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A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is an air-breathing jet engine that relies on the compression of air taken in at supersonic speeds for propulsion. Scramjets are a variant of the standard ramjet air-breathing engine. The key difference between the two is that while the ramjet engine decelerates the air to subsonic velocities prior to combustion, the scramjet relies on the speed of the aircraft itself to forcefully compress the air it takes in before combustion. This means that the airflow within the engine in a scramjet is supersonic at all times. The unique nature of the scramjet is reflected in the term scramjet itself, which is an abbreviation of “supersonic combustion ramjet.” Supersonic refers to speeds greater than that of sound.

Charles's law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. First discovered by French scientist Jacques Charles in 1787, the principle eventually became part of the combined gas laws—alongside Boyle's law and Gay-Lussac's temperature-pressure law—which together describe the behaviors of gases under a variety of conditions. Charles's law is often referred to alternately as Gay-Lussac's law or Charles and Gay-Lussac's law because it was first published by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac rather than by Charles himself.

Hisham’s Palace (Khirbat al-Mafjar) is an Umayyad desert palace complex located just north of Jericho in the West Bank, Palestine. A key Islamic archaeological site, Hisham’s Palace is believed to have been built during the reign of the tenth caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, Hishām ibn Abd al-Malik, who ruled from 724 to 743 CE. The palace was once a residential estate that included a two-story square structure with an elaborate entrance, a courtyard, and various rooms and halls. Largely abandoned after it was severely damaged by an earthquake in 749 CE, Hisham’s Palace was rediscovered centuries later. Since then, the palace has earned recognition as a site of major cultural importance, particularly in relation to its historic ties to Islam. In addition, Hisham’s Palace has also emerged as an increasingly popular tourist attraction that brings visitors from around the world to the West Bank, especially since its famous 827-square-meter carpet mosaic was publicly displayed for the first time before undergoing restoration beginning in 2016.

Smart working is a modern approach to business productivity that seeks to provide workers with important tools—work culture and leadership, workspace and technology—that allow them to decide when, where, and how they carry out their jobs. In many ways, smart working is a direct consequence of the increasing availability of technology such as automation and remote access in the contemporary working world. Philosophically, the argument for smart working is based on the premise that workers are more motivated and productive when they have the freedom to choose when and how they work than when they are forced to do their jobs at a specific physical workspace. Smart working encompasses any and all practices that improve the flexibility of work via innovative technological solutions, including remote work. Although it can have some disadvantages, smart working is quickly emerging as a standard practice in many professional fields and is likely to become even more prevalent in the future.

Genesis is a British musical group that rose to fame in the 1970s and 1980s on the strength of its unique blend of eccentric progressive rock and more traditional, radio-friendly pop sounds. With a primary lineup that included Peter Gabriel, Phil Collins, Tony Banks, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford, Genesis first established itself in the early 1970s as a purely progressive band specializing in epic ballads and theatrical live performances. After Gabriel's departure in 1974, the band reassembled with Collins as frontman and began to tone down its progressive sound in favor of a more broadly appealing pop-oriented approach. Genesis arguably hit a peak with the 1986 release of Invisible Touch, the most commercially successful album in the band's history. Over the years, several Genesis band members, most notably Gabriel and Collins, also went on to have equally successful solo careers. Despite largely going dormant after 1997's Calling All Stations, Genesis remained one of rock's most recognizable and popular acts.

The Yogyakarta Principles are a set of principles that serve as a definitive guide to the proper application of international human rights in regards to sexual orientation and gender identity. The original twenty-nine Yogyakarta Principles were adopted at a meeting of various international human rights groups that took place in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in November 2006. A supplement to the original document consisting of ten new principles covering issues related to gender expression and sex characteristics was subsequently adopted in November 2017. As a whole, the Yogyakarta Principles offer a useful framework for how international human rights law can be applied to issues surrounding gender and sexuality. To that end, the Yogyakarta Principles are meant to affirm binding international legal standards related to these issues that all states must follow. Philosophically, the principles are designed to help the nations of the world create a future in which all people enjoy equal rights and freedoms without regard to their sexuality or gender identity.

The integumentary system is a bodily system that includes the skin and other skin-related structures. In animals and plants, the integumentary system serves to cover and protect the body's internal structures. The human integumentary system—which is composed of skin, glands, hair follicles, and nails—offers protection, helps to prevent water loss, contributes to the regulation of body temperature, and makes it possible for a person to interact with their external environment through the sense of touch. In other animal species, the integumentary system may consist not only of skin and glands but also feathers, scales, fur, shells, and exoskeletons. As with any other bodily system, the integumentary system can be affected by various diseases, including cancers, eczema, acne, vitiligo, psoriasis, and warts. These and other skin-related diseases can vary in severity, but all present some level of risk to one's broader health. Therefore, maintaining healthy skin is an important element of overall well-being.

Population: 21,297,000 (2023 estimate)

Population: 19,010,000 (2023 estimate; includes metro areas)

Kurdistan is a geo-cultural region in the Middle East that is the traditional homeland of an Indigenous people known as the Kurds. Despite not having their own country, the Kurds are one of the Middle East's largest ethnic groups. Kurdistan includes portions of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran and is home to an estimated 30 million Kurds as a whole. About 2 million additional Kurds are dispersed throughout Europe and other parts of the world. Although little is known about the Kurds' ethnic origins, it is believed that they have inhabited the Kurdistan region for thousands of years. The modern interpretation of Kurdistan's borders, however, was not firmly established until after World War I (1914–1918). Despite efforts by various nationalist groups to establish an independent Kurdish state, no such state has ever existed. Regardless, Kurdistan and its inhabitants continue to play an influential role in the Middle East's often complicated and unstable socio-political structure.

Toy Story is a successful computer-generated film franchise about toys that come to life when left to their own devices. The franchise is produced by Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Pictures. It began in 1995 with the original Toy Story film, which followed the adventures of a toy cowboy named Woody and his rival, a toy astronaut named Buzz Lightyear. Both a massive financial success and a historic technical achievement, Toy Story took the world by storm and forever changed the course of animated cinema. In addition to three full-length sequels, a spin-off film, and several animated shorts, Toy Story spawned an entire entertainment franchise that includes everything from a number of Disney theme park attractions to video games, comic books, theatrical shows, and a short-lived spinoff television series. Through all of this, the Toy Story franchise has left a lasting cultural impact that is still felt even decades after the original film made its debut.

Population: 2,259,762 (2022 estimate)

Ridesharing, or real-time ridesharing, refers to any service through which a person can arrange to share a ride with a driver to reach a desired destination. Most often in the twenty-first century, this type of ridesharing is arranged through smartphone applications operated by ridesharing companies such as Uber and Lyft. Since application-based real-time ridesharing first emerged in the 2000s and 2010s, the practice has become increasingly popular with both riders and drivers. An array of real-time ridesharing companies operates in cities across the United States and Europe. Most allow users to request a ride through a smartphone app that connects them with a driver, see the driver's location, indicate their destination, and pay their fare with a credit card. While these services offer many potential benefits, including reduced fuel consumption, decreased traffic congestion, and lowered parking costs, some critics argue that they also have serious potential consequences.