cows with a similar body weight (470 ± 10 kg), parity (2.75 ± 1.23), number of lactation days (143 ± 43 days), BCS (3.0-3.5), milk yield (36.80 ± 4.18 kg), and somatic cell count (300,000-500,000 cells/mL) were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control (CON group), trial Ⅰ (T80 group), trial Ⅱ (T120 group), and trial Ⅲ (T160 group). Twelve cows in trial groups I, II, and III were pre-dispensed 80, 120, and 160 mg of melatonin in edible glutinous rice capsules along with the basal ration, respectively, while the control group was fed an empty glutinous rice capsule along with the ration. The trial period was 37 days, which included a 7-day adaptive phase followed by a 30-day experimental period. At the end of the trial period, feeding was ended and the cows were observed for 7 days. Milk samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 37 to determine the somatic cell number and milk composition. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, and 37 of the trial to determine the serum biochemical indicators, antioxidant and immune indicators, and the amount of melatonin in the blood. The results showed that the somatic cell counts of lactating cows in the CON group were lower than those in the T120 group on days 14 ( p < 0.05) and 28 ( p < 0.01) at 1 week after melatonin cessation. The milk protein percentage and milk fat percentage of cows in the T120 group were higher than those in the CON group ( p < 0.01). The total protein and globulin content in the T120 group were higher than those in the CON group ( p < 0.01). In terms of antioxidant capacity and immunity, the cows 1 week after melatonin cessation showed higher superoxide dismutase activity and interleukin-10 contents ( p < 0.01) compared with the CON group and lower malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-alpha contents ( p < 0.01) compared with the T120 group. The melatonin content in the T120 group was increased relative to that in the other groups. In conclusion, exogenous melatonin can increase the content of milk components, reduce the somatic cell count, and improve the antioxidant capacity and immune responses to a certain extent. Under the experimental conditions, 120 mg/day melatonin is recommended for mid- to late-lactation cows.

Se alloying has enabled significantly higher carrier lifetimes and photocurrents in CdTe solar cells, but these benefits can be highly dependent on CdSe x Te 1-x processing. This work evaluates the optoelectronic, chemical, and electronic properties of thick (3 µm) undoped CdSe x Te 1-x of uniform composition and varied processing conditions (CdSe x Te 1-x evaporation rate, CdCl 2 anneal, Se content) chosen to reflect various standard device processing conditions. Sub-bandgap defect emission is observed, which increased as Se content increased and with "GrV-optimized CdCl 2 " (i.e., CdCl 2 anneal conditions used for group-V-doped devices). Low carrier lifetime is found for GrV-optimized CdCl 2 , slow CdSe x Te 1-x deposition, and low-Se films. Interestingly, all films (including CdTe control) exhibited n-type behavior, where electron density increased with Se up to an estimated ≈10 17  cm -3 . This behavior appears to originate during the CdCl 2 anneal, possibly from Se diffusion leading to anion vacancy (e.g., V Se , V Te ) and Cl Te generation., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The water and sediment samples were collected from the Yu River and Taowanbei River during periods of summer and winter. The NCPI, EWQI, I geo and PERI were used to evaluate the pollution degree and cumulative ecological risk of HMs in the water and sediments. The PMF model was used to analyze the sources of HMs in river sediments. The pollution degree of Cd, Hg and Zn in the water reached the severe pollution level, in the rank of Hg > Zn > Cd. Cd and Zn in sediments are heavily polluted, Cu is lightly polluted, Pb and As are within the warning range, and the pollution rank is Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > As. The cumulative ecological risk of HMs in sediments reached extremely strong level, mainly Cd and Hg. The main sources of HMs in sediments are mining sources, mixed agricultural and transport sources, and natural sources, which contributed 42.1 %, 34.1 % and 23.8 %, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interest and relevant relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our research work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This research aimed to distinguish person minimization from emotion minimization in Chinese families with adolescent children. In Study 1, a scale was developed to assess two types of minimization through expert evaluations ( M age = 35.05 years, 89.47% females) and factor analyses of mothers' reported minimization ( n = 417, M age = 42.73 years). Study 2 showed that person minimization related to adolescents' ( n = 412, M age = 13.91 years, 44.11% females) and mothers' socioemotional dysfunction and mothers' ( n = 412, M age = 41.17 years) nonsupportive responses; emotion minimization correlated with adolescents' and mothers' cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, and mothers' supportive responses. In Study 3, an experimental design was used, dividing adolescents into two groups: one group ( n = 137, M age = 12.64 years, 55.33% females) evaluating emotion minimization and the other group ( n = 123, M age = 12.74 years, 52.26% females) evaluating person minimization. The results showed that adolescents rated emotion minimization more positively than person minimization. Study 4 ( n = 200, M age = 13.85, 34.50% females) showed reciprocal relations between problematic communication patterns of adolescents' emotional distress and person minimization over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Constructing a highly localized wave field by means of bound states in the continuum (BICs) promotes enhanced wave-matter interaction and offers approaches to high-sensitivity devices. Elastic waves can carry complex polarizations and thus differ from electromagnetic waves and other scalar mechanical waves in the formation of BICs, which is yet to be fully explored and exploited. Here, we report the investigation of local resonance modes supported by a Lamb waveguide side-branched with two pairs of resonant pillars and show the emergence of two groups of elastic BICs with different polarizations or symmetries. Particularly, the two groups of BICs exhibit distinct responses to external perturbations, based on which a label-free sensing scheme with enhanced-sensitivity is proposed. Our study reveals the rich properties of BICs arising from the complex wave dynamics in elastic media and demonstrates their unique functionality for sensing and detection.

Tongue cancer has a very high incidence in China, and there is a need to develop new anti-tumour drugs against it. We synthesised 31 novel quinoline derivatives to test their anti-tumour activity. A compound referred to as "f25" was identified through screening for its high in vitro toxicity against an oral squamous carcinoma cell line (CAL-27). f25 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against CAL-27 cells (IC 50  = 7.70 ± 0.58 μΜ). f25 also inhibited the migration and invasion of CAL-27 cells to a level comparable with that of the chemotherapy agent cisplatin. Moreover, f25 promoted the apoptosis of CAL-27 cells. Transcriptome sequencing and western blotting showed that the mechanism of action of f25 against CAL-27 cells involved the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling pathway. Specifically, f25 could bind to PPAR-α, PPAR-β, and PPAR-γ and increase their expression. In vivo experiments showed that treatment with f25 led to a reduction in tumour volume in nude mice without significant toxicity. Overall, this study highlights the potential of quinoline compounds (particularly f25) for the design and synthesis of anti-tumour drugs. It also underscores the importance of the PPAR signalling pathway as a target for potential cancer therapies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Firefighters have elevated rates of urinary tract cancers and other adverse health outcomes, which may be attributable to environmental occupational exposures. Untargeted metabolomics was applied to characterize this suite of environmental exposures and biological changes in response to occupational firefighting. 200 urine samples from 100 firefighters collected at baseline and two to four hours post-fire were analyzed using untargeted liquid-chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Changes in metabolite abundance after a fire were estimated with fixed effects linear regression, with false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was also used, and variable important projection (VIP) scores were extracted. Systemic changes were evaluated using pathway enrichment for highly discriminating metabolites. Metabolome-wide-association-study (MWAS) identified 268 metabolites associated with firefighting activity at FDR q < 0.05. Of these, 20 were annotated with high confidence, including the amino acids taurine, proline, and betaine; the indoles kynurenic acid and indole-3-acetic acid; the known uremic toxins trimethylamine n-oxide and hippuric acid; and the hormone 7a-hydroxytestosterone. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) additionally implicated choline, cortisol, and other hormones. Significant pathways included metabolism of urea cycle/amino group, alanine and aspartate, aspartate and asparagine, vitamin b3 (nicotinate and nicotinamide), and arginine and proline. Firefighters show a broad metabolic response to fires, including altered excretion of indole compounds and uremic toxins. Implicated pathways and features, particularly uremic toxins, may be important regulators of firefighter's increased risk for urinary tract cancers., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The self, like the concept of central "gravity", facilitates the processing of information that is directly relevant to the self. This phenomenon is known as the self-prioritization effect. However, it remains unclear whether the self-prioritization effect extends to the processing of emotional facial expressions. To fill this gap, we used a self-association paradigm to investigate the impact of self-relevance on the recognition of emotional facial expressions while controlling for confounding factors such as familiarity and overlearning. Using a large and diverse sample, we replicated the effect of self-relevance on face processing but found no evidence for a modulation of self-relevance on facial emotion recognition. We propose two potential theoretical explanations to account for these findings and emphasize that further research with different experimental designs and a multitasks measurement approach is needed to understand this mechanism fully. Overall, our study contributes to the literature on the parallel cognitive processing of self-relevance and facial emotion recognition, with implications for both social and cognitive psychology., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The aim of this research is to investigate which CALL glossing modes (text only, text plus audio, and text plus video clips) are effective for learners' idiom acquisition. Ninety-nine intermediate-level first-year students from a university in China were divided into three groups. In order to determine if CALL glossing had any effect on students' idiom learning, pre- and post-idiom tests were administered. In addition, all the participants completed a questionnaire and five participants from each group completed face-to-face interviews to understand learners' perceptions of different CALL glosses. The results indicated that all three glossing modes promoted idiom acquisition; specifically, text with video glossing mode was more effective than text plus audio glosses and text only glossing mode. These results offer pedagogical implications for idiom teaching and learning, and also provide valuable insights for education in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Malaria, one of the major global public health events, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children and adults in tropical and subtropical regions(mainly in sub-Saharan Africa), threatening human health. It is well known that malaria can cause various complications including anemia, blackwater fever, cerebral malaria, and kidney damage. Conventionally, cardiac involvement has not been listed as a common reason affecting morbidity and mortality of malaria, which may be related to ignored cases or insufficient diagnosis. However, the serious clinical consequences such as acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and malignant arrhythmia caused by malaria have aroused great concern. At present, antimalarials are commonly used for treating malaria in clinical practice. However, inappropriate medication can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cause severe consequences. This review summarized the research advances in the cardiovascular complications including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, hypertension, heart failure, and myocarditis in malaria. The possible mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases caused by malaria were systematically expounded from the hypotheses of cell adhesion, inflammation and cytokines, myocardial apoptosis induced by plasmodium toxin, cardiac injury secondary to acute renal failure, and thrombosis. Furthermore, the effects of quinolines, nucleoprotein synthesis inhibitors, and artemisinin and its derivatives on cardiac structure and function were summarized. Compared with the cardiac toxicity of quinolines in antimalarial therapy, the adverse effects of artemisinin-derived drugs on heart have not been reported in clinical studies. More importantly, the artemisinin-derived drugs demonstrate favorable application prospects in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and are expected to play a role in the treatment of malaria patients with cardiovascular diseases. This review provides reference for the prevention and treatment of malaria-related cardiovascular complications as well as the safe application of antimalarials.

Enfacement illusions are traditionally elicited by visuo-tactile stimulation, but more active paradigms become possible through the usage of virtual reality techniques. For instance, virtual mirrors have been recently proposed to induce enfacement by visuo-motor stimulation. In a virtual mirror experiment, participants interact with an avatar that imitates their facial movements. The active control over the avatar greatly enhances the sense of agency, which is an important ingredient for successful enfacement illusion induction. Due to technological challenges, most virtual mirrors so far were limited to the imitation of the participant's head pose, i.e., its location and rotation. However, stronger experiences of agency can be expected by an increase in the avatar's mimicking abilities. We here present a new open-source framework for virtual mirror experiments, which we call the Open Virtual Mirror Framework (OVMF). The OVMF can track and imitate a large range of facial movements, including pose and expressions. It has been designed to run on standard computer hardware and easily interfaces with existing toolboxes for psychological experimentation, while satisfying the requirement of a tightly controlled experimental setup. Further, it is designed to enable convenient extension of its core functionality such that it can be flexibly adjusted to many different experimental paradigms. We demonstrate the usage of the OVMF and experimentally validate its ability to elicit experiences of agency over an avatar, concluding that the OVMF can serve as a reference for future experiments and that it provides high potential to stimulate new directions in enfacement research and beyond., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Nontrivial band topologies have been discovered in classical systems and hold great potential for device applications. Unlike photons, sound has fundamentally different dynamics and symmetries in fluids and solids, represented as scalar and vector fields, respectively. So far, searches for topological phononic materials have only concerned sound in either fluids or solids alone, overlooking their intricate interactions in "mixtures". Here, we report an approach for topological phononics employing such unique interplay, and demonstrate the realization of type-II nodal rings, elusive in phononics, in a simple three-dimensional phononic crystal. Type-II nodal rings, as line degeneracies in momentum space with exotic properties from strong tilting, are directly observed through ultrasonic near-field scanning. Strongly tilted drumhead surface states, the hallmark phenomena, are also experimentally demonstrated. This phononic approach opens a door to explore topological physics in classical systems, which is easy to implement that can be used for designing high-performance acoustic devices., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Artificial structures provide an efficient method to generate acoustic vortices carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) essential for applications ranging from object manipulation to acoustic communication. However, their flexibility in terms of chirality control has thus far been limited by the lack of reconfigurability and degrees of freedom like spin-orbit coupling. Here we show that this restriction can be lifted by controlling the individual on-off states of two coherent monopolar sources inside a passive parity-time-symmetric ring cavity at an exceptional point where the counter-propagating waves coalesce into one chiral eigenmode. One of the sources satisfies the chirality-reversal condition, generating a travelling wave field fully decoupled from and opposite to the chiral eigenmode, while the other source is phase-shifted such that the wave generated by the first source can be canceled out, and the remaining sound field circulates in the same direction as the chiral eigenmode. Such non-Hermitian selective excitation enables our experimental realization of acoustic vortex emission with switchable OAM but free of system reconfiguration. Our work offers opportunities for chiral sound manipulation as well as integrated and tunable acoustic OAM devices., (Copyright © 2022 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

One of the main issues faced by nervous system diseases is that drugs are difficult to enter the brain. The previous study suggested that Cyclovirobuxine D (CVBD) encapsulated in Angiopep-conjugated Polysorbate 80-Coated Liposomes showed a better brain targeting by intranasal administration. Therefore, this study concentrated on the protection and mechanism of CVBD brain-targeted liposomes in treating CIRI. Middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion induced CIRI model rats to explore the protective effect of CVBD brain-targeted liposome on CIRI. Moreover, the protective effect of CVBD liposomes on OGD/R-injured HT22 cells was examined by cell fusion degree, cell proliferation curve and cell viability. OGD/R-injured HT22 cell was infected by mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus. The autophagosome and autophagy flow were observed by laser confocal microscopy, and autophagy-related protein expressions were analyzed by Western blot. The classic autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, was used to explore the autophagy-regulatedmechanism of CVBD brain-targeted liposomes in treating CIRI. CVBD liposomes increased cell viability and decreased ROS level, improved oxidative stress protein expressions and activated autophagy in vitro . Furthermore, CVBD liposomes reversed the decrease of cell viability, increase of ROS level, and reduction of protein expressions associated with anti-oxidative stress and autophagy induced by chloroquine. Collectively, CVBD liposomes inhibited CIRI via regulating oxidative stress and enhancing autophagy level in vivo and in vitro .

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the correlation between the frequency of eating out of home and dietary intake, sleep, and physical activity among young employees from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in China., Methods: Using the cluster sampling method, 6099 employees aged 40 years or below from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 32 provinces in China were interviewed using an online questionnaire survey. The frequency of eating out of home, dietary intake, sleep, and physical activity of all participants was described, and correlation analysis was used to study the relationships between eating out of home frequency and related indicators., Results: A total of 5353 valid questionnaires were collected with the recovery rate of 87.77%. The results show that 85.8% of participants eat out of home one to five times per week, 10.1% eat out of home more than six times, and 4.1% never eat out. Correlation analysis showed that eating out of home is negatively correlated with a daily vegetable and fruit intake. The lower the intake of vegetables and fruits, the more obvious this tendency. Eating out of home is positively correlated with a daily intake of meat as well as a weekly intake of aquatic products. The higher the intake of meat and aquatic products, the more obvious this tendency. There was a negative correlation between eating out of home and sleep duration and physical activity. The lower the duration of sleep and physical activity, the more obvious this tendency., Conclusions: Based on existing survey data, young employees from the CDC eat out of home regularly, which may affect dietary intake, sleep, and physical activity. Targeted health education programs are urgently needed to assist in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and reduce the potential risk of chronic disease.

A large number of previous studies have examined the effects of thin-ideal avatars on body image in virtual reality (VR), reporting mixed results. A possible explanation is that individuals' sense of embodiment (SoE) can influence the effects of avatars. Using the body discontinuity paradigm, a paradigm rarely used in prior studies, this study explores how SoE affects users' body image when using thin-ideal avatars in VR. A group of 77 female participants were randomly assigned to one of the SoE conditions to complete a VR task using a thin-ideal avatar. The body image was assessed not only using explicit but also with implicit measures. The result shows that participants in a high SoE condition were more likely to have a more positive actual body image than others in a low SoE condition, regardless of whether implicit or explicit measures were used. Furthermore, the ownership subcomponent of the SoE significantly mediated the relationship between thin-ideal avatars exposure and the actual body image using implicit measures. However, no substantial difference in ideal body image was found. These findings extend our understanding of avatar effects in VR, thereby providing additional evidence for using avatars to explore body image-related phenomena and to use them in psychotherapeutic applications such as treatments for eating disorders.

Motor imagery (MI), motion intention of the specific body without actual movements, has attracted wide attention in fields as neuroscience. Classification algorithms for motor imagery electroencephalogram (MI-EEG) signals are able to distinguish different MI tasks based on the physiological information contained by the EEG signals, especially the features extracted from them. In recent years, there have been some new advances in classification algorithms for MI-EEG signals in terms of classifiers versus machine learning strategies. In terms of classifiers, traditional machine learning classifiers have been improved by some researchers, deep learning and Riemannian geometry classifiers have been widely applied as well. In terms of machine learning strategies, ensemble learning, adaptive learning, and transfer learning strategies have been utilized to improve classification accuracies or reach other targets. This paper reviewed the progress of classification algorithms for MI-EEG signals, summarized and evaluated the existing classifiers and machine learning strategies, to provide new ideas for developing classification algorithms with higher performance.

It is commonly assumed that charge-carrier transport in doped π-conjugated polymers is dominated by one type of charge carrier, either holes or electrons, as determined by the chemistry of the dopant. Here, through Seebeck coefficient and Hall effect measurements, we show that mobile electrons contribute substantially to charge-carrier transport in π-conjugated polymers that are heavily p-doped with strong electron acceptors. Specifically, the Seebeck coefficient of several p-doped polymers changes sign from positive to negative as the concentration of the oxidizing agents FeCl 3 or NOBF 4 increase, and Hall effect measurements for the same p-doped polymers reveal that electrons become the dominant delocalized charge carriers. Ultraviolet and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that doping with oxidizing agents results in elimination of the transport gap at high doping concentrations. This approach of heavy p-type doping is demonstrated to provide a promising route to high-performance n-type organic thermoelectric materials.

Topological phases of matter are classified based on their Hermitian Hamiltonians, whose real-valued dispersions together with orthogonal eigenstates form nontrivial topology. In the recently discovered higher-order topological insulators (TIs), the bulk topology can even exhibit hierarchical features, leading to topological corner states, as demonstrated in many photonic and acoustic artificial materials. Naturally, the intrinsic loss in these artificial materials has been omitted in the topology definition, due to its non-Hermitian nature; in practice, the presence of loss is generally considered harmful to the topological corner states. Here, we report the experimental realization of a higher-order TI in an acoustic crystal, whose nontrivial topology is induced by deliberately introduced losses. With local acoustic measurements, we identify a topological bulk bandgap that is populated with gapped edge states and in-gap corner states, as the hallmark signatures of hierarchical higher-order topology. Our work establishes the non-Hermitian route to higher-order topology, and paves the way to exploring various exotic non-Hermiticity-induced topological phases.

Interfacial chemistry and energetics significantly impact the performance of photovoltaic devices. In the case of Pb-containing organic metal halide perovskites, photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to determine the energetic alignment of frontier electronic energy levels at various interfaces present in the photovoltaic device. For the Sn-containing analogues, which are less toxic, no such measurements have been made. Through a combination of ultraviolet, inverse, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS, IPES, and XPS, respectively) measurements taken at varying thickness increments during stepwise deposition of C 60 on FASnI 3 , we present the first direct measurements of the frontier electronic energy levels across the FASnI 3 /C 60 interface. The results show band bending in both materials and transport gap widening in FASnI 3 at the interface with C 60 . The XPS results show that iodide diffuses into C 60 and results in n-doping of C 60 . This iodide diffusion out of FASnI 3 impacts the valence and conduction band energies of FASnI 3 more than the core levels, with the core level shifts displaying a different trend than the valence and conduction bands. Surface treatment of FASnI 3 with carboxylic acids and bulky ammonium substituted surface ligands results in slight alterations in the interfacial energetics, and all surface ligands result in similar or improved PV performance relative to the untreated devices. The greatest PV stability results from treatment with a fluorinated carboxylic acid derivative; however, iodide diffusion is still observed to occur with this surface ligand.

Precise doping of organic semiconductors allows control over the conductivity of these materials, an essential parameter in electronic applications. Although Lewis acids have recently shown promise as dopants for solution-processed polymers, their doping mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 is a superior dopant to the other Lewis acids investigated (BF 3 , BBr 3 and AlCl 3 ). Experiments indicate that Lewis acid-base adduct formation with polymers inhibits the doping process. Electron-nuclear double-resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, together with density functional theory, show that p-type doping occurs by generation of a water-Lewis acid complex with substantial Brønsted acidity, followed by protonation of the polymer backbone and electron transfer from a neutral chain segment to a positively charged, protonated one. This study provides insight into a potential path for protonic acid doping and shows how trace levels of water can transform Lewis acids into powerful Brønsted acids.

Purpose: Tong Sheng tablets (TSTs) have long been used for treating cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CIRI) in clinic, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, TSTs were evaluated systematically using chemical analysis, network pharmacology and classical pharmacology., Methods: The first part was TSTs quality control including TSTs fingerprint establishment and chemicals identification. In the second part, network pharmacology analysis and bioinformatics were combined to construct a compound-target-disease network, which can screen out key targets or pathways, revealing complex molecule mechanism of TSTs. The last part was experiment verification. Classical pharmacology of TSTs was investigated in vivo to verify the results of network pharmacology., Results: (1) Fingerprints of TSTs were established, and 11 characteristic peaks were identified using HPLC. (2) Network pharmacology and bioinformatics suggested that the protection of TSTs in treating CIRI might be related to regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and some key molecules such as Nrf2, IL-1β, TNF, Bcl-2 and Cyt-C involved in the pathways. (3) TSTs significantly improved neurologic behavior scores, decreased the areas of ischemic necrosis and neuronal necrosis, and increased Nissl body counts. Besides, TSTs significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) and pro-oxidative product levels (LPO, MDA) and increased anti-oxidative product levels (NO, SOD). TSTs downregulated the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1. Meanwhile, TSTs reduced apoptotic cell counts, downregulated the protein expressions of Cyt-C and Bax, and upregulated the protein expression of Bcl-2. In terms of autophagy, TSTs enhanced LC-3B protein expression., Conclusion: The present results illustrated that TSTs effectively alleviated CIRI, and the underlying mechanism might be associated with multiple molecular pathways. Herein, we established a primary pattern for studying Chinese herbal compounds and provided basic guidance for future investigation., Competing Interests: None.

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), which contains glycoproteins produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as well as non-mycorrhizal-related heat-stable proteins, lipids, and humic materials, is generally categorized into two fractions: easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) and total GRSP (T-GRSP). GRSP plays an important role in soil carbon (C) sequestration and can stabilize heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn). Soil contamination by heavy metals is occurring in conjunction with rising atmospheric CO 2 in natural ecosystems due to human activities. However, the response of GRSP to elevated CO 2 combined with heavy metal contamination has not been widely reported. Here, we investigated the response of GRSP to elevated CO 2 in the rhizosphere of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings in Pb- and Cd-contaminated soils. Elevated CO 2 (700 μmol mol -1 ) significantly increased T- and EE- GRSP concentrations in soils contaminated with Cd, Pb or Cd + Pb. GRSP contributed more carbon to the rhizosphere soil organic carbon pool under elevated CO 2  + heavy metals than under ambient CO 2 . The amount of Cd and Pb bound to GRSP was significantly higher under elevated (compared to ambient) CO 2 ; and elevated CO 2 increased the ratio of GRSP-bound Cd and Pb to total Cd and Pb. However, available Cd and Pb in rhizosphere soil under increased elevated CO 2 compared to ambient CO 2 . The combination of both metals and elevated CO 2 led to a significant increase in available Pb in rhizosphere soil compared to the Pb treatment alone. In conclusion, increased GRSP produced under elevated CO 2 could contribute to sequestration of soil pollutants by adsorption of Cd and Pb., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)