Author: "Leitch, E. M." - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Leitch, E. M."' showing total 488 results

Start Over Author "Leitch, E. M."

488 results on '"Leitch, E. M."'

451. Year two instrument status of the SPT-3G cosmic microwave background receiver

Author: Zmuidzinas, Jonas, Gao, Jian-Rong, Bender, A. N., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderson, A. J., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Barry, P. S., Basu Thakur, R., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. S., Bocquet, S., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cho, H.-M., Cliche, J. F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dodelson, S., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Foster, A., Gallicchio, J., Gilbert, A., Groh, J. C., Guns, S. T., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C.-L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Ngyuen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Quan, W., Raghunathan, S., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

452. BICEP Array: a multi-frequency degree-scale CMB polarimeter

Author: Zmuidzinas, Jonas, Gao, Jian-Rong, Hui, Howard, Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Aikin, R. W., Alexander, K. D., Barkats, D., Benton, S. J., Bischoff, C. A., Bock, J. J., Bowens-Rubin, R., Brevik, J. A., Buder, I., Bullock, E., Buza, V., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crill, B. P., Crumrine, M., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Dvorkin, C., Filippini, J. P., Fliescher, S., Grayson, J., Hall, G., Halpern, M., Harrison, S., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hilton, G. C., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J., Karkare, K. S., Karpel, E., Kaufman, J. P., Keating, B. G., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S. A., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C.-L., Lau, K., Larsen, N. A., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Megerian, K. G., Moncelsi, L., Namikawa, T., Netterfield, C. B., Nguyen, H. T., O'Brient, R., Ogburn, R. W., Palladino, S., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Richter, S., Schwarz, R., Schillaci, A., Sheehy, C. D., Soliman, A., St. Germaine, T., Staniszewski, Z. K., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R. V., Teply, G. P., Thompson, K. L., Tolan, J. E., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Umiltà, C., Vieregg, A. G., Wandui, A., Weber, A. C., Wiebe, D. V., Willmert, J., Wong, C. L., Wu, W. L. K., Yang, E., Yoon, K. W., and Zhang, C.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

453. Optical characterization of the BICEP3 CMB polarimeter at the South Pole

Author: Holland, Wayne S., Zmuidzinas, Jonas, Karkare, K. S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Alexander, K. D., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Benton, S. J., Bischoff, C. A., Bock, J. J., Boenish, H., Bowens-Rubin, R., Buder, I., Bullock, E., Buza, V., Connors, J., Filippini, J. P., Fliescher, S. T., Grayson, J. A., Halpern, M., Harrison, S. A., Hilton, G. C., Hristov, V. V., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J. H., Karpel, E., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S. A., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C. L., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Megerian, K. G., Monticue, V., Namikawa, T., Netterfield, C. B., Nguyen, H. T., O'Brient, R., Ogburn, R. W., Pryke, C. L., Reintsema, C. D., Richter, S., St. Germaine, M. T., Schwarz, R., Sheehy, C. D., Staniszewski, Z. K., Steinbach, B., Teply, G. P., Thompson, K. L., Tolan, J. E., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Vieregg, A. G., Wandui, A., Weber, A., Willmert, J., Wong, C. L., Wu, W. L. K., and Yoon, K. W.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

454. IDCS J1426.5+3508: SUNYAEV-ZEL’DOVICH MEASUREMENT OF A MASSIVE INFRARED-SELECTED CLUSTER AT z = 1.75.

Author: Brodwin, M., Gonzalez, A. H., Stanford, S. A., Plagge, T., Marrone, D. P., Carlstrom, J. E., Dey, A., Eisenhardt, P. R., Fedeli, C., Gettings, D., Jannuzi, B. T., Joy, M., Leitch, E. M., Mancone, C., Snyder, G. F., Stern, D., and Zeimann, G.
Subjects: COSMIC background radiation, GALAXY clusters, GALACTIC redshift, INFRARED astronomy, PHYSICAL cosmology, COSMIC rays
Abstract: We report 31 GHz CARMA observations of IDCS J1426.5+3508, an infrared-selected galaxy cluster at z = 1.75. A Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) decrement is detected toward this cluster, indicating a total mass of M 200, m = (4.3 ± 1.1) × 1014M☼ in agreement with the approximate X-ray mass of ∼5 × 1014M☼. IDCS J1426.5+3508 is by far the most distant cluster yet detected via the SZ effect, and the most massive z ⩾ 1.4 galaxy cluster found to date. Despite the mere ∼1% probability of finding it in the 8.82 deg2 IRAC Distant Cluster Survey, IDCS J1426.5+3508 is not completely unexpected in ΛCDM once the area of large, existing surveys is considered. IDCS J1426.5+3508 is, however, among the rarest, most extreme clusters ever discovered and indeed is an evolutionary precursor to the most massive known clusters at all redshifts. We discuss how imminent, highly sensitive SZ experiments will complement infrared techniques for statistical studies of the formation of the most massive galaxy clusters in the z > 1.5 universe, including potential precursors to IDCS J1426.5+3508. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

455. The Anisotropy of the Microwave Background to l = 3500: Mosaic Observations with the Cosmic Background Imager.

Author: Pearson, T. J., Mason, B. S., Readhead, A. C. S., Shepherd, M. C., Sievers, J. L., Udomprasert, P. S., Cartwright, J. K., Farmer, A. J., Padin, S., Myers, S. T., Bond, J. R., Contaldi, C. R., Pen, U. -L, Prunet, S., Pogosyan, D., Carlstrom, J. E., Kovac, J., Leitch, E. M., Pryke, C., and Halverson, N. W.
Published: 2003
Full Text: View/download PDF

456. The Anisotropy of the Microwave Background to l = 3500: Deep Field Observations with the Cosmic Background Imager.

Author: Mason, B. S., Pearson, T. J., Readhead, A. C. S., Shepherd, M. C., Sievers, J., Udomprasert, P. S., Cartwright, J. K., Farmer, A. J., Padin, S., Myers, S. T., Bond, J. R., Contaldi, C. R., Pen, U., Prunet, S., Pogosyan, D., Carlstrom, J. E., Kovac, J., Leitch, E. M., Pryke, C., and Halverson, N. W.
Published: 2003
Full Text: View/download PDF

457. BICEP2 and Keck array: upgrades and improved beam characterization

Author: Holland, Wayne S., Zmuidzinas, Jonas, Buder, I., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Aikin, R. W., Alexander, K. D., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Benton, S. J., Bischoff, C. A., Bock, J. J., Bonetti, J. A., Brevik, J. A., Bullock, E., Burger, B., Crill, B. P., Davis, G., Dowell, C. D., Duband, L., Filippini, J. P., Fliescher, S., Golwala, S. R., Gordon, M. S., Halpern, M., Hasselfield, M., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hilton, G. C., Hristov, V. V., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Karkare, K. S., Kaufman, J. P., Keating, B. G., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S. A., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C. L., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Mason, P., Megerian, K. G., Netterfield, C. B., Nguyen, H. T., O’Brient, R., Ogburn, R. W., Orlando, A., Pryke, C., Reintsema, C. D., Richter, S., Schwarz, R., Sheehy, C. D., Staniszewski, Z. K., Sudiwala, R. V., Teply, G. P., Thompson, K. L., Tolan, J. E., Turner, A. D., Vieregg, A. G., Weber, A. C., Wiebe, D. V., Wilson, P., Wong, C. L., and Yoon, K. W.
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

458. The C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS): constraining diffuse Galactic radio emission in the North Celestial Pole region.

Author: Dickinson, C, Barr, A, Chiang, H C, Copley, C, Grumitt, R D P, Harper, S E, Heilgendorff, H M, Jew, L R P, Jonas, J L, Jones, Michael E, Leahy, J P, Leech, J, Leitch, E M, Muchovej, S J C, Pearson, T J, Peel, M W, Readhead, A C S, Sievers, J, Stevenson, M A, and Taylor, Angela C
Subjects: *RADIOS, *SYNCHROTRONS, *POLISH people, *SURVEYING (Engineering), *SYNCHROTRON radiation
Abstract: The C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS) is a high sensitivity all-sky radio survey at an angular resolution of 45 arcmin and a frequency of 4.7 GHz. We present a total intensity map of the North Celestial Pole (NCP) region of sky, above declination >+80°, which is limited by source confusion at a level of ≈0.6 mK rms. We apply the template-fitting (cross-correlation) technique to WMAP and Planck data, using the C-BASS map as the synchrotron template, to investigate the contribution of diffuse foreground emission at frequencies ∼20–40 GHz. We quantify the anomalous microwave emission (AME) that is correlated with far-infrared dust emission. The AME amplitude does not change significantly (⁠|${\lt }10\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠) when using the higher frequency C-BASS 4.7 GHz template instead of the traditional Haslam 408 MHz map as a tracer of synchrotron radiation. We measure template coefficients of 9.93 ± 0.35 and |$9.52\pm 0.34\,$| K per unit τ353 when using the Haslam and C-BASS synchrotron templates, respectively. The AME contributes |$55\pm 2\, \mu$| K rms at 22.8 GHz and accounts for |${\approx } 60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| of the total foreground emission. Our results show that a harder (flatter spectrum) component of synchrotron emission is not dominant at frequencies ≳5 GHz; the best-fitting synchrotron temperature spectral index is β = −2.91 ± 0.04 from 4.7 to 22.8 GHz and β = −2.85 ± 0.14 from 22.8 to 44.1 GHz. Free–free emission is weak, contributing |${\approx } 7\, \mu$| K rms (⁠|${\approx } 7{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠) at 22.8 GHz. The best explanation for the AME is still electric dipole emission from small spinning dust grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

459. First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way

Author: null Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Mislav Baloković, John Barrett, Michi Bauböck, Bradford A. Benson, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, Raymond Blundell, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Hope Boyce, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, Silke Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Dominique Broguiere, Thomas Bronzwaer, Sandra Bustamante, Do-Young Byun, John E. Carlstrom, Chiara Ceccobello, Andrew Chael, Chi-kwan Chan, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, Nicholas S. Conroy, John E. Conway, James M. Cordes, Thomas M. Crawford, Geoffrey B. Crew, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Yuzhu Cui, Jordy Davelaar, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, Gregory Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Vedant Dhruv, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Sean Dougal, Sergio A. Dzib, Ralph P. Eatough, Razieh Emami, Heino Falcke, Joseph Farah, Vincent L. Fish, Ed Fomalont, H. Alyson Ford, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman, Per Friberg, Christian M. Fromm, Antonio Fuentes, Peter Galison, Charles F. Gammie, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev, Ciriaco Goddi, Roman Gold, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, José L. Gómez, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, Daryl Haggard, Kari Haworth, Michael H. Hecht, Ronald Hesper, Dirk Heumann, Luis C. Ho, Paul Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Huang, David H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, David J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michael Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales, Michael D. Johnson, Svetlana Jorstad, Abhishek V. Joshi, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Tomohisa Kawashima, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kim, Motoki Kino, Jun Yi Koay, Prashant Kocherlakota, Yutaro Kofuji, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, Carsten Kramer, Michael Kramer, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Cheng-Yu Kuo, Noemi La Bella, Tod R. Lauer, Daeyoung Lee, Sang-Sung Lee, Po Kin Leung, Aviad Levis, Zhiyuan Li, Rocco Lico, Greg Lindahl, Michael Lindqvist, Mikhail Lisakov, Jun Liu, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, Andrei P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, Colin J. Lonsdale, Ru-Sen Lu, Jirong Mao, Nicola Marchili, Sera Markoff, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, Iván Martí-Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, Karl M. Menten, Daniel Michalik, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, James M. Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Moscibrodzka, Cornelia Müller, Alejandro Mus, Gibwa Musoke, Ioannis Myserlis, Andrew Nadolski, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Antonios Nathanail, Santiago Navarro Fuentes, Joey Neilsen, Roberto Neri, Chunchong Ni, Aristeidis Noutsos, Michael A. Nowak, Junghwan Oh, Hiroki Okino, Héctor Olivares, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Georgios Filippos Paraschos, Jongho Park, Harriet Parsons, Nimesh Patel, Ue-Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, Vincent Piétu, Richard Plambeck, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Felix M. Pötzl, Ben Prather, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Angelo Ricarte, Bart Ripperda, Freek Roelofs, Alan Rogers, Eduardo Ros, Cristina Romero-Cañizales, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Alan L. Roy, Ignacio Ruiz, Chet Ruszczyk, Kazi L. J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles, Miguel Sánchez-Portal, Mahito Sasada, Kaushik Satapathy, Tuomas Savolainen, F. Peter Schloerb, Jonathan Schonfeld, Karl-Friedrich Schuster, Lijing Shao, Zhiqiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason SooHoo, Kamal Souccar, He Sun, Fumie Tazaki, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Paul Tiede, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Pablo Torne, Efthalia Traianou, Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Matthew Turk, Ilse van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jesse Vos, Jan Wagner, Derek Ward-Thompson, John Wardle, Jonathan Weintroub, Norbert Wex, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, Kaj Wiik, Gunther Witzel, Michael F. Wondrak, George N. Wong, Qingwen Wu, Paul Yamaguchi, Doosoo Yoon, André Young, Ken Young, Ziri Younsi, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Yuan, J. Anton Zensus, Shuo Zhang, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, Claudio Agurto, Alexander Allardi, Rodrigo Amestica, Juan Pablo Araneda, Oriel Arriagada, Jennie L. Berghuis, Alessandra Bertarini, Ryan Berthold, Jay Blanchard, Ken Brown, Mauricio Cárdenas, Michael Cantzler, Patricio Caro, Edgar Castillo-Domínguez, Tin Lok Chan, Chih-Cheng Chang, Dominic O. Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chang, Chung-Chen Chen, Ryan Chilson, Tim C. Chuter, Miroslaw Ciechanowicz, Edgar Colin-Beltran, Iain M. Coulson, Joseph Crowley, Nathalie Degenaar, Sven Dornbusch, Carlos A. Durán, Wendeline B. Everett, Aaron Faber, Karl Forster, Miriam M. Fuchs, David M. Gale, Gertie Geertsema, Edouard González, Dave Graham, Frédéric Gueth, Nils W. Halverson, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Han, Yutaka Hasegawa, José Luis Hernández-Rebollar, Cristian Herrera, Ruben Herrero-Illana, Stefan Heyminck, Akihiko Hirota, James Hoge, Shelbi R. Hostler Schimpf, Ryan E. Howie, Yau-De Huang, Homin Jiang, Hao Jinchi, David John, Kimihiro Kimura, Thomas Klein, Derek Kubo, John Kuroda, Caleb Kwon, Richard Lacasse, Robert Laing, Erik M. Leitch, Chao-Te Li, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Liu, Lupin C.-C. Lin, Li-Ming Lu, Felipe Mac-Auliffe, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Callie Matulonis, John K. Maute, Hugo Messias, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, Alfredo Montaña, Francisco Montenegro-Montes, William Montgomerie, Marcos Emir Moreno Nolasco, Dirk Muders, Hiroaki Nishioka, Timothy J. Norton, George Nystrom, Hideo Ogawa, Rodrigo Olivares, Peter Oshiro, Juan Pablo Pérez-Beaupuits, Rodrigo Parra, Neil M. Phillips, Michael Poirier, Nicolas Pradel, Richard Qiu, Philippe A. Raffin, Alexandra S. Rahlin, Jorge Ramírez, Sean Ressler, Mark Reynolds, Iván Rodríguez-Montoya, Alejandro F. Saez-Madain, Jorge Santana, Paul Shaw, Leslie E. Shirkey, Kevin M. Silva, William Snow, Don Sousa, T. K. Sridharan, William Stahm, Anthony A. Stark, John Test, Karl Torstensson, Paulina Venegas, Craig Walther, Ta-Shun Wei, Chris White, Gundolf Wieching, Rudy Wijnands, Jan G. A. Wouterloot, Chen-Yu Yu, Wei Yu (于威), Milagros Zeballos, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Azulay, R., Asada, K., Bach, U., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Baubock, M., Benson, B. A., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Boyce, H., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Bustamante, S., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Ceccobello, C., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, K., Chatterjee, S., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cheng, X., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conroy, N. S., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crawford, T. M., Crew, G. B., Cruz-Osorio, A., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Dhruv, V., Doeleman, S. S., Dougal, S., Dzib, S. A., Eatough, R. P., Emami, R., Falcke, H., Farah, J., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Ford, H. A., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Fuentes, A., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Garcia, R., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gomez-Ruiz, A. I., Gomez, J. L., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Haggard, D., Haworth, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Heumann, D., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Jimenez-Rosales, A., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Joshi, A. V., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, D. -J., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Kocherlakota, P., Kofuji, Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, C., Kramer, M., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., La Bella, N., Lauer, T. R., Lee, D., Lee, S. -S., Leung, P. K., Levis, A., Li, Z., Lico, R., Lindahl, G., Lindqvist, M., Lisakov, M., Liu, J., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C. J., Lu, R. -S., Mao, J., Marchili, N., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Michalik, D., Mizuno, I., Mizuno, Y., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Mus, A., Musoke, G., Myserlis, I., Nadolski, A., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Nathanail, A., Fuentes, S. N., Neilsen, J., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Nowak, M. A., Oh, J., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-Leon, G. N., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Paraschos, G. F., Park, J., Parsons, H., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Potzl, F. M., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ricarte, A., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Romero-Canizales, C., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruiz, I., Ruszczyk, C., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sanchez-Portal, M., Sasada, M., Satapathy, K., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schonfeld, J., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Souccar, K., Sun, H., Tazaki, F., Tetarenko, A. J., Tilanus, R. P. J., Tiede, P., Titus, M., Torne, P., Traianou, E., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Turk, M., van Bemmel, I., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Vos, J., Wagner, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wiik, K., Witzel, G., Wondrak, M. F., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Yamaguchi, P., Yoon, D., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhang, S., Zhao, G. -Y., Zhao, S. -S., Agurto, C., Allardi, A., Amestica, R., Araneda, J. P., Arriagada, O., Berghuis, J. L., Bertarini, A., Berthold, R., Blanchard, J., Brown, K., Cardenas, M., Cantzler, M., Caro, P., Castillo-Dominguez, E., Chan, T. L., Chang, C. -C., Chang, D. O., Chang, S. -H., Chang, S. -C., Chen, C. -C., Chilson, R., Chuter, T. C., Ciechanowicz, M., Colin-Beltran, E., Coulson, I. M., Crowley, J., Degenaar, N., Dornbusch, S., Duran, C. A., Everett, W. B., Faber, A., Forster, K., Fuchs, M. M., Gale, D. M., Geertsema, G., Gonzalez, E., Graham, D., Gueth, F., Halverson, N. W., Han, C. -C., Han, K. -C., Hasegawa, Y., Hernandez-Rebollar, J. L., Herrera, C., Herrero-Illana, R., Heyminck, S., Hirota, A., Hoge, J., Hostler Schimpf, S. R., Howie, R. E., Huang, Y. -D., Jiang, H., Jinchi, H., John, D., Kimura, K., Klein, T., Kubo, D., Kuroda, J., Kwon, C., Lacasse, R., Laing, R., Leitch, E. M., Li, C. -T., Liu, C. -T., Liu, K. -Y., Lin, L. C. -C., Lu, L. -M., Mac-Auliffe, F., Martin-Cocher, P., Matulonis, C., Maute, J. K., Messias, H., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Montana, A., Montenegro-Montes, F., Montgomerie, W., Nolasco, M. E. M., Muders, D., Nishioka, H., Norton, T. J., Nystrom, G., Ogawa, H., Olivares, R., Oshiro, P., Perez-Beaupuits, J. P., Parra, R., Phillips, N. M., Poirier, M., Pradel, N., Qiu, R., Raffin, P. A., Rahlin, A. S., Ramirez, J., Ressler, S., Reynolds, M., Rodriguez-Montoya, I., Saez-Madain, A. F., Santana, J., Shaw, P., Shirkey, L. E., Silva, K. M., Snow, W., Sousa, D., Sridharan, T. K., Stahm, W., Stark, A. A., Test, J., Torstensson, K., Venegas, P., Walther, C., Wei, T. -S., White, C., Wieching, G., Wijnands, R., Wouterloot, J. G. A., Yu, C. -Y., Yu, W., Zeballos, M., Akiyama, Kazunori [0000-0002-9475-4254], Alberdi, Antxon [0000-0002-9371-1033], Algaba, Juan Carlos [0000-0001-6993-1696], Anantua, Richard [0000-0003-3457-7660], Asada, Keiichi [0000-0001-6988-8763], Azulay, Rebecca [0000-0002-2200-5393], Bach, Uwe [0000-0002-7722-8412], Baczko, Anne-Kathrin [0000-0003-3090-3975], Baloković, Mislav [0000-0003-0476-6647], Barrett, John [0000-0002-9290-0764], Bauböck, Michi [0000-0002-5518-2812], Benson, Bradford A. [0000-0002-5108-6823], Blackburn, Lindy [0000-0002-9030-642X], Blundell, Raymond [0000-0002-5929-5857], Bouman, Katherine L. [0000-0003-0077-4367], Bower, Geoffrey C. [0000-0003-4056-9982], Boyce, Hope [0000-0002-6530-5783], Brinkerink, Christiaan D. [0000-0002-2322-0749], Brissenden, Roger [0000-0002-2556-0894], Britzen, Silke [0000-0001-9240-6734], Broderick, Avery E. [0000-0002-3351-760X], Broguiere, Dominique [0000-0001-9151-6683], Bronzwaer, Thomas [0000-0003-1151-3971], Bustamante, Sandra [0000-0001-6169-1894], Byun, Do-Young [0000-0003-1157-4109], Carlstrom, John E. [0000-0002-2044-7665], Ceccobello, Chiara [0000-0002-4767-9925], Chael, Andrew [0000-0003-2966-6220], Chan, Chi-kwan [0000-0001-6337-6126], Chatterjee, Koushik [0000-0002-2825-3590], Chatterjee, Shami [0000-0002-2878-1502], Chen, Ming-Tang [0000-0001-6573-3318], Chen, Yongjun [0000-0001-5650-6770], Cheng, Xiaopeng [0000-0003-4407-9868], Cho, Ilje [0000-0001-6083-7521], Christian, Pierre [0000-0001-6820-9941], Conroy, Nicholas S. [0000-0003-2886-2377], Conway, John E. [0000-0003-2448-9181], Cordes, James M. [0000-0002-4049-1882], Crawford, Thomas M. [0000-0001-9000-5013], Crew, Geoffrey B. [0000-0002-2079-3189], Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro [0000-0002-3945-6342], Cui, Yuzhu [0000-0001-6311-4345], Davelaar, Jordy [0000-0002-2685-2434], Laurentis, Mariafelicia De [0000-0002-9945-682X], Deane, Roger [0000-0003-1027-5043], Dempsey, Jessica [0000-0003-1269-9667], Desvignes, Gregory [0000-0003-3922-4055], Dexter, Jason [0000-0003-3903-0373], Dhruv, Vedant [0000-0001-6765-877X], Doeleman, Sheperd S. [0000-0002-9031-0904], Dougal, Sean [0000-0002-3769-1314], Dzib, Sergio A. [0000-0001-6010-6200], Eatough, Ralph P. [0000-0001-6196-4135], Emami, Razieh [0000-0002-2791-5011], Falcke, Heino [0000-0002-2526-6724], Farah, Joseph [0000-0003-4914-5625], Fish, Vincent L. [0000-0002-7128-9345], Fomalont, Ed [0000-0002-9036-2747], Ford, H. Alyson [0000-0002-9797-0972], Fraga-Encinas, Raquel [0000-0002-5222-1361], Friberg, Per [0000-0002-8010-8454], Fromm, Christian M. [0000-0002-1827-1656], Fuentes, Antonio [0000-0002-8773-4933], Galison, Peter [0000-0002-6429-3872], Gammie, Charles F. [0000-0001-7451-8935], García, Roberto [0000-0002-6584-7443], Gentaz, Olivier [0000-0002-0115-4605], Georgiev, Boris [0000-0002-3586-6424], Goddi, Ciriaco [0000-0002-2542-7743], Gold, Roman [0000-0003-2492-1966], Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. [0000-0001-9395-1670], Gómez, José L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Gu, Minfeng [0000-0002-4455-6946], Gurwell, Mark [0000-0003-0685-3621], Hada, Kazuhiro [0000-0001-6906-772X], Haggard, Daryl [0000-0001-6803-2138], Hecht, Michael H. [0000-0002-4114-4583], Hesper, Ronald [0000-0003-1918-6098], Heumann, Dirk [0000-0002-7671-0047], Ho, Luis C. [0000-0001-6947-5846], Ho, Paul [0000-0002-3412-4306], Honma, Mareki [0000-0003-4058-9000], Huang, Chih-Wei L. [0000-0001-5641-3953], Huang, Lei [0000-0002-1923-227X], Ikeda, Shiro [0000-0002-2462-1448], Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette [0000-0002-3443-2472], Inoue, Makoto [0000-0001-5037-3989], Issaoun, Sara [0000-0002-5297-921X], James, David J. [0000-0001-5160-4486], Jannuzi, Buell T. [0000-0002-1578-6582], Janssen, Michael [0000-0001-8685-6544], Jeter, Britton [0000-0003-2847-1712], Jiang, Wu [0000-0001-7369-3539], Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra [0000-0002-2662-3754], Johnson, Michael D. [0000-0002-4120-3029], Jorstad, Svetlana [0000-0001-6158-1708], Joshi, Abhishek V. [0000-0002-2514-5965], Jung, Taehyun [0000-0001-7003-8643], Karami, Mansour [0000-0001-7387-9333], Karuppusamy, Ramesh [0000-0002-5307-2919], Kawashima, Tomohisa [0000-0001-8527-0496], Keating, Garrett K. [0000-0002-3490-146X], Kettenis, Mark [0000-0002-6156-5617], Kim, Dong-Jin [0000-0002-7038-2118], Kim, Jae-Young [0000-0001-8229-7183], Kim, Jongsoo [0000-0002-1229-0426], Kim, Junhan [0000-0002-4274-9373], Kino, Motoki [0000-0002-2709-7338], Koay, Jun Yi [0000-0002-7029-6658], Kocherlakota, Prashant [0000-0001-7386-7439], Koch, Patrick M. [0000-0003-2777-5861], Koyama, Shoko [0000-0002-3723-3372], Kramer, Carsten [0000-0002-4908-4925], Kramer, Michael [0000-0002-4175-2271], Krichbaum, Thomas P. [0000-0002-4892-9586], Kuo, Cheng-Yu [0000-0001-6211-5581], Bella, Noemi La [0000-0002-8116-9427], Lauer, Tod R. [0000-0003-3234-7247], Lee, Daeyoung [0000-0002-3350-5588], Lee, Sang-Sung [0000-0002-6269-594X], Leung, Po Kin [0000-0002-8802-8256], Levis, Aviad [0000-0001-7307-632X], Li, Zhiyuan [0000-0003-0355-6437], Lico, Rocco [0000-0001-7361-2460], Lindahl, Greg [0000-0002-6100-4772], Lindqvist, Michael [0000-0002-3669-0715], Lisakov, Mikhail [0000-0001-6088-3819], Liu, Jun [0000-0002-7615-7499], Liu, Kuo [0000-0002-2953-7376], Liuzzo, Elisabetta [0000-0003-0995-5201], Lo, Wen-Ping [0000-0003-1869-2503], Lobanov, Andrei P. [0000-0003-1622-1484], Loinard, Laurent [0000-0002-5635-3345], Lonsdale, Colin J. [0000-0003-4062-4654], Lu, Ru-Sen [0000-0002-7692-7967], Mao, Jirong [0000-0002-7077-7195], Marchili, Nicola [0000-0002-5523-7588], Markoff, Sera [0000-0001-9564-0876], Marrone, Daniel P. [0000-0002-2367-1080], Marscher, Alan P. [0000-0001-7396-3332], Martí-Vidal, Iván [0000-0003-3708-9611], Matsushita, Satoki [0000-0002-2127-7880], Matthews, Lynn D. [0000-0002-3728-8082], Medeiros, Lia [0000-0003-2342-6728], Menten, Karl M. [0000-0001-6459-0669], Michalik, Daniel [0000-0002-7618-6556], Mizuno, Izumi [0000-0002-7210-6264], Mizuno, Yosuke [0000-0002-8131-6730], Moran, James M. [0000-0002-3882-4414], Moriyama, Kotaro [0000-0003-1364-3761], Moscibrodzka, Monika [0000-0002-4661-6332], Müller, Cornelia [0000-0002-2739-2994], Mus, Alejandro [0000-0003-0329-6874], Musoke, Gibwa [0000-0003-1984-189X], Myserlis, Ioannis [0000-0003-3025-9497], Nadolski, Andrew [0000-0001-9479-9957], Nagai, Hiroshi [0000-0003-0292-3645], Nagar, Neil M. [0000-0001-6920-662X], Nakamura, Masanori [0000-0001-6081-2420], Narayan, Ramesh [0000-0002-1919-2730], Narayanan, Gopal [0000-0002-4723-6569], Natarajan, Iniyan [0000-0001-8242-4373], Neilsen, Joey [0000-0002-8247-786X], Neri, Roberto [0000-0002-7176-4046], Ni, Chunchong [0000-0003-1361-5699], Noutsos, Aristeidis [0000-0002-4151-3860], Nowak, Michael A. [0000-0001-6923-1315], Oh, Junghwan [0000-0002-4991-9638], Okino, Hiroki [0000-0003-3779-2016], Olivares, Héctor [0000-0001-6833-7580], Ortiz-León, Gisela N. [0000-0002-2863-676X], Oyama, Tomoaki [0000-0003-4046-2923], Özel, Feryal [0000-0003-4413-1523], Palumbo, Daniel C. M. [0000-0002-7179-3816], Paraschos, Georgios Filippos [0000-0001-6757-3098], Park, Jongho [0000-0001-6558-9053], Parsons, Harriet [0000-0002-6327-3423], Patel, Nimesh [0000-0002-6021-9421], Pen, Ue-Li [0000-0003-2155-9578], Pesce, Dominic W. [0000-0002-5278-9221], Plambeck, Richard [0000-0001-6765-9609], Porth, Oliver [0000-0002-4584-2557], Pötzl, Felix M. [0000-0002-6579-8311], Prather, Ben [0000-0002-0393-7734], Preciado-López, Jorge A. [0000-0002-4146-0113], Psaltis, Dimitrios [0000-0003-1035-3240], Pu, Hung-Yi [0000-0001-9270-8812], Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh [0000-0002-9248-086X], Rao, Ramprasad [0000-0002-1407-7944], Rawlings, Mark G. [0000-0002-6529-202X], Raymond, Alexander W. [0000-0002-5779-4767], Rezzolla, Luciano [0000-0002-1330-7103], Ricarte, Angelo [0000-0001-5287-0452], Ripperda, Bart [0000-0002-7301-3908], Roelofs, Freek [0000-0001-5461-3687], Rogers, Alan [0000-0003-1941-7458], Ros, Eduardo [0000-0001-9503-4892], Romero-Cañizales, Cristina [0000-0001-6301-9073], Roshanineshat, Arash [0000-0002-8280-9238], Roy, Alan L. [0000-0002-1931-0135], Ruiz, Ignacio [0000-0002-0965-5463], Ruszczyk, Chet [0000-0001-7278-9707], Rygl, Kazi L. J. [0000-0003-4146-9043], Sánchez, Salvador [0000-0002-8042-5951], Sánchez-Argüelles, David [0000-0002-7344-9920], Sánchez-Portal, Miguel [0000-0003-0981-9664], Sasada, Mahito [0000-0001-5946-9960], Satapathy, Kaushik [0000-0003-0433-3585], Savolainen, Tuomas [0000-0001-6214-1085], Schonfeld, Jonathan [0000-0002-8909-2401], Schuster, Karl-Friedrich [0000-0003-2890-9454], Shao, Lijing [0000-0002-1334-8853], Shen, Zhiqiang [0000-0003-3540-8746], Small, Des [0000-0003-3723-5404], Sohn, Bong Won [0000-0002-4148-8378], SooHoo, Jason [0000-0003-1938-0720], Souccar, Kamal [0000-0001-7915-5272], Sun, He [0000-0003-1526-6787], Tazaki, Fumie [0000-0003-0236-0600], Tetarenko, Alexandra J. [0000-0003-3906-4354], Tiede, Paul [0000-0003-3826-5648], Tilanus, Remo P. J. [0000-0002-6514-553X], Titus, Michael [0000-0001-9001-3275], Torne, Pablo [0000-0001-8700-6058], Traianou, Efthalia [0000-0002-1209-6500], Trippe, Sascha [0000-0003-0465-1559], Turk, Matthew [0000-0002-5294-0198], van Bemmel, Ilse [0000-0001-5473-2950], van Langevelde, Huib Jan [0000-0002-0230-5946], van Rossum, Daniel R. [0000-0001-7772-6131], Vos, Jesse [0000-0003-3349-7394], Wagner, Jan [0000-0003-1105-6109], Ward-Thompson, Derek [0000-0003-1140-2761], Wardle, John [0000-0002-8960-2942], Weintroub, Jonathan [0000-0002-4603-5204], Wex, Norbert [0000-0003-4058-2837], Wharton, Robert [0000-0002-7416-5209], Wielgus, Maciek [0000-0002-8635-4242], Wiik, Kaj [0000-0002-0862-3398], Witzel, Gunther [0000-0003-2618-797X], Wondrak, Michael F. [0000-0002-6894-1072], Wong, George N. [0000-0001-6952-2147], Wu, Qingwen [0000-0003-4773-4987], Yamaguchi, Paul [0000-0002-6017-8199], Yoon, Doosoo [0000-0001-8694-8166], Young, André [0000-0003-0000-2682], Young, Ken [0000-0002-3666-4920], Younsi, Ziri [0000-0001-9283-1191], Yuan, Feng [0000-0003-3564-6437], Yuan, Ye-Fei [0000-0002-7330-4756], Zensus, J. Anton [0000-0001-7470-3321], Zhang, Shuo [0000-0002-2967-790X], Zhao, Guang-Yao [0000-0002-4417-1659], Zhao, Shan-Shan [0000-0002-9774-3606], Berghuis, Jennie L. [0000-0003-2287-158X], Blanchard, Jay [0000-0002-2756-395X], Chan, Tin Lok [0000-0001-9197-932X], Coulson, Iain M. [0000-0002-7316-4626], Degenaar, Nathalie [0000-0002-0092-3548], Durán, Carlos A. [0000-0001-7622-3890], Everett, Wendeline B. [0000-0002-5370-6651], Forster, Karl [0000-0001-5800-5531], Halverson, Nils W. [0000-0003-2606-9340], Herrero-Illana, Ruben [0000-0002-7758-8717], Hirota, Akihiko [0000-0002-0465-5421], Howie, Ryan E. [0000-0002-5451-3624], Kwon, Caleb [0000-0001-9006-7345], Laing, Robert [0000-0001-6786-3087], Leitch, Erik M. [0000-0001-8553-9336], Lin, Lupin C.-C. [0000-0003-4083-9567], Maute, John K. [0000-0002-5744-4249], Messias, Hugo [0000-0002-2985-7994], Montenegro-Montes, Francisco [0000-0002-7430-3771], Muders, Dirk [0000-0002-2315-2571], Pérez-Beaupuits, Juan Pablo [0000-0003-3536-2274], Poirier, Michael [0000-0001-6641-0959], Qiu, Richard [0000-0003-3462-0817], Rahlin, Alexandra S. [0000-0003-3953-1776], Ressler, Sean [0000-0003-0220-5723], Reynolds, Mark [0000-0003-1621-9392], Saez-Madain, Alejandro F. [0000-0002-0804-3414], Sousa, Don [0000-0002-2625-2607], Stark, Anthony A. [0000-0002-2718-9996], White, Chris [0000-0001-7448-4253], Wijnands, Rudy [0000-0002-3516-2152], Wouterloot, Jan G. A. [0000-0002-4694-6905], Yu (于威), Wei [0000-0002-5168-6052], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, European Research Council, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Astronomy, Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Science Support Office, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Black holes, F520, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astronomy, F521, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 5109 Space Sciences, Heterodyne interferometry, Galactic center, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Space and Planetary Science, 5101 Astronomical Sciences, Kerr black holes, Rotating black holes, 51 Physical Sciences, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Mathematics
Abstract: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Full list of authors: Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Algaba, Juan Carlos; Anantua, Richard; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Bach, Uwe; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Balokovic, Mislav; Barrett, John; Baubock, Michi; Benson, Bradford A.; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Blundell, Raymond; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Boyce, Hope; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broderick, Avery E.; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Bustamante, Sandra; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Ceccobello, Chiara; Chael, Andrew; Chan, Chi-kwan; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chatterjee, Shami; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cheng, Xiaopeng; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conroy, Nicholas S.; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crawford, Thomas M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dexter, Jason; Dhruv, Vedant; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Dougal, Sean; Dzib, Sergio A.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Emami, Razieh; Falcke, Heino; Farah, Joseph; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Ford, H. Alyson; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Freeman, William T.; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Fuentes, Antonio; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; Garcia, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo, I; Gomez, Jose L.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Haggard, Daryl; Haworth, Kari; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Heumann, Dirk; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Ikeda, Shiro; Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette; Inoue, Makoto; Issaoun, Sara; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra; Johnson, Michael D.; Jorstad, Svetlana; Joshi, Abhishek, V; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Dong-Jin; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Jongsoo; Kim, Junhan; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Kocherlakota, Prashant; Kofuji, Yutaro; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Carsten; Kramer, Michael; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; La Bella, Noemi; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Daeyoung; Lee, Sang-Sung; Leung, Po Kin; Levis, Aviad; Li, Zhiyuan; Lico, Rocco; Lindahl, Greg; Lindqvist, Michael; Lisakov, Mikhail; Liu, Jun; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin J.; Lu, Ru-Sen; Mao, Jirong; Marchili, Nicola; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Marscher, Alan P.; Marti-Vidal, Ivan; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Michalik, Daniel; Mizuno, Izumi; Mizuno, Yosuke; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Muller, Cornelia; Mus, Alejandro; Musoke, Gibwa; Myserlis, Ioannis; Nadolski, Andrew; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Nathanail, Antonios; Fuentes, Santiago Navarro; Neilsen, Joey; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Nowak, Michael A.; Oh, Junghwan; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Hector; Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Paraschos, Georgios Filippos; Park, Jongho; Parsons, Harriet; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Pesce, Dominic W.; Pietu, Vincent; Plambeck, Richard; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Potzl, Felix M.; Prather, Ben; Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A.; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ricarte, Angelo; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Romero-Canizales, Cristina; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruiz, Ignacio; Ruszczyk, Chet; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sanchez, Salvador; Sanchez-Arguelles, David; Sanchez-Portal, Miguel; Sasada, Mahito; Satapathy, Kaushik; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schonfeld, Jonathan; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Souccar, Kamal; Sun, He; Tazaki, Fumie; Tetarenko, Alexandra J.; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Torne, Pablo; Traianou, Efthalia; Trent, Tyler; Trippe, Sascha; Turk, Matthew; van Bemmel, Ilse; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Vos, Jesse; Wagner, Jan; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Wardle, John; Weintroub, Jonathan; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wielgus, Maciek; Wiik, Kaj; Witzel, Gunther; Wondrak, Michael F.; Wong, George N.; Wu, Qingwen; Yamaguchi, Paul; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, Andre; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhang, Shuo; Zhao, Guang-Yao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Ozel, Feryal; Agurto, Claudio; Allardi, Alexander; Amestica, Rodrigo; Araneda, Juan Pablo; Arriagada, Oriel; Berghuis, Jennie L.; Bertarini, Alessandra; Berthold, Ryan; Blanchard, Jay; Brown, Ken; Cardenas, Mauricio; Cantzler, Michael; Caro, Patricio; Castillo-Dominguez, Edgar; Chan, Tin Lok; Chang, Chih-Cheng; Chang, Dominic O.; Chang, Shu-Hao; Chang, Song-Chu; Chen, Chung-Chen; Chilson, Ryan; Chuter, Tim C.; Ciechanowicz, Miroslaw; Colin-Beltran, Edgar; Coulson, Iain M.; Crowley, Joseph; Degenaar, Nathalie; Dornbusch, Sven; Duran, Carlos A.; Everett, Wendeline B.; Faber, Aaron; Forster, Karl; Fuchs, Miriam M.; Gale, David M.; Geertsema, Gertie; Gonzalez, Edouard; Graham, Dave; Gueth, Frederic; Halverson, Nils W.; Han, Chih-Chiang; Han, Kuo-Chang; Hasegawa, Yutaka; Hernandez-Rebollar, Jose Luis; Herrera, Cristian; Herrero-Illana, Ruben; Heyminck, Stefan; Hirota, Akihiko; Hoge, James; Schimpf, Shelbi R. Hostler; Howie, Ryan E.; Huang, Yau-De; Jiang, Homin; Jinchi, Hao; John, David; Kimura, Kimihiro; Klein, Thomas; Kubo, Derek; Kuroda, John; Kwon, Caleb; Lacasse, Richard; Laing, Robert; Leitch, Erik M.; Li, Chao-Te; Liu, Ching-Tang; Liu, Kuan-Yu; Lin, Lupin C-C; Lu, Li-Ming; Mac-Auliffe, Felipe; Martin-Cocher, Pierre; Matulonis, Callie; Maute, John K.; Messias, Hugo; Meyer-Zhao, Zheng; Montana, Alfredo; Montenegro-Montes, Francisco; Montgomerie, William; Nolasco, Marcos Emir Moreno; Muders, Dirk; Nishioka, Hiroaki; Norton, Timothy J.; Nystrom, George; Ogawa, Hideo; Olivares, Rodrigo; Oshiro, Peter; Perez-Beaupuits, Juan Pablo; Parra, Rodrigo; Phillips, Neil M.; Poirier, Michael; Pradel, Nicolas; Qiu, Richard; Raffin, Philippe A.; Rahlin, Alexandra S.; Ramirez, Jorge; Ressler, Sean; Reynolds, Mark; Rodriguez-Montoya, Ivan; Saez-Madain, Alejandro F.; Santana, Jorge; Shaw, Paul; Shirkey, Leslie E., Jr.; Silva, Kevin M.; Snow, William; Sousa, Don; Sridharan, T. K.; Stahm, William; Stark, Anthony A.; Test, John; Torstensson, Karl; Venegas, Paulina; Walther, Craig; Wei, Ta-Shun; White, Chris; Wieching, Gundolf; Wijnands, Rudy; Wouterloot, Jan G. A.; Yu, Chen-Yu; Yu, Wei; Zeballos, Milagros; Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration., We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of λ = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μas (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass ∼4 × 106 M⊙, which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50°), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 103–105 gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration thanks the following organizations and programs: the Academia Sinica; the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496, 315721); the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19_058 (TITANs) and Fondecyt 1221421, the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University and Radboud University; the ALMA North America Development Fund; the Black Hole Initiative, which is funded by grants from the John Templeton Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (although the opinions expressed in this work are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of these Foundations); Chandra DD7-18089X and TM6-17006X; the China Scholarship Council; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship (2020M671266); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356); the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucía (grant P18-FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant 2019AEP112); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, projects IN112417 and IN112820); the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and grant OCENW.KLEIN.113; the Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO Grant 2021.013); the EACOA Fellowship awarded by the East Asia Core Observatories Association, which consists of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements RadioNet (No 730562) and M2FINDERS (No 101018682); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); MICINN Research Project PID2019-108995GB-C22; the European Research Council for advanced grant "JETSET: Launching, propagation and emission of relativistic jets from binary mergers and across mass scales" (Grant No. 884631); the Institute for Advanced Study; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; DFG research grant "Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond" (Grant No. FR 4069/2-1); Joint Princeton/Flatiron and Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowships, research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation; the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT; grant JPMXP1020200109); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007); the Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (103-2119-M-001-010-MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119-M-001-042, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106-2119-M-001-027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110-005, 107-2923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M-001-051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124-M-001-005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007-MY2, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, and 110-2923-M-001-001); the Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program; the Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC20K1567, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC20K0527, NASA NuSTAR award 80NSSC20K0645); NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555; the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306); NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship (AST-1903847); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, Brain Pool Program: 2019H1D3A1A01102564, Basic Research Support Grant 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255); Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships; Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21); the University of Pretoria for financial aid in the provision of the new Cluster Server nodes and SuperMicro (USA) for a SEEDING GRANT approved towards these nodes in 2020; the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch (JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017- 0709); the Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO, grant ID 77948), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa; the Toray Science Foundation; Swedish Research Council (VR); the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001); and the YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China and Natural Science Foundation of China grant 11873028. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrófisica, Óptica, y Electrónica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30-m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. Support for SPT participation in the EHT is provided by the National Science Foundation through award OPP-1852617 to the University of Chicago. Partial support is also provided by the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. This research is part of the Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships allocation AST20023. Frontera is made possible by National Science Foundation award OAC-1818253. This research was carried out using resources provided by the Open Science Grid, which is supported by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Additional work used ABACUS2.0, which is part of the eScience center at Southern Denmark University. Simulations were also performed on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart, and on the Pi2.0 and Siyuan Mark-I at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The computer resources of the Finnish IT Center for Science (CSC) and the Finnish Computing Competence Infrastructure (FCCI) project are acknowledged. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca).
Published: 2022

460. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. the Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole

Author: Olivier Gentaz, David J. James, Hector Olivares, John E. Barrett, Alan P. Marscher, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Peter Oshiro, Peter Galison, Tyler Trent, Sang-Sung Lee, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Satoki Matsushita, Carsten Kramer, Scott Paine, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Shuo Zhang, Jan Wagner, Daniel P. Marrone, Ryan Chilson, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Christopher Beaudoin, Sara Issaoun, André Young, A. A. Stark, Jordy Davelaar, Hiroshi Nagai, Zhiqiang Shen, Pablo Torne, Chris Eckert, John Wardle, Ranjani Srinivasan, David M. Gale, David Ball, Alan L. Roy, Lupin C.C. Lin, Thomas Bronzwaer, Kazunori Akiyama, W. B. Everett, Li Ming Lu, Ta Shun Wei, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Shu Hao Chang, Roberto Garcia, Richard L. Plambeck, Maciek Wielgus, Iniyan Natarajan, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Hiroaki Nishioka, Mark G. Rawlings, Tirupati K. Sridharan, Geoffrey B. Crew, Vernon Fath, Michael H. Hecht, Frederic Gueth, Jun Yi Koay, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Chih Chiang Han, Michael Kramer, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Oliver Porth, Jae-Young Kim, Ilje Cho, Shan Shan Zhao, Hotaka Shiokawa, Martin P. McColl, Song Chu Chang, Lei Huang, William Stahm, Makoto Inoue, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Andrew Chael, Chih Cheng Chang, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Dominic W. Pesce, Chung Chen Chen, Laura Vertatschitsch, Jonathan Weintroub, Alejandro F. Sáez-Madain, Sera Markoff, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ryan Berthold, Chao-Te Li, M. C. H. Wright, Daniel R. van Rossum, J. Peñalver, Neal R. Erickson, Remo P. J. Tilanus, John E. Carlstrom, Roger Deane, Minfeng Gu, Michael Titus, Laurent Loinard, Lia Medeiros, C. Y. Kuo, Iain Coulson, Michael Janssen, Ben Prather, Katherine L. Bouman, Lucy M. Ziurys, Norbert Wex, Freek Roelofs, Feng Gao, Yau De Huang, Dan Bintley, N. W. Halverson, Benjamin R. Ryan, Nimesh A. Patel, Aaron Faber, Mansour Karami, Robert Freund, Ming-Tang Chen, K. T. Story, Gertie Geertsema, Daryl Haggard, Paul Shaw, Ronald Grosslein, S. A. Dzib, Joseph Crowley, Kuo Chang Han, Shoko Koyama, José L. Gómez, Chet Ruszczyk, David R. Smith, Michael Bremer, Daniel Michalik, James Hoge, Karl M. Menten, Juan-Carlos Algaba, Aristeidis Noutsos, William Snow, Thomas W. Folkers, Masanori Nakamura, Homin Jiang, James M. Cordes, Uwe Bach, Christopher Risacher, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, David H. Hughes, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Ciriaco Goddi, Yi Chen, Christopher Greer, Roger J. Cappallo, Ilse van Bemmel, Andreas Eckart, Ziyan Zhu, Chi H. Nguyen, Rubén Herrero-Illana, Robert Wharton, Antonio Hernández-Gómez, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Pim Schellart, Mark Derome, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Chen Yu Yu, Kuan Yu Liu, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Michael D. Johnson, Mark Kettenis, Michael Lindqvist, Frederick K. Baganoff, John Conway, Remi Sassella, Nathan Whitehorn, Eduardo Ros, David P. Woody, Jessica Dempsey, Gopal Narayanan, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Akihiko Hirota, D. A. Graham, Hiroki Okino, Vincent Piétu, Alexander W. Raymond, Gregory Desvignes, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Arash Roshanineshat, Kevin M. Silva, Timothy Norton, Heino Falcke, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Ken H. Young, Per Friberg, Paul Yamaguchi, Derek Kubo, E. Castillo-Domínguez, Jason W. Henning, R. Laing, Kimihiro Kimura, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, Roman Gold, Helge Rottmann, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Roger Brissenden, Ru-Sen Lu, Ye-Fei Yuan, F. Peter Schloerb, Stephen R. McWhirter, Joseph R. Farah, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Charles F. Gammie, Mel Rose, Harriet Parsons, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Philippe Raffin, Ignacio Ruiz, Mahito Sasada, Kamal Souccar, Joseph Neilsen, J. G. A. Wouterloot, Jirong Mao, Colin J. Lonsdale, Feng Yuan, Jadyn Anczarski, Lindy Blackburn, N. Phillips, Don Sousa, Ramesh Narayan, Alan R. Whitney, Paul T. P. Ho, Kyle D. Massingill, Patrick M. Koch, Taehyun Jung, Erik M. Leitch, Junhan Kim, Nicolas Pradel, Kevin A. Dudevoir, Britton Jeter, Jason SooHoo, Tomohisa Kawashima, T. M. Crawford, Mark Gurwell, A. Montaña, R. P. Eatough, Sascha Trippe, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Dirk Muders, Craig Walther, Atish Kamble, Qingwen Wu, Chunchong Ni, George Nystrom, Yusuke Kono, Ryan Keisler, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Stefan Heyminck, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Sjoerd T. Timmer, Antxon Alberdi, Hung Yi Pu, Hugo Messias, Feryal Özel, Kotaro Moriyama, John David, M. Poirier, Mislav Baloković, Fumie Tazaki, Keiichi Asada, S. Sánchez, Wu Jiang, Tomoaki Oyama, Shami Chatterjee, Des Small, Richard Lacasse, Ray Blundell, Motoki Kino, Michael A. Nowak, Jason Dexter, Walter Alef, Jinchi Hao, Zhiyuan Li, Garrett K. Keating, Christian M. Fromm, Cornelia Müller, Ching Tang Liu, Alexandra S. Rahlin, William Montgomerie, Andrei P. Lobanov, Bradford Benson, George N. Wong, Kazuhiro Hada, Sven Dornbusch, George Reiland, Boris Georgiev, Luciano Rezzolla, Jongsoo Kim, W. Boland, Ramprasad Rao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Buell T. Jannuzi, Sandra Bustamente, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Tod R. Lauer, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, John Kuroda, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Chi-kwan Chan, Timothy C. Chuter, Izumi Mizuno, Vincent L. Fish, Yutaka Hasegawa, Roberto Neri, Matthew R. Dexter, Paul Tiede, Rodrigo Amestica, S. Navarro, William T. Freeman, Callie Matulonis, Luis C. Ho, Hideo Ogawa, Shiro Ikeda, Ralph G. Marson, A. Nadolski, J. Blanchard, Ed Fomalont, Monika Moscibrodzka, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Bong Won Sohn, David C. Forbes, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Ziri Younsi, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, Alexander Allardi, M. Mora-Klein, Yuzhu Cui, Yan-Rong Li, Koushik Chatterjee, Rebecca Azulay, M. Zeballos, Alan E. E. Rogers, Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-Leon, G. N., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Bemmel, I. V., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, K., Young, A., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Algaba, J. -C., Allardi, A., Amestica, R., Anczarski, J., Bach, U., Baganoff, F. K., Beaudoin, C., Benson, B. A., Berthold, R., Blanchard, J. M., Blundell, R., Bustamente, S., Cappallo, R., Castillo-Dominguez, E., Chang, C. -C., Chang, S. -H., Chang, S. -C., Chen, C. -C., Chilson, R., Chuter, T. C., Rosado, R. C., Coulson, I. M., Crawford, T. M., Crowley, J., David, J., Derome, M., Dexter, M., Dornbusch, S., Dudevoir, K. A., Dzib, S. A., Eckart, A., Eckert, C., Erickson, N. R., Everett, W. B., Faber, A., Farah, J. R., Fath, V., Folkers, T. W., Forbes, D. C., Freund, R., Gomez-Ruiz, A. I., Gale, D. M., Gao, F., Geertsema, G., Graham, D. A., Greer, C. H., Grosslein, R., Gueth, F., Haggard, D., Halverson, N. W., Han, C. -C., Han, K. -C., Hao, J., Hasegawa, Y., Henning, J. W., Hernandez-Gomez, A., Herrero-Illana, R., Heyminck, S., Hirota, A., Hoge, J., Huang, Y. -D., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Jiang, H., Kamble, A., Keisler, R., Kimura, K., Kono, Y., Kubo, D., Kuroda, J., Lacasse, R., Laing, R. A., Leitch, E. M., Li, C. -T., Lin, L. C. -C., Liu, C. -T., Liu, K. -Y., Lu, L. -M., Marson, R. G., Martin-Cocher, P. L., Massingill, K. D., Matulonis, C., Mccoll, M. P., Mcwhirter, S. R., Messias, H., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Montana, A., Montgomerie, W., Mora-Klein, M., Muders, D., Nadolski, A., Navarro, S., Neilsen, J., Nguyen, C. H., Nishioka, H., Norton, T., Nowak, M. A., Nystrom, G., Ogawa, H., Oshiro, P., Parsons, H., Paine, S. N., Penalver, J., Phillips, N. M., Poirier, M., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Raffin, P. A., Rahlin, A. S., Reiland, G., Risacher, C., Ruiz, I., Saez-Madain, A. F., Sassella, R., Schellart, P., Shaw, P., Silva, K. M., Shiokawa, H., Smith, D. R., Snow, W., Souccar, K., Sousa, D., Sridharan, T. K., Srinivasan, R., Stahm, W., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Timmer, S. T., Vertatschitsch, L., Walther, C., Wei, T. -S., Whitehorn, N., Whitney, A. R., Woody, D. P., Wouterloot, J. G. A., Wright, M., Yamaguchi, P., Yu, C. -Y., Zeballos, M., Zhang, S., Ziurys, L., Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Event Horizon Telescope, Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, J. L., Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Astronomy, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), and Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, individual (M87) [galaxies], Event horizon, Astronomy, black hole physics, jets [galaxies], galaxies: individual, Astrophysics, high-resolution, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Photon sphere, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, accretion, sagittarius-a-asterisk, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, galactic-center, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, radio-sources, accretion disks, Galactic Center, grmhd simulations, 3. Good health, energy-distributions, active [galaxies], Anatomy, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Active galactic nucleus, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, galaxies: active, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, galaxies: individual: M87, galaxies: individual (M87), Cell and Developmental Biology, 0103 physical sciences, (M87), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event Horizon Telescope, Supermassive black hole, ghz vlbi observations, faraday-rotation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies: jets, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Black hole, Rotating black hole, Space and Planetary Science, gravitation, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), advection-dominated accretion, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], ionized-gas
Abstract: When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μas, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio 10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 109 Me. Our radiowave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society, The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X
Published: 2019

461. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation

Author: Monika Moscibrodzka, Elisabetta Liuzzo, F. Peter Schloerb, John Conway, Remi Sassella, Eduardo Ros, Kevin M. Silva, Christopher Beaudoin, Minfeng Gu, Stephen R. McWhirter, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Derek Kubo, E. Castillo-Domínguez, Iain Coulson, Katherine L. Bouman, John E. Barrett, Peter Oshiro, Peter Galison, Walter Alef, Ignacio Ruiz, N. Phillips, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Ye-Fei Yuan, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Scott Paine, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Juan-Carlos Algaba, Daniel P. Marrone, Alexandra S. Rahlin, Li Ming Lu, Iniyan Natarajan, Thomas W. Folkers, Zhiqiang Shen, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Chao-Te Li, M. C. H. Wright, Mansour Karami, José L. Gómez, Roger J. Cappallo, Roger Deane, Lucy M. Ziurys, Yi Chen, Christopher Greer, William Montgomerie, Andrei P. Lobanov, George N. Wong, Bong Won Sohn, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Mark Gurwell, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Ilje Cho, Hotaka Shiokawa, Martin P. McColl, Makoto Inoue, Shu Hao Chang, K. T. Story, Joseph Crowley, C. M.Violette Impellizzeri, Kazuhiro Hada, Michael Kramer, Ranjani Srinivasan, David Ball, Keiichi Asada, Des Small, Hung Yi Pu, John David, Tomoaki Oyama, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Boris Georgiev, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Oliver Porth, Nathan Whitehorn, Alan L. Roy, Kazunori Akiyama, W. B. Everett, Maciek Wielgus, Don Sousa, J. Blanchard, Ray Blundell, Motoki Kino, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, John Kuroda, Heino Falcke, Chung Chen Chen, Carsten Kramer, Thomas P. Krichbaum, R. P. Eatough, S. Sánchez, Roberto Garcia, Jan Wagner, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Hiroaki Nishioka, Mark G. Rawlings, Ed Fomalont, W. Boland, Ramprasad Rao, Timothy Norton, Ching Tang Liu, James M. Cordes, Bradford Benson, Dominic W. Pesce, Yan-Rong Li, Geoffrey B. Crew, Vernon Fath, Frederic Gueth, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Roger Brissenden, Chi-kwan Chan, Timothy C. Chuter, Qingwen Wu, Chunchong Ni, Yuzhu Cui, Guang-Yao Zhao, Harriet Parsons, Ken H. Young, Paul Yamaguchi, Mahito Sasada, Daniel R. van Rossum, Yusuke Kono, Ryan Keisler, Masanori Nakamura, Patrick M. Koch, Nicolas Pradel, Ramesh Narayan, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, Jordy Davelaar, Hiroshi Nagai, Chih Cheng Chang, Joseph R. Farah, Ben Prather, Laura Vertatschitsch, Britton Jeter, Kuo Chang Han, Shoko Koyama, William Snow, Lindy Blackburn, Erik M. Leitch, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, Kyle D. Massingill, Shiro Ikeda, Remo P. J. Tilanus, S. A. Dzib, Charles F. Gammie, Ziyan Zhu, Ralph G. Marson, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Helge Rottmann, Chris Eckert, Lupin C.C. Lin, Michael H. Hecht, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Christian M. Fromm, Sera Markoff, Wu Jiang, Cornelia Müller, A. Nadolski, David H. Hughes, Zhiyuan Li, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Sascha Trippe, Jinchi Hao, Gertie Geertsema, Garrett K. Keating, Lei Huang, Chi H. Nguyen, Koushik Chatterjee, Andrew Chael, Norbert Wex, Ronald Grosslein, Nimesh A. Patel, Aaron Faber, Rebecca Azulay, Stefan Heyminck, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Christopher Risacher, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Tyler Trent, Satoki Matsushita, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Antxon Alberdi, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Chet Ruszczyk, T. K. Sridharan, Antony A. Stark, Michael Bremer, James Hoge, M. Zeballos, Kamal Souccar, Paul T. P. Ho, Atish Kamble, Ciriaco Goddi, Feng Gao, Yau De Huang, Dan Bintley, Alan E. E. Rogers, Ryan Chilson, Jorge A. Preciado-López, A. Montaña, Hector Olivares, Mark Derome, Michael Janssen, Robert Freund, Thomas Bronzwaer, Jun Yi Koay, Kevin A. Dudevoir, Roberto Neri, Buell T. Jannuzi, Sandra Bustamente, Mislav Baloković, S. Navarro, Shami Chatterjee, Tod R. Lauer, Alejandro F. Sáez-Madain, Sjoerd T. Timmer, Chih Chiang Han, John E. Carlstrom, Luis C. Ho, Hugo Messias, Feryal Özel, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ryan Berthold, Taehyun Jung, Akihiko Hirota, Richard Lacasse, D. A. Graham, Vincent Piétu, Homin Jiang, Shan Shan Zhao, Lia Medeiros, Song Chu Chang, Jae-Young Kim, Hideo Ogawa, Sara Issaoun, Kotaro Moriyama, Stephen Padin, Roman Gold, N. W. Halverson, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, C. Y. Kuo, Benjamin R. Ryan, Jason Dexter, Paul Shaw, Alan R. Whitney, Karl M. Menten, Aristeidis Noutsos, Kimihiro Kimura, Mark Kettenis, Ming-Tang Chen, Jonathan Weintroub, Neal R. Erickson, Chen Yu Yu, David R. Smith, André Young, Luciano Rezzolla, Jongsoo Kim, M. Poirier, Robert Wharton, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Hiroki Okino, Yutaka Hasegawa, Kuan Yu Liu, David P. Woody, Sven Dornbusch, George Reiland, Arash Roshanineshat, Pablo Torne, Daniel Michalik, John Wardle, David M. Gale, Ta Shun Wei, Uwe Bach, Ilse van Bemmel, Izumi Mizuno, Vincent L. Fish, Antonio Hernández-Gómez, Matthew R. Dexter, Paul Tiede, Rodrigo Amestica, Pim Schellart, Michael D. Johnson, Mel Rose, Callie Matulonis, J. G. A. Wouterloot, Jason SooHoo, Tomohisa Kawashima, T. M. Crawford, Dirk Muders, Craig Walther, Richard L. Plambeck, William Stahm, George Nystrom, David C. Forbes, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Ziri Younsi, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, Alexander Allardi, M. Mora-Klein, Fumie Tazaki, Michael Lindqvist, Per Friberg, Olivier Gentaz, David J. James, Alan P. Marscher, Sang-Sung Lee, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Jason W. Henning, R. Laing, Feng Yuan, Junhan Kim, J. Peñalver, Michael Titus, Freek Roelofs, Laurent Loinard, Rubén Herrero-Illana, Gopal Narayanan, Alexander W. Raymond, Gregory Desvignes, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Ru-Sen Lu, Philippe Raffin, Jirong Mao, Colin J. Lonsdale, Jessica Dempsey, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Event Horizon Telescope, Astronomy, Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-Leon, G. N., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Van Bemmel, I., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Algaba, J. -C., Allardi, A., Amestica, R., Bach, U., Beaudoin, C., Benson, B. A., Berthold, R., Blanchard, J. M., Blundell, R., Bustamente, S., Cappallo, R., Castillo-Dominguez, E., Chang, C. -C., Chang, S. -H., Chang, S. -C., Chen, C. -C., Chilson, R., Chuter, T. C., Rosado, R. C., Coulson, I. M., Crawford, T. M., Crowley, J., David, J., Derome, M., Dexter, M., Dornbusch, S., Dudevoir, K. A., Dzib, S. A., Eckert, C., Erickson, N. R., Everett, W. B., Faber, A., Farah, J. R., Fath, V., Folkers, T. W., Forbes, D. C., Freund, R., Gomez-Ruiz, A. I., Gale, D. M., Gao, F., Geertsema, G., Graham, D. A., Greer, C. H., Grosslein, R., Gueth, F., Halverson, N. W., Han, C. -C., Han, K. -C., Hao, J., Hasegawa, Y., Henning, J. W., Hernandez-Gomez, A., Herrero-Illana, R., Heyminck, S., Hirota, A., Hoge, J., Huang, Y. -D., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Jiang, H., Kamble, A., Keisler, R., Kimura, K., Kono, Y., Kubo, D., Kuroda, J., Lacasse, R., Laing, R. A., Leitch, E. M., Li, C. -T., Lin, L. C. -C., Liu, C. -T., Liu, K. -Y., Lu, L. -M., Marson, R. G., Martin-Cocher, P. L., Massingill, K. D., Matulonis, C., Mccoll, M. P., Mcwhirter, S. R., Messias, H., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Montana, A., Montgomerie, W., Mora-Klein, M., Muders, D., Nadolski, A., Navarro, S., Nguyen, C. H., Nishioka, H., Norton, T., Nystrom, G., Ogawa, H., Oshiro, P., Padin, S., Parsons, H., Paine, S. N., Penalver, J., Phillips, N. M., Poirier, M., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Raffin, P. A., Rahlin, A. S., Reiland, G., Risacher, C., Ruiz, I., Saez-Madain, A. F., Sassella, R., Schellart, P., Shaw, P., Silva, K. M., Shiokawa, H., Smith, D. R., Snow, W., Souccar, K., Sousa, D., Sridharan, T. K., Srinivasan, R., Stahm, W., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Timmer, S. T., Vertatschitsch, L., Walther, C., Wei, T. -S., Whitehorn, N., Whitney, A. R., Woody, D. P., Wouterloot, J. G. A., Wright, M., Yamaguchi, P., Yu, C. -Y., Zeballos, M., Ziurys, L., Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, J. L., High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), and Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, individual (M87) [galaxies], Event horizon, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, interferometers [instrumentation], black hole physics, FOS: Physical sciences, galaxies: individual, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), galaxies: individual: M87, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, galaxies: individual (M87), instrumentation: interferometer, 0103 physical sciences, Very-long-baseline interferometry, Angular resolution, Instrumentation (computer programming), instrumentation: interferometers, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, high angular resolution [echniques], Event Horizon Telescope, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Supermassive black hole, Galaxy: center, high angular resolution [techniques], techniques: high angular resolution, gravitational lensing: strong, Astronomy and Astrophysics, center [Galaxy], Hydrogen maser, black hole physic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, echniques: high angular resolution, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), strong [gravitational lensing], Millimeter, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ~1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ~25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s−1, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society, The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X
Published: 2019

462. Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clusters in the 2500 square-degree SPT-SZ Survey

Author: A. Zenteno, L. M. Mocanu, Jeff McMahon, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Nikhel Gupta, Michael McDonald, A. von der Linden, Daniel P. Marrone, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, Steven W. Allen, M. L. N. Ashby, Erik Shirokoff, Antony A. Stark, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, Helmuth Spieler, A. N. Doucouliagos, Ryan Keisler, Armin Rest, H-M. Cho, Zhen Hou, Lindsey Bleem, Shantanu Desai, S. S. Murray, N. Huang, Sebastian Bocquet, A. Saro, Stephen Padin, Joseph J. Mohr, I-Non Chiu, J. T. Sayre, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Adam Mantz, D. E. Applegate, B. Stalder, C. Pryke, Elizabeth George, Joaquin Vieira, John E. Carlstrom, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, Mark Brodwin, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Matthew B. Bayliss, Christian L. Reichardt, W. L. Holzapfel, Christopher W. Stubbs, Gilbert Holder, E. M. Leitch, J. P. Dietrich, Spencer A. Stanford, A. T. Crites, William R. Forman, K. Vanderlinde, Adrian T. Lee, Lloyd Knox, Z. K. Staniszewski, Henk Hoekstra, Tim Schrabback, R. J. Foley, K. T. Story, Mark W. Bautz, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Christine Jones, David Rapetti, Gordon P. Garmire, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, S. S. Meyer, N. W. Halverson, J. D. Hrubes, K. K. Schaffer, C. L. Chang, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, de Haan, T., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Doucouliagos, A. N., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G. P., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., von der Linden, A., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Rapetti, D., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, cosmology: observations, galaxies: clusters: general, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, clusters: general [galaxies], Planck, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Weak gravitational lensing, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, CMB cold spot, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Dark energy, symbols, observation [cosmology]
Abstract: (abridged) We present cosmological constraints obtained from galaxy clusters identified by their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect signature in the 2500 square degree South Pole Telescope Sunyaev Zel'dovich survey. We consider the 377 cluster candidates identified at z>0.25 with a detection significance greater than five, corresponding to the 95% purity threshold for the survey. We compute constraints on cosmological models using the measured cluster abundance as a function of mass and redshift. We include additional constraints from multi-wavelength observations, including Chandra X-ray data for 82 clusters and a weak lensing-based prior on the normalization of the mass-observable scaling relations. Assuming a LCDM cosmology, where the species-summed neutrino mass has the minimum allowed value (mnu = 0.06 eV) from neutrino oscillation experiments, we combine the cluster data with a prior on H0 and find sigma_8 = 0.797+-0.031 and Omega_m = 0.289+-0.042, with the parameter combination sigma_8(Omega_m/0.27)^0.3 = 0.784+-0.039. These results are in good agreement with constraints from the CMB from SPT, WMAP, and Planck, as well as with constraints from other cluster datasets. Adding mnu as a free parameter, we find mnu = 0.14+-0.08 eV when combining the SPT cluster data with Planck CMB data and BAO data, consistent with the minimum allowed value. Finally, we consider a cosmology where mnu and N_eff are fixed to the LCDM values, but the dark energy equation of state parameter w is free. Using the SPT cluster data in combination with an H0 prior, we measure w = -1.28+-0.31, a constraint consistent with the LCDM cosmological model and derived from the combination of growth of structure and geometry. When combined with primarily geometrical constraints from Planck CMB, H0, BAO and SNe, adding the SPT cluster data improves the w constraint from the geometrical data alone by 14%, to w = -1.023+-0.042.
Published: 2016

463. SPT-GMOS: A Gemini/GMOS-South Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxy Clusters in the SPT-SZ Survey

Author: Anthony H. Gonzalez, Christine Jones, Michael McDonald, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, Antony A. Stark, Mark W. Bautz, C. L. Chang, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, D. E. Applegate, H-M. Cho, Christian L. Reichardt, John E. Carlstrom, I-Non Chiu, C. Pryke, R. Capasso, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, A. Saro, Christopher W. Stubbs, Henk Hoekstra, Tim Schrabback, E. M. Leitch, R. J. Foley, W. L. Holzapfel, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, K. Vanderlinde, William R. Forman, Bradford Benson, Ryan Keisler, S. A. Stanford, Z. K. Staniszewski, K. T. Story, Shantanu Desai, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, Zhen Hou, Sebastian Bocquet, Elizabeth George, Mark Brodwin, Armin Rest, A. T. Crites, A. Zenteno, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Jeff McMahon, Gilbert Holder, M. L. N. Ashby, Adrian T. Lee, A. N. Doucouliagos, Steven W. Allen, Lloyd Knox, Erik Shirokoff, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, J. P. Dietrich, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Daniel P. Marrone, Joseph J. Mohr, Nikhel Gupta, A. von der Linden, Matthew B. Bayliss, J. D. Hrubes, Joaquin Vieira, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, Stephen Padin, N. W. Halverson, S. S. Meyer, David Rapetti, Gordon P. Garmire, K. K. Schaffer, S. S. Murray, N. Huang, Bayliss, M. B., Ruel, J., Stubbs, C. W., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Capasso, R., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Doucouliagos, A. N., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G. P., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., von der Linden, A., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Rapetti, D., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: catalog, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, catalogs, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: distances and redshifts, techniques: spectroscopic, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, distances and redshift [galaxies], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysic, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Redshift, Galaxy, Radial velocity, Stars, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), spectroscopic [techniques], Equivalent width
Abstract: We present the results of SPT-GMOS, a spectroscopic survey with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini South. The targets of SPT-GMOS are galaxy clusters identified in the SPT-SZ survey, a millimeter-wave survey of 2500 squ. deg. of the southern sky using the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Multi-object spectroscopic observations of 62 SPT-selected galaxy clusters were performed between January 2011 and December 2015, yielding spectra with radial velocity measurements for 2595 sources. We identify 2243 of these sources as galaxies, and 352 as stars. Of the galaxies, we identify 1579 as members of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters. The primary goal of these observations was to obtain spectra of cluster member galaxies to estimate cluster redshifts and velocity dispersions. We describe the full spectroscopic dataset and resulting data products, including galaxy redshifts, cluster redshifts and velocity dispersions, and measurements of several well-known spectral indices for each galaxy: the equivalent width, W, of [O II] 3727,3729 and H-delta, and the 4000A break strength, D4000. We use the spectral indices to classify galaxies by spectral type (i.e., passive, post-starburst, star-forming), and we match the spectra against photometric catalogs to characterize spectroscopically-observed cluster members as a function of brightness (relative to m*). Finally, we report several new measurements of redshifts for ten bright, strongly-lensed background galaxies in the cores of eight galaxy clusters. Combining the SPT-GMOS dataset with previous spectroscopic follow-up of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters results in spectroscopic measurements for >100 clusters, or ~20% of the full SPT-SZ sample., 24 pages in eapj format. Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal Supplements
Published: 2016

464. A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope

Author: Christian L. Reichardt, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, M. Lueker, Matthew B. Bayliss, Shantanu Desai, Helmuth Spieler, K. A. Aird, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Lindsey Bleem, Eric J. Baxter, Armin Rest, Alejandro Clocchiatti, S. S. Meyer, Zhen Hou, Christine Jones, John E. Carlstrom, I-Non Chiu, L. M. Mocanu, Steven W. Allen, B. Stalder, Jizhou Song, A. Saro, T. de Haan, Erik Shirokoff, E. M. Leitch, M. L. N. Ashby, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, R. Williamson, Scott Dodelson, Z. K. Staniszewski, Ryan Keisler, Michael McDonald, W. L. Holzapfel, A. T. Crites, Daniel P. Marrone, J. E. Ruhl, Michael D. Gladders, William R. Forman, Alexey Vikhlinin, Adrian T. Lee, J. P. Dietrich, A. Zenteno, Keith Vanderlinde, C. Hennig, Stephen Padin, Jeff McMahon, H-M. Cho, Henk Hoekstra, J. D. Hrubes, R. J. Foley, Benjamin Saliwanchik, K. T. Story, Gilbert Holder, Antony A. Stark, Mark W. Bautz, Jiayi Liu, C. Pryke, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Matt Dobbs, K. K. Schaffer, T. M. Crawford, Elizabeth George, N. W. Halverson, Sebastian Bocquet, Mark Brodwin, A. van Engelen, S. S. Murray, N. L. Harrington, C. L. Chang, Marius Millea, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Baxter, E. J., Keisler, R., Dodelson, S., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. -M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., De Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., Hennig, C., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, cosmic background radiation, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, galaxies: clusters: general, gravitational lensing: weak, Space and Planetary Science, Gravitational lens, South Pole Telescope, weak [gravitational lensing], Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Cluster sampling, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Clusters of galaxies are expected to gravitationally lens the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and thereby generate a distinct signal in the CMB on arcminute scales. Measurements of this effect can be used to constrain the masses of galaxy clusters with CMB data alone. Here we present a measurement of lensing of the CMB by galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We develop a maximum likelihood approach to extract the CMB cluster lensing signal and validate the method on mock data. We quantify the effects on our analysis of several potential sources of systematic error and find that they generally act to reduce the best-fit cluster mass. It is estimated that this bias to lower cluster mass is roughly $0.85\sigma$ in units of the statistical error bar, although this estimate should be viewed as an upper limit. We apply our maximum likelihood technique to 513 clusters selected via their SZ signatures in SPT data, and rule out the null hypothesis of no lensing at $3.1\sigma$. The lensing-derived mass estimate for the full cluster sample is consistent with that inferred from the SZ flux: $M_{200,\mathrm{lens}} = 0.83_{-0.37}^{+0.38}\, M_{200,\mathrm{SZ}}$ (68% C.L., statistical error only)., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures. Published in ApJ. Replaced to match published version
Published: 2015

465. Mass Calibration and Cosmological Analysis of the SPT-SZ Galaxy Cluster Sample Using Velocity Dispersion σ v and X-Ray Y X Measurements

Author: N. W. Halverson, C. L. Reichardt, L. M. Mocanu, Alfredo Zenteno, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, G. Bazin, T. M. Crawford, Christopher W. Stubbs, Daniel P. Marrone, Sebastian Bocquet, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, Z. Staniszewski, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Michael D. Gladders, Bradford Benson, W. L. Holzapfel, K. Vanderlinde, Lindsey Bleem, Armin Rest, O. Zahn, Mike McDonald, Jeff McMahon, Lloyd Knox, Alexey Vikhlinin, B. Stalder, M. L. N. Ashby, Helmuth Spieler, T. de Haan, S. S. Meyer, S. S. Murray, Ryan Keisler, Aaron Lee, J. P. Dietrich, K. A. Aird, S. A. Stanford, M. Brodwin, K. T. Story, John E. Carlstrom, William R. Forman, R. Williamson, C. Pryke, Ryan J. Foley, Chihway Chang, A. T. Crites, Matthew B. Bayliss, G. P. Holder, J. D. Vieira, A. A. Stark, S. Padin, C. Hennig, E. M. Leitch, C. Jones, I-Non Chiu, S. Desai, H. M. Cho, Jiayi Liu, Erik Shirokoff, D. Gangkofner, Marshall W. Bautz, Benjamin Saliwanchik, J. E. Ruhl, Joseph J. Mohr, A. Saro, M. A. Dobbs, Elizabeth George, Bocquet, S, Saro, A, Mohr, J J, Aird, K A, Ashby, M L N, Bautz, M, Bayliss, M, Bazin, G, Benson, B A, Bleem, L E, Brodwin, M, Carlstrom, J E, Chang, C L, Chiu, I, Cho, H M, Clocchiatti, A, Crawford, T M, Crites, A T, Desai, S, de Haan, T, Dietrich, J P, Dobbs, M A, Foley, R J, Forman, W R, Gangkofner, D, George, E M, Gladders, M D, Gonzalez, A H, Halverson, N W, Hennig, C, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Holder, G P, Holzapfel, W L, Hrubes, J D, Jones, C, Keisler, R, Knox, L, Lee, A T, Leitch, E M, Liu, J, Lueker, M, Luong-Van, D, Marrone, D P, Mcdonald, M, Mcmahon, J J, Meyer, S S, Mocanu, L, Murray, S S, Padin, S, Pryke, C, Reichardt, C L, Rest, A, Ruel, J, Ruhl, J E, Saliwanchik, B R, Sayre, J T, Schaffer, K K, Shirokoff, E, Spieler, H G, Stalder, B, Stanford, S A, Staniszewski, Z, Stark, A A, Story, K, Stubbs, C W, Vanderlinde, K, Vieira, J D, Vikhlinin, A, Williamson, R, Zahn, O, and Zenteno, A
Subjects: Physics, galaxies: clusters: individual, large-scale structure of universe, clusters: individual [galaxies], Sigma, Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, cosmic background radiation, cosmology: observations, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Omega, symbols.namesake, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Dark energy, symbols, Planck, Neutrino, Galaxy cluster, observation [cosmology]
Abstract: We present a velocity-dispersion-based mass calibration of the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect survey (SPT-SZ) galaxy cluster sample. Using a homogeneously selected sample of 100 cluster candidates from 720 deg^2 of the survey along with 63 velocity dispersion (σ_v) and 16 X-ray Y_X measurements of sample clusters, we simultaneously calibrate the mass-observable relation and constrain cosmological parameters. Our method accounts for cluster selection, cosmological sensitivity, and uncertainties in the mass calibrators. The calibrations using σ_v and Y_X are consistent at the 0.6σ level, with the σ_v calibration preferring ~16% higher masses. We use the full SP_(TCL) data set (SZ clusters+σ_v +Y_X) to measure σ_g(Ω_m/0.27)^(0.3) = 0.809 ± 0.036 within a flat ΛCDM model. The SPT cluster abundance is lower than preferred by either the WMAP9 or Planck+WMAP9 polarization (WP) data, but assuming that the sum of the neutrino masses is ∑m_ν = 0.06 eV, we find the data sets to be consistent at the 1.0σ level for WMAP9 and 1.5σ for Planck+WP. Allowing for larger ∑m_ν further reconciles the results. When we combine the SPT_(CL) and Planck+WP data sets with information from baryon acoustic oscillations and Type Ia supernovae, the preferred cluster masses are 1.9σ higher than the Y_X calibration and 0.8σ higher than the σ_v calibration. Given the scale of these shifts (~44% and ~23% in mass, respectively), we execute a goodness-of-fit test; it reveals no tension, indicating that the best-fit model provides an adequate description of the data. Using the multi-probe data set, we measure Ω_m = 0.299 ± 0.009 and σ_g = 0.829 ± 0.011. Within a νCDM model we find ∑m_ν = 0.148 ± 0.081 eV. We present a consistency test of the cosmic growth rate using SPT clusters. Allowing both the growth index γ and the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w to vary, we find γ = 0.73 ± 0.28 and w = –1.007 ± 0.065, demonstrating that the expansion and the growth histories are consistent with a ΛCDM universe (γ = 0.55; w = –1).
Published: 2015

466. Joint analysis of BICEP2/Keck array and planck data

Author: K. Ganga, N. Krachmalnicoff, Olivier Doré, W. A. Holmes, M. Lueker, Jose M. Diego, A. Mennella, Nabila Aghanim, Ben Rusholme, F. Elsner, Reijo Keskitalo, C. L. Wong, L. Toffolatti, H. T. Nguyen, J. Jewell, Federico Nati, Valeria Pettorino, Davide Maino, S. J. Benton, Anthony Lasenby, Jacques Delabrouille, Luca Terenzi, C. Combet, F. Piacentini, Simon D. M. White, J. A. Murphy, J. E. Tolan, W. Hovest, Cora Dvorkin, Fabio Finelli, R. Schwarz, M. Frailis, P. B. Lilje, Carlo Baccigalupi, James G. Bartlett, A. Mangilli, Jussi-Pekka Väliviita, F. Pasian, Alessandro Gruppuso, Sunil Golwala, E. Bullock, Guilaine Lagache, François Levrier, E. Hivon, E. Keihänen, M. Rowan-Robinson, G. Patanchon, F. Couchot, L. P. L. Colombo, Dmitry Novikov, Jake Connors, Antony Lewis, M. Tomasi, M. López-Caniego, George Helou, François R. Bouchet, L. A. Wade, Daniela Paoletti, Dipak Munshi, George Efstathiou, Jean-François Cardoso, Ingunn Kathrine Wehus, Marco Bersanelli, J.-F. Sygnet, E. Martínez-González, Etienne Pointecouteau, Charles R. Lawrence, A. D. Turner, J. Aumont, D. Herranz, R. W. Ogburn, J.-M. Lamarre, M. Tucci, Rafael Rebolo, A. C. Weber, Kevin M. Huffenberger, D. Yvon, Roger O'Brient, M. Piat, O. Perdereau, Alain Benoit, Planck Collaborations, Luca Valenziano, Massimiliano Lattanzi, Mark Halpern, Zeeshan Ahmed, S. R. Hildebrandt, E. M. Leitch, A. de Rosa, R. Sudiwala, Mika Juvela, C. Renault, Kate D. Alexander, N. Ponthieu, Alessandro Melchiorri, D. Santos, Hannu Kurki-Suonio, A. Ducout, Stéphane Plaszczynski, Marian Douspis, Daniel J. Mortlock, Fabrizio Villa, Luigi Danese, C. D. Sheehy, Carlo Burigana, G. Hurier, C. Pryke, M. Rossetti, Olivier Forni, L. Montier, M. Tristram, K. L. Thompson, Davide Pietrobon, Lloyd Knox, M.-A. Miville-Deschênes, R. Kneissl, Jörg P. Rachen, Pavel Naselsky, Colin A. Bischoff, R. J. Davis, Locke D. Spencer, Silvia Masi, Andrea Zacchei, W. C. Jones, Bicep, Michael Seiffert, G. Polenta, M. Linden-Vørnle, Duncan Hanson, R. C. Butler, Theodore Kisner, L. Perotto, F. K. Hansen, Bruce Partridge, F. Boulanger, J.-P. Bernard, William T. Reach, F. Noviello, D. L. Harrison, S. Donzelli, A. Renzi, J.-M. Delouis, J.-L. Puget, G. Roudier, Michele Liguori, A. Curto, S. Fliescher, J. F. Macías-Pérez, M. Maris, V. Stolyarov, H. K. Eriksen, Bruno Maffei, E. Franceschi, Benjamin D. Wandelt, Julian Borrill, Jeffrey P. Filippini, R. B. Barreiro, Calvin B. Netterfield, Graca Rocha, Roberta Paladini, T. J. Pearson, P. Vielva, S. Richter, Viktor Hristov, Grant Teply, L. Duband, Giorgio Savini, Michael P. Hobson, F. Pajot, Martin Kunz, A. Catalano, Laura Bonavera, R. A. Sunyaev, A. A. Fraisse, Justus A. Brevik, Mathieu Remazeilles, D. Sutton, Erminia Calabrese, Howard Hui, C. D. Dowell, Anne Lähteenmäki, Ranga-Ram Chary, J. Willmert, Anthony Challinor, M. Sandri, Jon E. Gudmundsson, L. Pagano, Robert A. Watson, L. Mendes, Sabino Matarrese, Victor Buza, A. Karakci, N. Mandolesi, K. G. Megerian, S. Galeotta, J. Knoche, Andrew H. Jaffe, A. Moneti, Simon Prunet, Gene C. Hilton, I. D. Novikov, I. Buder, Philip Lubin, S. A. Kernasovskiy, Peter G. Martin, P. Bielewicz, Jo Dunkley, H. Dole, Subhabrata Mitra, J. A. Tauber, M. Savelainen, L. Vibert, X. Dupac, Brian Keating, Adam Moss, P. de Bernardis, R. D. Davies, Denis Barkats, M. Reinecke, Peter Mason, K. Benabed, Nicola Bartolo, A.-S. Suur-Uski, Martin White, M. Bucher, Douglas Scott, Z. K. Staniszewski, J. R. Bond, E. Gjerløw, Andrea Zonca, Clive Dickinson, Krzysztof M. Gorski, A. Gregorio, H. C. Chiang, P. R. Christensen, E. Battaner, Chao-Lin Kuo, F. Cuttaia, Torsten A. Enßlin, James J. Bock, I. Ristorcelli, Anna Bonaldi, E. Falgarone, Monique Arnaud, Peter Meinhold, Serge Gratton, S. Kefeli, F.-X. Désert, J. González-Nuevo, J. P. Kaufman, Tuhin Ghosh, B. Van Tent, Hans Ulrik Nørgaard-Nielsen, A. J. Banday, Sophie Henrot-Versille, Paolo Natoli, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, A. Coulais, Kent D. Irwin, Jose Alberto Rubino-Martin, G. de Zotti, Ki Won Yoon, A. Benoit-Lévy, M. Giard, B. P. Crill, A. Frejsel, Matthew Hasselfield, T. R. Jaffe, M. Migliaccio, Peter A. R. Ade, Abigail G. Vieregg, Randol W. Aikin, R. Leonardi, A. Orlando, S. Galli, G. W. Pratt, Gianluca Morgante, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati / International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA / ISAS), Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)-European Southern Observatory (ESO), Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento (UNITN), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (HELFA), Institut Néel (NEEL), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Planetologie [Münster], Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), SCANCO Medical AG, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica-Settore Materiali, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], AUTRES, Laboratoire des Cryoréfrigérateurs et Cryogénie Spatiale (LCCS), Service des Basses Températures (SBT ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica - Bologna (IASF-Bo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Vancouver], University of British Columbia (UBC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Queens Med Res Inst, Div Pathol, Univ Edinburgh, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA), Università degli Studi di Roma, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester [Manchester], Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven (LEGENDO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita` di Roma Tor Vergata, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (INFN, Sezione di Padova), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, School of Social and Community Medicine [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics (ARENA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d'Orsay [Orsay] (LPT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) (DPP), BICEPS2/Keck Array, Planck, Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, R, P, Aghanim, N, Ahmed, Z, Aikin, R, Alexander, K, Arnaud, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Banday, A, Barkats, D, Barreiro, R, Bartlett, J, Bartolo, N, Battaner, E, Benabed, K, Benoit, A, Benoit Levy, A, Benton, S, Bernard, J, Bersanelli, M, Bielewicz, P, Bischoff, C, Bock, J, Bonaldi, A, Bonavera, L, Bond, J, Borrill, J, Bouchet, F, Boulanger, F, Brevik, J, Bucher, M, Buder, I, Bullock, E, Burigana, C, Butler, R, Buza, V, Calabrese, E, Cardoso, J, Catalano, A, Challinor, A, Chary, R, Chiang, H, Christensen, P, L, ., Combet, C, Connors, J, Couchot, F, Coulais, A, Crill, B, Curto, A, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Davies, R, Davis, R, DE BERNARDIS, P, Rosa, A, Zotti, G, Delabrouille, J, Delouis, J, Desert, F, Dickinson, C, Diego, J, Dole, H, Donzelli, S, Dore, O, Douspis, M, Dowell, C, Duband, L, Ducout, A, Dunkley, J, Dupac, X, Dvorkin, C, Efstathiou, G, Elsner, F, Ensslin, T, Eriksen, H, Falgarone, E, Filippini, J, Finelli, F, Fliescher, S, Forni, O, Frailis, M, Fraisse, A, Franceschi, E, Frejsel, A, Galeotta, S, Galli, S, Ganga, K, Ghosh, T, Giard, M, Gjerlow, E, Golwala, S, Gonzalez Nuevo, J, Gorski, K, Gratton, S, Gregorio, A, Gruppuso, A, Gudmundsson, J, Halpern, M, Hansen, F, Hanson, D, Harrison, D, Hasselfield, M, Helou, G, Henrot Versillee, S, Herranz, D, Hildebrandt, S, Hilton, G, Hivon, E, Hobson, M, Holmes, W, Hovest, W, Hristov, V, Huffenberger, K, Hui, H, Hurier, G, Irwin, K, Jaffe, A, Jaffe, T, Jewell, J, Jones, W, Juvela, M, Karakci, A, Karkare, K, Kaufman, J, Keating, B, Kefeli, S, Keihanen, E, Kernasovskiy, S, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, T, Kneissl, R, Knoche, J, Knox, L, Kovac, J, Krachmalnicoff, N, Kunz, M, Kuo, C, Kurki Suonio, H, Lagache, G, Lahteenmaki, A, Lamarre, J, Lasenby, A, Lattanzi, M, Lawrence, C, Leitch, E, Leonardi, R, Levrier, F, Lewis, A, Liguori, M, Lilje, P, Linden Vornle, M, Lopez Caniego, M, Lubin, P, Lueker, M, Macias Perez, J, Maffei, B, Maino, D, Mandolesi, N, Mangilli, A, Maris, M, Martin, P, Martinez Gonzalez, E, Masi, S, Mason, P, Matarrese, S, Megerian, K, Meinhold, P, Melchiorri, A, Mendes, L, Mennella, A, Migliaccio, M, Mitra, S, Miville Deschenes, M, Moneti, A, Montier, L, Morgante, G, Mortlock, D, Moss, A, Munshi, D, Murphy, J, Naselsky, P, Nati, F, Natoli, P, Netterfield, C, Nguyen, H, Norgaard Nielsen, H, Noviello, F, Novikov, D, Novikov, I, O'Brient, R, Ogburn, R, Orlando, A, Pagano, L, Pajot, F, Paladini, R, Paoletti, D, Partridge, B, Pasian, F, Patanchon, G, Pearson, T, Perdereau, O, Perotto, L, Pettorino, V, Piacentini, F, Piat, M, Pietrobon, D, Plaszczynski, S, Pointecouteau, E, Polenta, G, Ponthieu, N, Pratt, G, Prunet, S, Pryke, C, Puget, J, Rachen, J, Reach, W, Rebolo, R, Reinecke, M, Remazeilles, M, Renault, C, Renzi, A, Richter, S, Ristorcelli, I, Rocha, G, Rossetti, M, Roudier, G, Rowan Robinson, M, Rubino Martin, J, Rusholme, B, Sandri, M, Santos, D, Savelainen, M, Savini, G, Schwarz, R, Scott, D, Seiffert, M, Sheehy, C, Spencer, L, Staniszewski, Z, Stolyarov, V, Sudiwala, R, Sunyaev, R, Sutton, D, Suur Uski, A, Sygnet, J, Tauber, J, Teply, G, Terenzi, L, Thompson, K, Toffolatti, L, Tolan, J, Tomasi, M, Tristram, M, Tucci, M, Turner, A, Valenziano, L, Valiviita, J, Tent, B, Vibert, L, Vielva, P, Vieregg, A, Villa, F, Wade, L, Wandelt, B, Watson, R, Weber, A, Wehus, I, White, M, M, S, Willmert, J, Wong, C, Yoon, K, Yvon, D, Zacchei, A, Zonca, A, Bicep, K, Planck, C, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) ( DAP ), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati / International School for Advanced Studies ( SISSA / ISAS ), Joint ALMA Observatory, Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France ( PCC ), Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Università di Trento, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris ( IAP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), HELFA - Hélium : du fondamental aux applications, Institut Néel ( NEEL ), Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster ( WWU ), AstroParticule et Cosmologie ( APC - UMR 7164 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab ( Chatillon ), ONERA, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie ( LPSC ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( ICAS ), University of Leeds, Universita degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua = Université de Padoue, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique ( LERMA ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université de Cergy Pontoise ( UCP ), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], APC - Gravitation ( APC-Gravitation ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Max-Planck-Institut-Max-Planck-Institut, Laboratoire des Cryoréfrigérateurs et Cryogénie Spatiale ( LCCS ), Service des Basses Températures ( SBT - UMR 9004 ), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie ( INAC ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie ( INAC ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements ( CESR ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble ( G2ELab ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail ( ANSES Maisons-Alfort ), APC - Cosmologie, Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -AstroParticule et Cosmologie ( APC - UMR 7164 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica - Bologna ( IASF-Bo ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia ( UBC ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Infrared Processing and Analysis Center ( IPAC ), California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie ( MPIA ), International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics ( ICRA ), Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven ( LEGENDO ), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Università degli studi di Roma II, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova ( INFN, Sezione di Padova ), National Institute for Nuclear Physics ( INFN ), Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics ( ARENA ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d'Orsay [Orsay] ( LPT ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies ( LPNHE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), National High Magnetic Field Laboratory ( NHMFL ), Florida State University, Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) ( DPP ), National Science Foundation (US), European Research Council, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Junta de Andalucía, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), European Southern Observatory (ESO)-National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), LERMA Cergy (LERMA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), School of Physics and Astronomy [Manchester], Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) (DPhP), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Ahmed, Z., Aikin, R. W., Alexander, K. D., Arnaud, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barkats, D., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., Bartolo, N., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Benoît, A., Benoit Lévy, A., Benton, S. J., Bernard, J. P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bischoff, C. A., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Brevik, J. A., Bucher, M., Buder, I., Bullock, E., Burigana, C., Butler, R. C., Buza, V., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. F., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chary, R. R., Chiang, H. C., Christensen, P. R., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Connors, J., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., De Bernardis, P., De Rosa, A., De Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. M., Désert, F. X., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Dole, H., Donzelli, S., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Dowell, C. D., Duband, L., Ducout, A., Dunkley, J., Dupac, X., Dvorkin, C., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Filippini, J. P., Finelli, F., Fliescher, S., Forni, O., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frejsel, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Ghosh, T., Giard, M., Gjerløw, E., Golwala, S. R., González Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gratton, S., Gregorio, Anna, Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J. E., Halpern, M., Hansen, F. K., Hanson, D., Harrison, D. L., Hasselfield, M., Helou, G., Henrot Versillé, S., Herranz, D., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Holmes, W. A., Hovest, W., Hristov, V. V., Huffenberger, K. M., Hui, H., Hurier, G., Irwin, K. D., Jaffe, A. H., Jaffe, T. R., Jewell, J., Jones, W. C., Juvela, M., Karakci, A., Karkare, K. S., Kaufman, J. P., Keating, B. G., Kefeli, S., Keihänen, E., Kernasovskiy, S. A., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Kneissl, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Kovac, J. M., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kunz, M., Kuo, C. L., Kurki Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Leitch, E. M., Leonardi, R., Levrier, F., Lewis, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., Linden Vørnle, M., López Caniego, M., Lubin, P. M., Lueker, M., Macías Pérez, J. F., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Mandolesi, N., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez González, E., Masi, S., Mason, P., Matarrese, S., Megerian, K. G., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Mitra, S., Miville Deschênes, M. A., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mortlock, D., Moss, A., Munshi, D., Murphy, J. A., Naselsky, P., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, C. B., Nguyen, H. T., Nørgaard Nielsen, H. U., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., O'Brient, R., Ogburn, R. W., Orlando, A., Pagano, L., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Patanchon, G., Pearson, T. J., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pietrobon, D., Plaszczynski, S., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Pratt, G. W., Prunet, S., Pryke, C., Puget, J. L., Rachen, J. P., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renault, C., Renzi, A., Richter, S., Ristorcelli, I., Rocha, G., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rowan Robinson, M., Rubiño Martín, J. A., Rusholme, B., Sandri, M., Santos, D., Savelainen, M., Savini, G., Schwarz, R., Scott, D., Seiffert, M. D., Sheehy, C. D., Spencer, L. D., Staniszewski, Z. K., Stolyarov, V., Sudiwala, R., Sunyaev, R., Sutton, D., Suur Uski, A. S., Sygnet, J. F., Tauber, J. A., Teply, G. P., Terenzi, L., Thompson, K. L., Toffolatti, L., Tolan, J. E., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Tucci, M., Turner, A. D., Valenziano, L., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, B., Vibert, L., Vielva, P., Vieregg, A. G., Villa, F., Wade, L. A., Wandelt, B. D., Watson, R., Weber, A. C., Wehus, I. K., White, M., White, S. D. M., Willmert, J., Wong, C. L., Yoon, K. W., Yvon, D., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Observational cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Background radiations, Gravitational wave detectors and experiments, Astronomy, General Physics and Astronomy, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), law, Spectral behaviors, probe wmap observations gravity-waves polarization anisotropy emission submillimeter spectrum scaledust Physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, QB, Physics, Power-spectra, Lower frequencies, ta213, CDM modeling, Cross correlations, Dust emission, Joint analysis, Model variation, Polarization (waves), Synchrotron, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, symbols, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, ta221, Cosmic background radiation, ta1171, Radio microwave, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, [ PHYS.ASTR.CO ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], NO, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], symbols.namesake, Physics and Astronomy (all), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, 0103 physical sciences, Planck, ta216, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ta115, ta114, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Sky, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Data_GENERAL
Abstract: We report the results of a joint analysis of data from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck. BICEP2 and Keck Array have observed the same approximately 400 deg2 patch of sky centered on RA 0 h, Dec. −57.5°. The combined maps reach a depth of 57 nK deg in Stokes Q and U in a band centered at 150 GHz. Planck has observed the full sky in polarization at seven frequencies from 30 to 353 GHz, but much less deeply in any given region (1.2 μK deg in Q and U at 143 GHz). We detect 150×353 cross-correlation in B modes at high significance. We fit the single- and cross-frequency power spectra at frequencies ≥150 GHz to a lensed-ΛCDM model that includes dust and a possible contribution from inflationary gravitational waves (as parametrized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r), using a prior on the frequency spectral behavior of polarized dust emission from previous Planck analysis of other regions of the sky. We find strong evidence for dust and no statistically significant evidence for tensor modes. We probe various model variations and extensions, including adding a synchrotron component in combination with lower frequency data, and find that these make little difference to the r constraint. Finally, we present an alternative analysis which is similar to a map-based cleaning of the dust contribution, and show that this gives similar constraints. The final result is expressed as a likelihood curve for r, and yields an upper limit r0.05, National Science Foundation (NSF) ANT-0742818 ANT-1044978 ANT-0742592 ANT-1110087, JPL Research and Technology Development Fund from the NASA 06-ARPA206-0040 10-SAT10-0017, National Science Foundation (NSF) ANT-1145172 ANT-1145143 ANT-1145248, Keck Foundation (Caltech), European Space Agency, Centre National D'etudes Spatiales, CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France), Italian Space Agency (ASI), Italian National Research Council, Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF), National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA), United States Department of Energy (DOE), Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), UKSA (UK), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), MINECO (Spain), JA (Spain), RES (Spain), Finnish Funding Agency for Technology & Innovation (TEKES), AoF (Finland), CSC (Finland), Helmholtz Association, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Max Planck Society, CSA (Canada), DTU Space (Denmark), SER/SSO (Switzerland), RCN (Norway), Science Foundation Ireland, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, ERC (EU), European Union (EU), Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/K00106X/1 ST/K001051/1 ST/K002805/1 ST/L000768/1 ST/K004131/1 ST/N001206/1 ST/K000985/1 ST/L000636/1 ST/K003674/1 ST/M007685/1 ST/L000393/1 ST/L000652/1, Villum Fonden 10056
Published: 2015

467. Measurement of galaxy cluster integrated comptonization and mass scaling relations with the South Pole Telescope

Author: Elizabeth George, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, H. M. Cho, K. A. Aird, Christopher W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, K. T. Story, A. T. Crites, Mark Brodwin, Matt Dobbs, Adrian T. Lee, K. K. Schaffer, Z. K. Staniszewski, Jiayi Liu, A. Saro, T. M. Crawford, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, T. E. Montroy, Erik Shirokoff, Alejandro Clocchiatti, R. J. Foley, W. L. Holzapfel, S. S. Murray, B. Stalder, Daniel P. Marrone, R. Williamson, William R. Forman, Ryan Keisler, N. W. Halverson, Stephen Padin, Helmuth Spieler, J. E. Ruhl, Michael D. Gladders, Lindsey Bleem, Alexey Vikhlinin, J. T. Sayre, Armin Rest, D. Nurgaliev, C. Pryke, S. S. Meyer, Adam Mantz, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, John E. Carlstrom, A. Zenteno, Jeff McMahon, Sebastian Bocquet, T. de Haan, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, E. M. Leitch, J. P. Dudley, Christian L. Reichardt, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, Shantanu Desai, Michael McDonald, Matthew B. Bayliss, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Antony A. Stark, Joseph J. Mohr, C. L. Chang, J. Mehl, Anna Patej, Christine Jones, M. Lueker, Saliwanchik, B. R., Montroy, T. E., Aird, K. A., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Patej, A., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Aperture, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Radius, Astrophysics, Galaxies: clusters: general, Methods: data analysis, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, Space and Planetary Science, clusters: general [Galaxies], Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, Galaxy, galaxies: cluster [X-rays], data analysi [Methods], South Pole Telescope, Cluster (physics), Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We describe a method for measuring the integrated Comptonization (YSZ) of clusters of galaxies from measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in multiple frequency bands and use this method to characterize a sample of galaxy clusters detected in South Pole Telescope (SPT) data. We test this method on simulated cluster observations and verify that it can accurately recover cluster parameters with negligible bias. In realistic simulations of an SPT-like survey, with realizations of cosmic microwave background anisotropy, point sources, and atmosphere and instrumental noise at typical SPT-SZ survey levels, we find that YSZ is most accurately determined in an aperture comparable to the SPT beam size. We demonstrate the utility of this method to measure YSZ and to constrain mass scaling relations using X-ray mass estimates for a sample of 18 galaxy clusters from the SPT-SZ survey. Measuring YSZ within a 0.75' radius aperture, we find an intrinsic log-normal scatter of 21+/-11% in YSZ at a fixed mass. Measuring YSZ within a 0.3 Mpc projected radius (equivalent to 0.75' at the survey median redshift z = 0.6), we find a scatter of 26+/-9%. Prior to this study, the SPT observable found to have the lowest scatter with mass was cluster detection significance. We demonstrate, from both simulations and SPT observed clusters, that YSZ measured within an aperture comparable to the SPT beam size is equivalent, in terms of scatter with cluster mass, to SPT cluster detection significance., Submitted to ApJ. 13 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2015

468. The Redshift Evolution of the Mean Temperature, Pressure, and Entropy Profiles in 80 SPT-Selected Galaxy Clusters

Author: Matthew B. Bayliss, H. M. Cho, M. Lueker, Steven W. Allen, S. S. Murray, Mark Brodwin, Christopher W. Stubbs, Stephen Padin, Elizabeth George, Erik Shirokoff, Joseph J. Mohr, K. A. Aird, Ryan Keisler, K. K. Schaffer, Matt Dobbs, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, A. T. Crites, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, Armin Rest, Alejandro Clocchiatti, A. Saro, B. Stalder, John E. Carlstrom, Eric D. Miller, T. M. Crawford, Daniel P. Marrone, J. T. Sayre, Christian L. Reichardt, Sebastian Bocquet, T. de Haan, Adam Mantz, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, W. L. Holzapfel, E. M. Leitch, Spencer A. Stanford, J. D. Hrubes, Lloyd Knox, William R. Forman, C. Pryke, Adrian T. Lee, Helmuth Spieler, A. Zenteno, Lindsey Bleem, Jeff McMahon, N. W. Halverson, R. Williamson, Antony A. Stark, Keith Vanderlinde, Mark W. Bautz, Christine M. Jones, J. E. Ruhl, R. J. Foley, S. S. Meyer, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Z. K. Staniszewski, Michael McDonald, K. T. Story, Jiayi Liu, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, C. L. Chang, Mcdonald, M., Benson, B. A., Vikhlinin, A., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Miller, E. D., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, X-rays: galaxies:clusters, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), galaxies:cluster [X-rays], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Flattening, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Entropy (information theory), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, early universe, South Pole Telescope, clusters: intracluster medium [galaxies], galaxies: clusters: general, Space and Planetary Science, Halo, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: (Abridged) We present the results of an X-ray analysis of 80 galaxy clusters selected in the 2500 deg^2 South Pole Telescope survey and observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We divide the full sample into subsamples of ~20 clusters based on redshift and central density, performing an X-ray fit to all clusters in a subsample simultaneously, assuming self-similarity of the temperature profile. This approach allows us to constrain the shape of the temperature profile over 0R500) regions than their low-z (0.3R500 in our high-z subsample. This flattening is consistent with a temperature bias due to the enhanced (~3x) rate at which group-mass (~2 keV) halos, which would go undetected at our survey depth, are accreting onto the cluster at z~1. This work demonstrates a powerful method for inferring spatially-resolved cluster properties in the case where individual cluster signal-to-noise is low, but the number of observed clusters is high., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJ. Updated following referee report
Published: 2014

469. Analysis of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Mass-Observable Relations using South Pole Telescope Observations of an X-ray Selected Sample of Low Mass Galaxy Clusters and Groups

Author: Jonathan Ruel, Bradford Benson, Antony A. Stark, Michael McDonald, Armin Rest, Alejandro Clocchiatti, S. S. Murray, Adrian T. Lee, B. Stalder, L. M. Mocanu, A. Zenteno, K. Vanderlinde, Jeff McMahon, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, John E. Carlstrom, Elizabeth George, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Matthew B. Bayliss, T. de Haan, Matt Dobbs, E. M. Leitch, S. S. Meyer, C. L. Chang, Ryan J. Foley, T. M. Crawford, Shantanu Desai, Alexey Vikhlinin, Oliver Zahn, Michael D. Gladders, Joaquin Vieira, N. W. Halverson, M. Lueker, D. Gangkofner, Erik Shirokoff, W. L. Holzapfel, K. T. Story, R. Williamson, J. P. Dietrich, Sebastian Bocquet, J. E. Ruhl, Marshall W. Bautz, H. M. Cho, Jiayi Liu, Mark Brodwin, Stephen Padin, K. A. Aird, M. L. N. Ashby, Joseph J. Mohr, C. Pryke, A. Saro, R. Šuhada, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, Christian L. Reichardt, C. Hennig, I-Non Chiu, D. Luong-Van, C. Jones, Ryan Keisler, Z. K. Staniszewski, Helmuth Spieler, A. T. Crites, Lindsey Bleem, Liu, J., Mohr, J., Saro, A., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Gangkofner, D., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hennig, C., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., L. Reichardt, C., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Šuhada, R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Radio galaxy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, observation [Cosmology], Astrophysics, clusters: intracluster medium [Galaxies], Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, clusters: general [Galaxies], Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, education, Galaxy cluster, Physics, education.field_of_study, Cosmology: observations, Galaxies: clusters: general, Galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy, Quasar, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Redshift, Galaxy, South Pole Telescope, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: (Abridged) We use 95, 150, and 220GHz observations from the SPT to examine the SZE signatures of a sample of 46 X-ray selected groups and clusters drawn from ~6 deg^2 of the XMM-BCS. These systems extend to redshift z=1.02, have characteristic masses ~3x lower than clusters detected directly in the SPT data and probe the SZE signal to the lowest X-ray luminosities (>10^42 erg s^-1) yet. We develop an analysis tool that combines the SZE information for the full ensemble of X-ray-selected clusters. Using X-ray luminosity as a mass proxy, we extract selection-bias corrected constraints on the SZE significance- and Y_500-mass relations. The SZE significance- mass relation is in good agreement with an extrapolation of the relation obtained from high mass clusters. However, the fit to the Y_500-mass relation at low masses, while in good agreement with the extrapolation from high mass SPT clusters, is in tension at 2.8 sigma with the constraints from the Planck sample. We examine the tension with the Planck relation, discussing sample differences and biases that could contribute. We also present an analysis of the radio galaxy point source population in this ensemble of X-ray selected systems. We find 18 of our systems have 843 MHz SUMSS sources within 2 arcmin of the X-ray centre, and three of these are also detected at significance >4 by SPT. Of these three, two are associated with the group brightest cluster galaxies, and the third is likely an unassociated quasar candidate. We examine the impact of these point sources on our SZE scaling relation analyses and find no evidence of biases. We also examine the impact of dusty galaxies using constraints from the 220 GHz data. The stacked sample provides 2.8$��$ significant evidence of dusty galaxy flux, which would correspond to an average underestimate of the SPT Y_500 signal that is (17+-9) per cent in this sample of low mass systems., 15 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2014

470. Constraints on the CMB temperature evolution using multiband measurements of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect with the South Pole Telescope

Author: K. A. Aird, Anna Patej, N. W. Halverson, S. S. Murray, I-Non Chiu, C. L. Chang, Sebastian Bocquet, Matthew B. Bayliss, John E. Carlstrom, J. D. Hrubes, Mark Brodwin, S. S. Meyer, J. P. Dietrich, M. L. N. Ashby, Anthony H. Gonzalez, T. de Haan, J. P. Dudley, D. Gangkofner, E. M. Leitch, Elizabeth George, Oliver Zahn, J. Mehl, Joaquin Vieira, Matt Dobbs, Ryan J. Foley, C. Hennig, T. M. Crawford, Michael D. Gladders, R. Williamson, Christian L. Reichardt, Alexey Vikhlinin, Jonathan Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, Antony A. Stark, Bradford Benson, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Stephen Padin, B. Stalder, M. Lueker, W. L. Holzapfel, Z. K. Staniszewski, K. T. Story, Lindsey Bleem, D. Nurgaliev, Michael McDonald, C. Jones, Joseph J. Mohr, A. Saro, Jiayi Liu, A. T. Crites, Shantanu Desai, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Helmuth Spieler, Klaus Dolag, Daniel P. Marrone, K. K. Schaffer, D. Luong-Van, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, K. Vanderlinde, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Jeff McMahon, T. E. Montroy, H. M. Cho, Ryan Keisler, C. Pryke, A. Zenteno, A. van Engelen, Erik Shirokoff, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Saro, A., Liu, J., Mohr, J. J., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Dolag, K., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Gangkofner, D., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hennig, C., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Patej, A., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: general [Submillimetre], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, Cosmic background radiation, FOS: Physical sciences, observation [Cosmology], Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, clusters: general [Galaxies], Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, Cosmology, theory [Cosmology], Galaxy cluster, Physics, Cosmology: observations, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Dark energy, Submillimetre: general, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Cosmology: theory, Galaxies: clusters: general, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The adiabatic evolution of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a key prediction of standard cosmology. We study deviations from the expected adiabatic evolution of the CMB temperature of the form $T(z) =T_0(1+z)^{1-\alpha}$ using measurements of the spectrum of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect with the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We present a method for using the ratio of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich signal measured at 95 and 150 GHz in the SPT data to constrain the temperature of the CMB. We demonstrate that this approach provides unbiased results using mock observations of clusters from a new set of hydrodynamical simulations. We apply this method to a sample of 158 SPT-selected clusters, spanning the redshift range $0.05 < z < 1.35$, and measure $\alpha = 0.017^{+0.030}_{-0.028}$, consistent with the standard model prediction of $\alpha=0$. In combination with other published results, we constrain $\alpha = 0.011 \pm 0.016$, an improvement of $\sim 20\%$ over published constraints. This measurement also provides a strong constraint on the effective equation of state in models of decaying dark energy $w_\mathrm{eff} = -0.987^{+0.016}_{-0.017}$., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS Letters
Published: 2014

471. Optical spectroscopy and velocity dispersions of galaxy clusters from the SPT-SZ survey

Author: Mark Brodwin, M. L. N. Ashby, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, Lloyd Knox, S. A. Stanford, Marshall Joy, Christopher W. Stubbs, J. P. Dudley, J. Song, T. Natoli, W. L. Holzapfel, J. T. Sayre, K. Vanderlinde, Jeff McMahon, Ryan J. Foley, Scott Chapman, Adam Mantz, Sebastian Bocquet, K. A. Aird, Matt Dobbs, Elizabeth George, Robert Armstrong, Matthew B. Bayliss, Michael McDonald, William R. Forman, S. S. Murray, T. M. Crawford, Joseph J. Mohr, K. K. Schaffer, J. Mehl, A. Saro, Marshall W. Bautz, R. Suhada, B. Stalder, N. W. Halverson, Benjamin Saliwanchik, T. E. Montroy, Gilbert Holder, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, A. van Engelen, Christian L. Reichardt, D. Nurgaliev, Stephen Padin, O. Zahn, Alfredo Zenteno, Michael D. Gladders, Antony A. Stark, Erik Shirokoff, C. Jones, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Joaquin Vieira, Lindsey Bleem, S. S. Meyer, A. T. Crites, S. Desai, C. Pryke, E. M. Leitch, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, H. M. Cho, Ryan Keisler, Alexey Vikhlinin, G. Bazin, T. Plagge, Z. Staniszewski, Helmuth Spieler, L. M. Mocanu, Daniel P. Marrone, L. Shaw, F. W. High, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, C. L. Chang, N. L. Harrington, John E. Carlstrom, T. de Haan, K. T. Story, Jiayi Liu, Ruel, J., Bazin, G., Bayliss, M., Brodwin, M., Foley, R. J., Stalder, B., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chapman, S. C., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Starsk, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Physics, catalog, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, galaxies: clusters: general, Space and Planetary Science, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Spectroscopy, Scaling, catalogs, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present optical spectroscopy of galaxies in clusters detected through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect with the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We report our own measurements of $61$ spectroscopic cluster redshifts, and $48$ velocity dispersions each calculated with more than $15$ member galaxies. This catalog also includes $19$ dispersions of SPT-observed clusters previously reported in the literature. The majority of the clusters in this paper are SPT-discovered; of these, most have been previously reported in other SPT cluster catalogs, and five are reported here as SPT discoveries for the first time. By performing a resampling analysis of galaxy velocities, we find that unbiased velocity dispersions can be obtained from a relatively small number of member galaxies ($\lesssim 30$), but with increased systematic scatter. We use this analysis to determine statistical confidence intervals that include the effect of membership selection. We fit scaling relations between the observed cluster velocity dispersions and mass estimates from SZ and X-ray observables. In both cases, the results are consistent with the scaling relation between velocity dispersion and mass expected from dark-matter simulations. We measure a $\sim$30% log-normal scatter in dispersion at fixed mass, and a $\sim$10% offset in the normalization of the dispersion-mass relation when compared to the expectation from simulations, which is within the expected level of systematic uncertainty., Comment: Accepted to ApJ. 20 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2014

472. Cosmological constraints from sunyaev-zel'dovich-selected clusters with X-ray observations in the first 178 deg 2 of the south pole telescope survey

Author: B. A. Benson, T. de Haan, J. P. Dudley, C. L. Reichardt, K. A. Aird, K. Andersson, R. Armstrong, M. L. N. Ashby, M. Bautz, M. Bayliss, G. Bazin, L. E. Bleem, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, H. M. Cho, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, S. Desai, M. A. Dobbs, R. J. Foley, W. R. Forman, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, N. Harrington, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, C. Jones, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, J. Liu, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, A. Mantz, D. P. Marrone, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, L. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. S. Murray, T. Natoli, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Story, C. W. Stubbs, R. Suhada, A. van Engelen, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, A. Vikhlinin, R. Williamson, O. Zahn, A. Zenteno, Benson, B. A., De Haan, T., Dudley, J. P., Reichardt, C. L., Aird, K. A., Andersson, K., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Suhada, R., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: cosmic background radiation, cosmology: observations, galaxies: clusters: general, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, clusters: general [galaxies], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Equation of state (cosmology), Astronomy and Astrophysic, CMB cold spot, South Pole Telescope, Dark energy, symbols, Baryon acoustic oscillations, Hubble's law, observation [cosmology]
Abstract: We use measurements from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) cluster survey in combination with X-ray measurements to constrain cosmological parameters. We present a statistical method that fits for the scaling relations of the SZ and X-ray cluster observables with mass while jointly fitting for cosmology. The method is generalizable to multiple cluster observables, and self-consistently accounts for the effects of the cluster selection and uncertainties in cluster mass calibration on the derived cosmological constraints. We apply this method to a data set consisting of an SZ-selected catalog of 18 galaxy clusters at z > 0.3 from the first 178 deg^2 of the 2500 deg^2 SPT-SZ survey, with 14 clusters having X-ray observations from either Chandra or XMM-Newton. Assuming a spatially flat ΛCDM cosmological model, we find the SPT cluster sample constrains σ_8(Ω_m /0.25)^(0.30) = 0.785 ± 0.037. In combination with measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum from the SPT and the seven-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data, the SPT cluster sample constrains σ_8 = 0.795 ± 0.016 and Ω_m = 0.255 ± 0.016, a factor of 1.5 improvement on each parameter over the CMB data alone. We consider several extensions beyond the ΛCDM model by including the following as free parameters: the dark energy equation of state (w), the sum of the neutrino masses (Σm ν), the effective number of relativistic species (N_(eff)), and a primordial non-Gaussianity (f_(NL)). We find that adding the SPT cluster data significantly improves the constraints on w and Σm_ν beyond those found when using measurements of the CMB, supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, and the Hubble constant. Considering each extension independently, we best constrain w = –0.973 ± 0.063 and the sum of neutrino masses Σm_ν < 0.28 eV at 95% confidence, a factor of 1.25 and 1.4 improvement, respectively, over the constraints without clusters. Assuming a ΛCDM model with a free N_(eff) and Σm_ν, we measure N_(eff) = 3.91 ± 0.42 and constrain Σm_ν < 0.63 eV at 95% confidence. We also use the SPT cluster sample to constrain f_(NL) = –220 ± 317, consistent with zero primordial non-Gaussianity. Finally, we discuss the current systematic limitations due to the cluster mass calibration, and future improvements for the recently completed 2500 deg^2 SPT-SZ survey. The survey has detected ~500 clusters with a median redshift of ~0.5 and a median mass of ~2.3 × 10^(14) M_☉ h^(–1) and, when combined with an improved cluster mass calibration and existing external cosmological data sets will significantly improve constraints on w.
Published: 2013

473. SPT-CL J0205-5829: A z = 1.32 Evolved Massive Galaxy Cluster in the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Survey

Author: Christopher W. Stubbs, C. L. Chang, T. Plagge, Stephen S. Murray, K. Vanderlinde, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, K. A. Aird, Elizabeth George, F. W. High, M. Lueker, Mark Brodwin, A. Zenteno, Jeff McMahon, C. Pryke, T. E. Montroy, A. van Engelen, D. Gettings, Erik Shirokoff, J. Mehl, J. T. Sayre, T. Natoli, Ryan Keisler, Armin Rest, R. Šuhada, Adam Mantz, John E. Carlstrom, Adrian T. Lee, G. Bazin, Shantanu Desai, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, L. M. Mocanu, Marshall Joy, Christine Jones, E. M. Leitch, K. Andersson, Michael D. Gladders, Joseph J. Mohr, Alexey Vikhlinin, K. K. Schaffer, Robert Armstrong, Daniel P. Marrone, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Michael McDonald, Christian L. Reichardt, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, A. Saro, Stephen Padin, L. Shaw, Spencer A. Stanford, R. Williamson, Lloyd Knox, D. Nurgaliev, J. P. Dudley, N. L. Harrington, S. Hoover, R. J. Foley, W. L. Holzapfel, Matthew L. N. Ashby, Antony A. Stark, Mark W. Bautz, Z. K. Staniszewski, William R. Forman, J. E. Ruhl, Matthew B. Bayliss, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, H. M. Cho, Benjamin Saliwanchik, A. T. Crites, Gilbert Holder, K. T. Story, S. S. Meyer, Jiayi Liu, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, Stalder, B., Ruel, J., Šuhada, R., Brodwin, M., Aird, K. A., Andersson, K., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, galaxies: Formation, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), early universe, galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J0205?5829), galaxies: evolution, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 10. No inequality, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, evolution [galaxies], Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, clusters: individual (SPT-CL J0205?5829) [galaxies], Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Formation [galaxies], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0205-5829 currently has the highest spectroscopically-confirmed redshift, z=1.322, in the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SPT-SZ) survey. XMM-Newton observations measure a core-excluded temperature of Tx=8.7keV producing a mass estimate that is consistent with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich derived mass. The combined SZ and X-ray mass estimate of M500=(4.9+/-0.8)e14 h_{70}^{-1} Msun makes it the most massive known SZ-selected galaxy cluster at z>1.2 and the second most massive at z>1. Using optical and infrared observations, we find that the brightest galaxies in SPT-CL J0205-5829 are already well evolved by the time the universe was 3 Gyr, and low rates of star formation (, 11 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ
Published: 2013

474. High-redshift Cool-core Galaxy Clusters Detected via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the South Pole Telescope Survey

Author: L. M. Mocanu, M. Lueker, Daniel P. Marrone, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Mark Brodwin, T. Plagge, Matt Dobbs, John E. Carlstrom, Christine Jones, K. A. Aird, A. Zenteno, R. Williamson, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. van Engelen, Jeff McMahon, J. E. Ruhl, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, E. M. Leitch, M. L. N. Ashby, T. E. Montroy, R. Šuhada, T. M. Crawford, Michael McDonald, Alejandro Clocchiatti, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, S. S. Murray, Christian L. Reichardt, J. D. Hrubes, B. Stalder, S. S. Meyer, C. L. Chang, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Ryan Keisler, Shantanu Desai, Antony A. Stark, Lloyd Knox, Mark W. Bautz, Michael D. Gladders, N. W. Halverson, Alexey Vikhlinin, T. Natoli, K. K. Schaffer, K. T. Story, Marshall Joy, Erik Shirokoff, J. Mehl, Stephen Padin, Christopher W. Stubbs, Sebastian Bocquet, K. Vanderlinde, Jiayi Liu, C. Pryke, F. W. High, Joseph J. Mohr, J. P. Dudley, W. L. Holzapfel, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, A. Saro, Armin Rest, N. L. Harrington, Adrian T. Lee, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, L. Shaw, R. J. Foley, S. Hoover, Helmuth Spieler, Elizabeth George, Lindsey Bleem, H. M. Cho, A. T. Crites, D. R. Semler, G. Bazin, Z. K. Staniszewski, Semler, D. R., Šuhada, R., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Bocquet, S., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Brightest cluster galaxy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Sigma, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, galaxies: cluster [X-rays], South Pole Telescope, galaxies: clusters: general, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report the first investigation of cool-core properties of galaxy clusters selected via their Sunyaev--Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. We use 13 galaxy clusters uniformly selected from 178 deg^2 observed with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and followed up by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. They form an approximately mass-limited sample (> 3 x 10^14 M_sun h^-1_70) spanning redshifts 0.3 < z < 1.1. Using previously published X-ray-selected cluster samples, we compare two proxies of cool-core strength: surface brightness concentration (cSB) and cuspiness (��). We find that cSB is better constrained. We measure cSB for the SPT sample and find several new z > 0.5 cool-core clusters, including two strong cool cores. This rules out the hypothesis that there are no z > 0.5 clusters that qualify as strong cool cores at the 5.4�� level. The fraction of strong cool-core clusters in the SPT sample in this redshift regime is between 7% and 56% (95% confidence). Although the SPT selection function is significantly different from the X-ray samples, the high-z cSB distribution for the SPT sample is statistically consistent with that of X-ray-selected samples at both low and high redshifts. The cool-core strength is inversely correlated with the offset between the brightest cluster galaxy and the X-ray centroid, providing evidence that the dynamical state affects the cool-core strength of the cluster. Larger SZ-selected samples will be crucial in understanding the evolution of cluster cool cores over cosmic time., 9 pages, 5 figures. Version as published in December 20th, 2012 issue of ApJ
Published: 2012

475. Galaxy clusters discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the first 720 square degrees of the South Pole Telescope survey

Author: N. W. Halverson, S. Hoover, John E. Carlstrom, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, E. M. Leitch, Matthew B. Bayliss, M. L. N. Ashby, A. Zenteno, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, K. A. Aird, Bradford Benson, M. Lueker, K. T. Story, T. Plagge, Christopher W. Stubbs, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Matt Dobbs, B. Stalder, Michael McDonald, J. P. Dudley, Alexey Vikhlinin, Jiayi Liu, Elizabeth George, A. van Engelen, L. Shaw, Michael D. Gladders, K. Vanderlinde, T. M. Crawford, S. S. Murray, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Benjamin Saliwanchik, F. W. High, G. Bazin, Gilbert Holder, Hsiao-Mei Cho, J. D. Hrubes, W. L. Holzapfel, N. L. Harrington, Mark Brodwin, Anthony H. Gonzalez, T. Natoli, C. L. Chang, Marshall Joy, L. M. Mocanu, Ryan Keisler, William R. Forman, Jeff McMahon, Armin Rest, Z. K. Staniszewski, Shantanu Desai, Adrian T. Lee, J. Mehl, Antony A. Stark, K. Andersson, Daniel P. Marrone, Mark W. Bautz, Stephen Padin, Robert Armstrong, Christine Jones, A. Saro, C. Pryke, Erik Shirokoff, T. E. Montroy, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, R. Šuhada, S. S. Meyer, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, Christian L. Reichardt, Lloyd Knox, Joseph J. Mohr, K. K. Schaffer, R. J. Foley, A. T. Crites, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, Reichardt, C. L., Stalder, B., Bleem, L. E., Montroy, T. E., Aird, K. A., Andersson, K., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Šuhada, R., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: galaxies: clusters: individual, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Infrared, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, cosmic background radiation, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, cosmology: observations, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, clusters: individual [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Neutrino, observation [cosmology], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a catalog of 224 galaxy cluster candidates, selected through their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature in the first 720 deg2 of the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey. This area was mapped with the SPT in the 2008 and 2009 austral winters to a depth of 18 uK-arcmin at 150 GHz; 550 deg2 of it was also mapped to 44 uK-arcmin at 95 GHz. Based on optical imaging of all candidates and near-infrared imaging of the majority of candidates, we have found optical and/or infrared counterparts for 158 clusters. Of these, 135 were first identified as clusters in SPT data, including 117 new discoveries reported in this work. This catalog triples the number of confirmed galaxy clusters discovered through the SZ effect. We report photometrically derived (and in some cases spectroscopic) redshifts for confirmed clusters and redshift lower limits for the remaining candidates. The catalog extends to high redshift with a median redshift of z = 0.55 and maximum redshift of z = 1.37. Based on simulations, we expect the catalog to be nearly 100% complete above M500 ~ 5e14 Msun h_{70}^-1 at z > 0.6. There are 121 candidates detected at signal-to-noise greater than five, at which the catalog purity is measured to be 95%. From this high-purity subsample, we exclude the z < 0.3 clusters and use the remaining 100 candidates to improve cosmological constraints following the method presented by Benson et al., 2011. Adding the cluster data to CMB+BAO+H0 data leads to a preference for non-zero neutrino masses while only slightly reducing the upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses to sum mnu < 0.38 eV (95% CL). For a spatially flat wCDM cosmological model, the addition of this catalog to the CMB+BAO+H0+SNe results yields sigma8=0.807+-0.027 and w = -1.010+-0.058, improving the constraints on these parameters by a factor of 1.4 and 1.3, respectively. [abbrev], 22 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ
Published: 2012

476. Redshifts, sample purity, and BCG positions for the galaxy cluster catalog from the first 720 square degrees of the south pole telescope survey

Author: T. Plagge, G. Bazin, Christopher W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, A. van Engelen, Antony A. Stark, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, W. L. Holzapfel, M. A. Dobbs, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Elizabeth George, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, John E. Carlstrom, Shantanu Desai, M. Lueker, Mark Brodwin, Z. K. Staniszewski, T. E. Montroy, Michael McDonald, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, T. M. Crawford, J. T. Sayre, Bradford Benson, K. A. Aird, E. M. Leitch, Marshall Joy, R. Šuhada, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. Saro, Stephen Padin, D. Nurgaliev, L. Shaw, Benjamin Saliwanchik, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, J. P. Dudley, Gilbert Holder, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Ryan Keisler, K. K. Schaffer, N. W. Halverson, K. T. Story, E. Bertin, N. L. Harrington, C. L. Chang, Jiayi Liu, Jeff McMahon, M. L. N. Ashby, J. Mehl, Michael D. Gladders, Erik Shirokoff, L. M. Mocanu, T. Natoli, Daniel P. Marrone, A. Zenteno, C. Pryke, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, H. M. Cho, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, S. S. Meyer, A. T. Crites, Christian L. Reichardt, R. J. Foley, F. W. High, D. Gettings, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, Joseph J. Mohr, Robert Armstrong, Song, J., Zenteno, A., Stalder, B., Desai, S., Bleem, L. E., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Bertin, E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Williamson, R., and Zahn, O.
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, cosmology: observations, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: distances and redshifts, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], distances and redshift [galaxies], Brightest cluster galaxy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Estimator, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, Galaxy, South Pole Telescope, Cluster sampling, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, observation [cosmology]
Abstract: We present the results of the ground- and space-based optical and near-infrared (NIR) follow-up of 224 galaxy cluster candidates detected with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in the 720 deg^2 of the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey completed in the 2008 and 2009 observing seasons. We use the optical/NIR data to establish whether each candidate is associated with an overdensity of galaxies and to estimate the cluster redshift. Most photometric redshifts are derived through a combination of three different cluster redshift estimators using red-sequence galaxies, resulting in an accuracy of ��z/(1+z)=0.017, determined through comparison with a subsample of 57 clusters for which we have spectroscopic redshifts. We successfully measure redshifts for 158 systems and present redshift lower limits for the remaining candidates. The redshift distribution of the confirmed clusters extends to z=1.35 with a median of z_{med}=0.57. Approximately 18% of the sample with measured redshifts lies at z>0.8. We estimate a lower limit to the purity of this SPT SZ-selected sample by assuming that all unconfirmed clusters are noise fluctuations in the SPT data. We show that the cumulative purity at detection significance ��>5 (��>4.5) is >= 95 (>= 70%). We present the red brightest cluster galaxy (rBCG) positions for the sample and examine the offsets between the SPT candidate position and the rBCG. The radial distribution of offsets is similar to that seen in X-ray-selected cluster samples, providing no evidence that SZ-selected cluster samples include a different fraction of recent mergers than X-ray-selected cluster samples., 22 pages, 7 figures, 1 multi-page table at the end of the article
Published: 2012

477. Weak-Lensing Mass Measurements of Five Galaxy Clusters in the South Pole Telescope Survey Using Magellan/Megacam

Author: C. L. Chang, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Henk Hoekstra, G. Bazin, Tim Schrabback, R. J. Foley, M. L. N. Ashby, Mark Brodwin, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, T. Plagge, J. Mehl, T. Natoli, H. M. Cho, C. Pryke, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, L. M. Mocanu, R. Šuhada, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. van Engelen, D. Nurgaliev, John E. Carlstrom, A. T. Crites, Shantanu Desai, M. Lueker, Christine Jones, Stephen Padin, Jizhou Song, W. L. Holzapfel, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, S. Hoover, Christian L. Reichardt, T. de Haan, Daniel P. Marrone, William R. Forman, Marshall Joy, Helmuth Spieler, E. M. Leitch, Erik Shirokoff, K. A. Aird, Z. K. Staniszewski, Lindsey Bleem, Michael McDonald, S. S. Meyer, Christopher W. Stubbs, K. T. Story, Robert Armstrong, Lloyd Knox, T. E. Montroy, S. S. Murray, K. Vanderlinde, F. W. High, Elizabeth George, A. Zenteno, J. T. Sayre, Susan Tokarz, A. Saro, Adam Mantz, Jeff McMahon, L. Shaw, M. Conroy, Jiayi Liu, Antony A. Stark, Joseph J. Mohr, Mark W. Bautz, Armin Rest, K. K. Schaffer, Ryan Keisler, Benjamin Saliwanchik, J. P. Dudley, Gilbert Holder, Louis E. Abramson, Nicha Leethochawalit, Adrian T. Lee, N. W. Halverson, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, N. L. Harrington, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, High, F. W., Hoekstra, H., Leethochawalit, N., De Haan, T., Abramson, L., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Conroy, M., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Šuhada, R., Tokarz, S., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: galaxies: clusters: individual, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Aperture, cosmology: observations, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Primary (astronomy), law, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Weak gravitational lensing, Galaxy cluster, Physics, clusters: individual [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, observation [cosmology], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We use weak gravitational lensing to measure the masses of five galaxy clusters selected from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey, with the primary goal of comparing these with the SPT Sunyaev--Zel'dovich (SZ) and X-ray based mass estimates. The clusters span redshifts 0.28 < z < 0.43 and have masses M_500 > 2 x 10^14 h^-1 M_sun, and three of the five clusters were discovered by the SPT survey. We observed the clusters in the g'r'i' passbands with the Megacam imager on the Magellan Clay 6.5m telescope. We measure a mean ratio of weak lensing (WL) aperture masses to inferred aperture masses from the SZ data, both within an aperture of R_500,SZ derived from the SZ mass, of 1.04 +/- 0.18. We measure a mean ratio of spherical WL masses evaluated at R_500,SZ to spherical SZ masses of 1.07 +/- 0.18, and a mean ratio of spherical WL masses evaluated at R_500,WL to spherical SZ masses of 1.10 +/- 0.24. We explore potential sources of systematic error in the mass comparisons and conclude that all are subdominant to the statistical uncertainty, with dominant terms being cluster concentration uncertainty and N-body simulation calibration bias. Expanding the sample of SPT clusters with WL observations has the potential to significantly improve the SPT cluster mass calibration and the resulting cosmological constraints from the SPT cluster survey. These are the first WL detections using Megacam on the Magellan Clay telescope., Main body: 18 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables. Appendix: 6 pages, 10 figures. Accepted by ApJ. New version incorporates changes from accepted article
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

478. Discovery and Cosmological Implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the Most Massive Known Cluster at z>1

Author: Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, Elizabeth George, A. Saro, M. Lueker, T. M. Crawford, Peter A. R. Ade, Giovanni G. Fazio, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, K. Andersson, K. T. Story, N. W. Halverson, Christopher W. Stubbs, M. L. N. Ashby, Massimiliano Bonamente, Marshall Joy, T. E. Montroy, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, W. L. Holzapfel, Bradford Benson, Helmuth Spieler, K. Vanderlinde, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, K. A. Aird, Lindsey Bleem, John E. Carlstrom, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, K. K. Schaffer, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, C. L. Chang, Ryan J. Foley, Jizhou Song, M. A. Dobbs, T. de Haan, Shantanu Desai, S. Hoover, C. Pryke, A. Zenteno, Robert Armstrong, Jeff McMahon, S. S. Murray, Z. K. Staniszewski, J. Mehl, Joseph J. Mohr, A. T. Crites, E. M. Leitch, Daniel P. Marrone, L. Shaw, Joaquin Vieira, M. Brodwin, T. Plagge, Erik Shirokoff, G. Bazin, Antony A. Stark, Stephen Padin, Mark W. Bautz, J. P. Dudley, F. W. High, Christian L. Reichardt, Christine Jones, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, Ryan Keisler, William R. Forman, S. S. Meyer, Gordon P. Garmire, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, Foley, R. J., Andersson, K., Bazin, G., De Haan, T., Ruel, J., Ade, P. A. R., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bonamente, M., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Fazio, G. G., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: formation [galaxies], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844) [galaxies], Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, Luminosity, 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, galaxies: formation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, evolution [galaxies], Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, large-scale structure of universe, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844), Astronomy and Astrophysic, K-line, early universe, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, galaxies: evolution, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massive known galaxy cluster at z > 1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing a strong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray source and its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, all indicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. VLT and Magellan spectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z = 1.132^+0.002_-0.003. Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACIS GTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18 +/- 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with galaxy colors in extensive optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displays extreme X-ray properties for a cluster, having a core-excluded temperature of kT = 11.0^+2.6_-1.9 keV and a luminosity (within r_500) of L_X (0.5 - 2.0 keV) = (13.9 +/- 1.0) x 10^44 erg/s. The combined mass estimate from measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and X-ray data is M_200 = (1.27 +/- 0.21) x 10^15 M_sun. The discovery of such a massive gravitationally collapsed system at high redshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution, and is a powerful probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matter density field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption of LambdaCDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chance of finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500 deg^2 SPT survey region, and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entire sky., Comment: 10 pages, submitted to ApJ
Published: 2011

479. GALAXY CLUSTERS DISCOVERED VIA THE SUNYAEV-ZEL'DOVICH EFFECT IN THE 2500-SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY

Author: Alexey Vikhlinin, M. Lueker, Helmuth Spieler, Mark Brodwin, Lindsey Bleem, Christine Jones, C. Hennig, Sebastian Bocquet, K. A. Aird, K. T. Story, Christopher W. Stubbs, A. Zenteno, Z. K. Staniszewski, L. M. Mocanu, Jeff McMahon, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, I-Non Chiu, Michael McDonald, A. T. Crites, K. Vanderlinde, Jiayi Liu, Matthew B. Bayliss, Joseph J. Mohr, Stephen Padin, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Ryan Keisler, W. L. Holzapfel, Daniel P. Marrone, Matthew L. N. Ashby, Steven W. Allen, Henk Hoekstra, William R. Forman, Erik Shirokoff, Tim Schrabback, R. J. Foley, S. S. Meyer, Shantanu Desai, J. P. Dietrich, Antony A. Stark, Douglas Applegate, Adrian T. Lee, Christian L. Reichardt, Lloyd Knox, Mark W. Bautz, A. Saro, Armin Rest, C. Pryke, Spencer A. Stanford, R. Williamson, John E. Carlstrom, J. E. Ruhl, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, E. M. Leitch, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Michael D. Gladders, Elizabeth George, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, K. K. Schaffer, N. W. Halverson, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, C. L. Chang, S. S. Murray, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, Bleem, L. E., Stalder, B., De Haan, T., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hennig, C., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), clusters, cosmology, individual large-scale structure of universe Supporting material, machine-readable table, observations galaxies, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), observations galaxie, cluster, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, Galaxy, Square degree, South Pole Telescope, Cluster sampling, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a catalog of galaxy clusters selected via their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature from 2500 deg$^2$ of South Pole Telescope (SPT) data. This work represents the complete sample of clusters detected at high significance in the 2500-square-degree SPT-SZ survey, which was completed in 2011. A total of 677 (409) cluster candidates are identified above a signal-to-noise threshold of $��$ =4.5 (5.0). Ground- and space-based optical and near-infrared (NIR) imaging confirms overdensities of similarly colored galaxies in the direction of 516 (or 76%) of the $��$>4.5 candidates and 387 (or 95%) of the $��$>5 candidates; the measured purity is consistent with expectations from simulations. Of these confirmed clusters, 415 were first identified in SPT data, including 251 new discoveries reported in this work. We estimate photometric redshifts for all candidates with identified optical and/or NIR counterparts; we additionally report redshifts derived from spectroscopic observations for 141 of these systems. The mass threshold of the catalog is roughly independent of redshift above $z$~0.25 leading to a sample of massive clusters that extends to high redshift. The median mass of the sample is $M_{\scriptsize 500c}(��_\mathrm{crit})$ ~ 3.5 x 10$^{14} M_\odot h^{-1}$, the median redshift is $z_{med}$ =0.55, and the highest-redshift systems are at $z$>1.4. The combination of large redshift extent, clean selection, and high typical mass makes this cluster sample of particular interest for cosmological analyses and studies of cluster formation and evolution., Minor changes to match accepted version; Associated data products available at http://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptsz-clusters/index.html
Published: 2015

480. SPT-CL J2040–4451: AN SZ-SELECTED GALAXY CLUSTER ATz= 1.478 WITH SIGNIFICANT ONGOING STAR FORMATION

Author: M. Brodwin, K. T. Story, J. D. Vieira, Jiayi Liu, J. E. Ruhl, B. Stalder, Joseph J. Mohr, Eric D. Miller, A. Saro, M. A. Dobbs, L. M. Mocanu, T. de Haan, K. A. Aird, S. A. Stanford, Daniel P. Marrone, Christian L. Reichardt, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Jeff McMahon, N. W. Halverson, Ryan J. Foley, S. S. Meyer, C. Jones, Z. Staniszewski, W. L. Holzapfel, Christopher W. Stubbs, J. Song, William R. Forman, Marshall Joy, Sebastian Bocquet, R. Williamson, K. K. Schaffer, Aaron Lee, K. Vanderlinde, S. S. Murray, Alfredo Zenteno, Marshall W. Bautz, M. L. N. Ashby, R. Suhada, J. Mehl, Stephen Padin, Ken Mawatari, Michael D. Gladders, T. E. Montroy, H. M. Cho, Matthew B. Bayliss, Ryan Keisler, A. van Engelen, Armin Rest, Michael McDonald, Lloyd Knox, T. M. Crawford, O. Zahn, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, J. D. Hrubes, Helmuth Spieler, J. P. Dudley, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Erik Shirokoff, Elizabeth George, T. Plagge, G. P. Holder, C. Pryke, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, A. A. Stark, E. M. Leitch, S. Hoover, John E. Carlstrom, F. W. High, D. Gettings, Chihway Chang, A. T. Crites, S. Desai, Lindsey Bleem, Alexey Vikhlinin, Bayliss, M. B., Ashby, M. L. N., Ruel, J., Brodwin, M., Aird, K. A., Bautz, M. W., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., De Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mawatari, K., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Miller, E. D., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Stalder, B., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), distances and redshift [galaxies], galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2040-4451), galaxies: distances and redshifts, galaxies: evolution, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Spectroscopy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, evolution [galaxies], Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2040-4451) [galaxies], Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: SPT-CLJ2040-4451 -- spectroscopically confirmed at z = 1.478 -- is the highest redshift galaxy cluster yet discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. SPT-CLJ2040-4451 was a candidate galaxy cluster identified in the first 720 deg^2 of the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SPT-SZ) survey, and confirmed in follow-up imaging and spectroscopy. From multi-object spectroscopy with Magellan-I/Baade+IMACS we measure spectroscopic redshifts for 15 cluster member galaxies, all of which have strong [O II] 3727 emission. SPT-CLJ2040-4451 has an SZ-measured mass of M_500,SZ = 3.2 +/- 0.8 X 10^14 M_Sun/h_70, corresponding to M_200,SZ = 5.8 +/- 1.4 X 10^14 M_Sun/h_70. The velocity dispersion measured entirely from blue star forming members is sigma_v = 1500 +/- 520 km/s. The prevalence of star forming cluster members (galaxies with > 1.5 M_Sun/yr) implies that this massive, high-redshift cluster is experiencing a phase of active star formation, and supports recent results showing a marked increase in star formation occurring in galaxy clusters at z >1.4. We also compute the probability of finding a cluster as rare as this in the SPT-SZ survey to be >99%, indicating that its discovery is not in tension with the concordance Lambda-CDM cosmological model., 14 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, Accepted to ApJ
Published: 2014

481. THE GROWTH OF COOL CORES AND EVOLUTION OF COOLING PROPERTIES IN A SAMPLE OF 83 GALAXY CLUSTERS AT 0.3 <z< 1.2 SELECTED FROM THE SPT-SZ SURVEY

Author: L. M. Mocanu, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, Lloyd Knox, Daniel P. Marrone, William R. Forman, M. L. N. Ashby, Jeff McMahon, S. A. Stanford, J. Song, K. Vanderlinde, K. T. Story, Lindsey Bleem, T. Plagge, S. S. Meyer, Z. Staniszewski, Ryan J. Foley, R. Suhada, W. L. Holzapfel, Michael D. Gladders, A. van Engelen, Antony A. Stark, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, Jiayi Liu, J. E. Ruhl, Joseph J. Mohr, F. W. High, Erik Shirokoff, Alexey Vikhlinin, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. Saro, Sebastian Bocquet, R. Williamson, M. A. Dobbs, Joaquin Vieira, D. Gettings, H. M. Cho, J. Mehl, M. Brodwin, Elizabeth George, J. T. Sayre, B. Stalder, John E. Carlstrom, Adam Mantz, Henry W. Lin, Eric D. Miller, Christian L. Reichardt, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, A. T. Crites, C. Pryke, Ryan Keisler, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, T. E. Montroy, Helmuth Spieler, D. Nurgaliev, S. Desai, S. Hoover, E. M. Leitch, C. L. Chang, Marshall W. Bautz, K. K. Schaffer, Stephen Padin, O. Zahn, Marshall Joy, S. S. Murray, T. de Haan, K. A. Aird, Mike McDonald, J. P. Dudley, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, Alfredo Zenteno, C. Jones, Mcdonald, M., Benson, B. A., Vikhlinin, A., Stalder, B., Bleem, L. E., De Haan, T., Lin, H. W., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M. W., Bayliss, M., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Miller, E. D., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.
Subjects: galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, early universe, galaxies: clusters: general, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Sample (material), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Cooling flow, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, galaxies: cluster [X-rays], Amplitude, clusters: intracluster medium [galaxies], 13. Climate action, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present first results on the cooling properties derived from Chandra X-ray observations of 83 high-redshift (0.3 < z < 1.2) massive galaxy clusters selected by their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signature in the South Pole Telescope data. We measure each cluster's central cooling time, central entropy, and mass deposition rate, and compare to local cluster samples. We find no significant evolution from z~0 to z~1 in the distribution of these properties, suggesting that cooling in cluster cores is stable over long periods of time. We also find that the average cool core entropy profile in the inner ~100 kpc has not changed dramatically since z ~ 1, implying that feedback must be providing nearly constant energy injection to maintain the observed "entropy floor" at ~10 keV cm^2. While the cooling properties appear roughly constant over long periods of time, we observe strong evolution in the gas density profile, with the normalized central density (rho_0/rho_crit) increasing by an order of magnitude from z ~ 1 to z ~ 0. When using metrics defined by the inner surface brightness profile of clusters, we find an apparent lack of classical, cuspy, cool-core clusters at z > 0.75, consistent with earlier reports for clusters at z > 0.5 using similar definitions. Our measurements indicate that cool cores have been steadily growing over the 8 Gyr spanned by our sample, consistent with a constant, ~150 Msun/yr cooling flow that is unable to cool below entropies of 10 keV cm^2 and, instead, accumulates in the cluster center. We estimate that cool cores began to assemble in these massive systems at z ~ 1, which represents the first constraints on the onset of cooling in galaxy cluster cores. We investigate several potential biases which could conspire to mimic this cool core evolution and are unable to find a bias that has a similar redshift dependence and a substantial amplitude., Comment: 17 pages with 15 figures, plus appendix. Published in ApJ
Published: 2013

482. Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season.

Author: Ade PAR, Ahmed Z, Amiri M, Barkats D, Thakur RB, Bischoff CA, Beck D, Bock JJ, Boenish H, Bullock E, Buza V, Cheshire JR, Connors J, Cornelison J, Crumrine M, Cukierman A, Denison EV, Dierickx M, Duband L, Eiben M, Fatigoni S, Filippini JP, Fliescher S, Goeckner-Wald N, Goldfinger DC, Grayson J, Grimes P, Hall G, Halal G, Halpern M, Hand E, Harrison S, Henderson S, Hildebrandt SR, Hilton GC, Hubmayr J, Hui H, Irwin KD, Kang J, Karkare KS, Karpel E, Kefeli S, Kernasovskiy SA, Kovac JM, Kuo CL, Lau K, Leitch EM, Lennox A, Megerian KG, Minutolo L, Moncelsi L, Nakato Y, Namikawa T, Nguyen HT, O'Brient R, Ogburn RW, Palladino S, Prouve T, Pryke C, Racine B, Reintsema CD, Richter S, Schillaci A, Schwarz R, Schmitt BL, Sheehy CD, Soliman A, Germaine TS, Steinbach B, Sudiwala RV, Teply GP, Thompson KL, Tolan JE, Tucker C, Turner AD, Umiltà C, Vergès C, Vieregg AG, Wandui A, Weber AC, Wiebe DV, Willmert J, Wong CL, Wu WLK, Yang H, Yoon KW, Young E, Yu C, Zeng L, Zhang C, and Zhang S
Abstract: We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μK_{CMB} arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r_{0.05}<0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r)=0.009. These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

483. Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves Using Planck, WMAP, and New BICEP2/Keck Observations through the 2015 Season.

Author: Ade PAR, Ahmed Z, Aikin RW, Alexander KD, Barkats D, Benton SJ, Bischoff CA, Bock JJ, Bowens-Rubin R, Brevik JA, Buder I, Bullock E, Buza V, Connors J, Cornelison J, Crill BP, Crumrine M, Dierickx M, Duband L, Dvorkin C, Filippini JP, Fliescher S, Grayson J, Hall G, Halpern M, Harrison S, Hildebrandt SR, Hilton GC, Hui H, Irwin KD, Kang J, Karkare KS, Karpel E, Kaufman JP, Keating BG, Kefeli S, Kernasovskiy SA, Kovac JM, Kuo CL, Larsen NA, Lau K, Leitch EM, Lueker M, Megerian KG, Moncelsi L, Namikawa T, Netterfield CB, Nguyen HT, O'Brient R, Ogburn RW, Palladino S, Pryke C, Racine B, Richter S, Schillaci A, Schwarz R, Sheehy CD, Soliman A, St Germaine T, Staniszewski ZK, Steinbach B, Sudiwala RV, Teply GP, Thompson KL, Tolan JE, Tucker C, Turner AD, Umiltà C, Vieregg AG, Wandui A, Weber AC, Wiebe DV, Willmert J, Wong CL, Wu WLK, Yang H, Yoon KW, and Zhang C
Abstract: We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the bicep2/Keck CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2015 observing season. This includes the first Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and additional observations at 95 and 150 GHz. The Q and U maps reach depths of 5.2, 2.9, and 26 μK_{CMB} arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈400 square degrees. The 220 GHz maps achieve a signal to noise on polarized dust emission approximately equal to that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto and cross spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz. We evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed-ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and we impose priors on some of these using external information from Planck and WMAP derived from larger regions of sky. The model is shown to be an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r_{0.05}<0.07 at 95% confidence, which tightens to r_{0.05}<0.06 in conjunction with Planck temperature measurements and other data. The lensing signal is detected at 8.8σ significance. Running a maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r)=0.020. These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

484. Measurement of the cosmic microwave background polarization lensing power spectrum with the POLARBEAR experiment.

Author: Ade PA, Akiba Y, Anthony AE, Arnold K, Atlas M, Barron D, Boettger D, Borrill J, Chapman S, Chinone Y, Dobbs M, Elleflot T, Errard J, Fabbian G, Feng C, Flanigan D, Gilbert A, Grainger W, Halverson NW, Hasegawa M, Hattori K, Hazumi M, Holzapfel WL, Hori Y, Howard J, Hyland P, Inoue Y, Jaehnig GC, Jaffe A, Keating B, Kermish Z, Keskitalo R, Kisner T, Le Jeune M, Lee AT, Linder E, Leitch EM, Lungu M, Matsuda F, Matsumura T, Meng X, Miller NJ, Morii H, Moyerman S, Myers MJ, Navaroli M, Nishino H, Paar H, Peloton J, Quealy E, Rebeiz G, Reichardt CL, Richards PL, Ross C, Schanning I, Schenck DE, Sherwin B, Shimizu A, Shimmin C, Shimon M, Siritanasak P, Smecher G, Spieler H, Stebor N, Steinbach B, Stompor R, Suzuki A, Takakura S, Tomaru T, Wilson B, Yadav A, and Zahn O
Abstract: Gravitational lensing due to the large-scale distribution of matter in the cosmos distorts the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) and thereby induces new, small-scale B-mode polarization. This signal carries detailed information about the distribution of all the gravitating matter between the observer and CMB last scattering surface. We report the first direct evidence for polarization lensing based on purely CMB information, from using the four-point correlations of even- and odd-parity E- and B-mode polarization mapped over ∼30 square degrees of the sky measured by the POLARBEAR experiment. These data were analyzed using a blind analysis framework and checked for spurious systematic contamination using null tests and simulations. Evidence for the signal of polarization lensing and lensing B modes is found at 4.2σ (stat+sys) significance. The amplitude of matter fluctuations is measured with a precision of 27%, and is found to be consistent with the Lambda cold dark matter cosmological model. This measurement demonstrates a new technique, capable of mapping all gravitating matter in the Universe, sensitive to the sum of neutrino masses, and essential for cleaning the lensing B-mode signal in searches for primordial gravitational waves.
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

485. Detection of B-mode polarization at degree angular scales by BICEP2.

Author: Ade PA, Aikin RW, Barkats D, Benton SJ, Bischoff CA, Bock JJ, Brevik JA, Buder I, Bullock E, Dowell CD, Duband L, Filippini JP, Fliescher S, Golwala SR, Halpern M, Hasselfield M, Hildebrandt SR, Hilton GC, Hristov VV, Irwin KD, Karkare KS, Kaufman JP, Keating BG, Kernasovskiy SA, Kovac JM, Kuo CL, Leitch EM, Lueker M, Mason P, Netterfield CB, Nguyen HT, O'Brient R, Ogburn RW 4th, Orlando A, Pryke C, Reintsema CD, Richter S, Schwarz R, Sheehy CD, Staniszewski ZK, Sudiwala RV, Teply GP, Tolan JE, Turner AD, Vieregg AG, Wong CL, and Yoon KW
Abstract: We report results from the BICEP2 experiment, a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimeter specifically designed to search for the signal of inflationary gravitational waves in the B-mode power spectrum around ℓ∼80. The telescope comprised a 26 cm aperture all-cold refracting optical system equipped with a focal plane of 512 antenna coupled transition edge sensor 150 GHz bolometers each with temperature sensitivity of ≈300 μK(CMB)√s. BICEP2 observed from the South Pole for three seasons from 2010 to 2012. A low-foreground region of sky with an effective area of 380 square deg was observed to a depth of 87 nK deg in Stokes Q and U. In this paper we describe the observations, data reduction, maps, simulations, and results. We find an excess of B-mode power over the base lensed-ΛCDM expectation in the range 30 < ℓ < 150, inconsistent with the null hypothesis at a significance of >5σ. Through jackknife tests and simulations based on detailed calibration measurements we show that systematic contamination is much smaller than the observed excess. Cross correlating against WMAP 23 GHz maps we find that Galactic synchrotron makes a negligible contribution to the observed signal. We also examine a number of available models of polarized dust emission and find that at their default parameter values they predict power ∼(5-10)× smaller than the observed excess signal (with no significant cross-correlation with our maps). However, these models are not sufficiently constrained by external public data to exclude the possibility of dust emission bright enough to explain the entire excess signal. Cross correlating BICEP2 against 100 GHz maps from the BICEP1 experiment, the excess signal is confirmed with 3σ significance and its spectral index is found to be consistent with that of the CMB, disfavoring dust at 1.7σ. The observed B-mode power spectrum is well fit by a lensed-ΛCDM+tensor theoretical model with tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.20_(-0.05)(+0.07), with r = 0 disfavored at 7.0σ. Accounting for the contribution of foreground, dust will shift this value downward by an amount which will be better constrained with upcoming data sets.
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

486. Evidence for gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background polarization from cross-correlation with the cosmic infrared background.

Author: Ade PA, Akiba Y, Anthony AE, Arnold K, Atlas M, Barron D, Boettger D, Borrill J, Borys C, Chapman S, Chinone Y, Dobbs M, Elleflot T, Errard J, Fabbian G, Feng C, Flanigan D, Gilbert A, Grainger W, Halverson NW, Hasegawa M, Hattori K, Hazumi M, Holzapfel WL, Hori Y, Howard J, Hyland P, Inoue Y, Jaehnig GC, Jaffe A, Keating B, Kermish Z, Keskitalo R, Kisner T, Le Jeune M, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Linder E, Lungu M, Matsuda F, Matsumura T, Meng X, Miller NJ, Morii H, Moyerman S, Myers MJ, Navaroli M, Nishino H, Paar H, Peloton J, Poletti D, Quealy E, Rebeiz G, Reichardt CL, Richards PL, Ross C, Rotermund K, Schanning I, Schenck DE, Sherwin BD, Shimizu A, Shimmin C, Shimon M, Siritanasak P, Smecher G, Spieler H, Stebor N, Steinbach B, Stompor R, Suzuki A, Takakura S, Tikhomirov A, Tomaru T, Wilson B, Yadav A, and Zahn O
Abstract: We reconstruct the gravitational lensing convergence signal from cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization data taken by the Polarbear experiment and cross-correlate it with cosmic infrared background maps from the Herschel satellite. From the cross spectra, we obtain evidence for gravitational lensing of the CMB polarization at a statistical significance of 4.0σ and indication of the presence of a lensing B-mode signal at a significance of 2.3σ. We demonstrate that our results are not biased by instrumental and astrophysical systematic errors by performing null tests, checks with simulated and real data, and analytical calculations. This measurement of polarization lensing, made via the robust cross-correlation channel, not only reinforces POLARBEAR auto-correlation measurements, but also represents one of the early steps towards establishing CMB polarization lensing as a powerful new probe of cosmology and astrophysics.
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

487. A massive, cooling-flow-induced starburst in the core of a luminous cluster of galaxies.

Author: McDonald M, Bayliss M, Benson BA, Foley RJ, Ruel J, Sullivan P, Veilleux S, Aird KA, Ashby ML, Bautz M, Bazin G, Bleem LE, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Cho HM, Clocchiatti A, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Desai S, Dobbs MA, Dudley JP, Egami E, Forman WR, Garmire GP, George EM, Gladders MD, Gonzalez AH, Halverson NW, Harrington NL, High FW, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hoover S, Hrubes JD, Jones C, Joy M, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Liu J, Lueker M, Luong-Van D, Mantz A, Marrone DP, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Miller ED, Mocanu L, Mohr JJ, Montroy TE, Murray SS, Natoli T, Padin S, Plagge T, Pryke C, Rawle TD, Reichardt CL, Rest A, Rex M, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Saro A, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shaw L, Shirokoff E, Simcoe R, Song J, Spieler HG, Stalder B, Staniszewski Z, Stark AA, Story K, Stubbs CW, Suhada R, van Engelen A, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Vikhlinin A, Williamson R, Zahn O, and Zenteno A
Abstract: In the cores of some clusters of galaxies the hot intracluster plasma is dense enough that it should cool radiatively in the cluster's lifetime, leading to continuous 'cooling flows' of gas sinking towards the cluster centre, yet no such cooling flow has been observed. The low observed star-formation rates and cool gas masses for these 'cool-core' clusters suggest that much of the cooling must be offset by feedback to prevent the formation of a runaway cooling flow. Here we report X-ray, optical and infrared observations of the galaxy cluster SPT-CLJ2344-4243 (ref. 11) at redshift z = 0.596. These observations reveal an exceptionally luminous (8.2 × 10(45) erg s(-1)) galaxy cluster that hosts an extremely strong cooling flow (around 3,820 solar masses a year). Further, the central galaxy in this cluster appears to be experiencing a massive starburst (formation of around 740 solar masses a year), which suggests that the feedback source responsible for preventing runaway cooling in nearby cool-core clusters may not yet be fully established in SPT-CLJ2344-4243. This large star-formation rate implies that a significant fraction of the stars in the central galaxy of this cluster may form through accretion of the intracluster medium, rather than (as is currently thought) assembling entirely via mergers.
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

488. The use of boarding homes in conjunction with a private psychiatric residential school.

Author: WRIGHT DG and LEITCH EM
Subjects: Child, Humans, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Personality, Psychotic Disorders
Published: 1946
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

488 results on '"Leitch, E. M."'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources